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Zhang XX, Jin YZ, Lu YH, Huang LL, Wu CX, Lv S, Chen Z, Xiang H, Zhou XN. Infectious disease control: from health security strengthening to health systems improvement at global level. Glob Health Res Policy 2023; 8:38. [PMID: 37670331 PMCID: PMC10478312 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-023-00319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the twenty first century, the outbreaks of global infectious diseases have caused several public health emergencies of international concern, imposing an enormous impact on population health, the economy, and social development. The COVID-19 pandemic has once again exposed deficiencies in existing global health systems, emergency management, and disease surveillance, and highlighted the importance of developing effective evaluation tools. This article outlines current challenges emerging from infectious disease control from the perspective of global health, elucidated through influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. The discordance among government actors and absent data sharing platforms or tools has led to unfulfilled targets in health system resilience and a capacity gap in infectious disease response. The current situation calls for urgent action to tackle these threats of global infectious diseases with joined forces through more in-depth international cooperation and breaking governance barriers from the purview of global health. Overall, a systematic redesign should be considered to enhance the resilience of health systems, which warrants a great need to sustain capacity-building efforts in emergency preparedness and response and raises an emerging concern of data integration in the concept of One Health that aims to address shared health threats at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Zi Jin
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Han Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Lu Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Xin Wu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- School of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Wouters OJ, Forman R, Anderson M, Mossialos E, McKee M. The launch of the EU Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA): Improving global pandemic preparedness? Health Policy 2023; 133:104844. [PMID: 37269803 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The crowded global health landscape has been joined by the European Union Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA). HERA will assume four broad areas of responsibility: horizon scanning for major health threats; research and development; support for capacity to manufacture drugs, vaccines, and equipment; and procuring and stockpiling key medical countermeasures. In this Health Reform Monitor article, we outline the reform process and describe HERA's structure and responsibilities, explore issues that arise from the creation of this new organisation, and suggest options for collaboration with existing bodies in Europe and beyond. The COVID-19 pandemic and other infectious disease outbreaks have shown the need to treat health as a cross-border issue, and there is now a broad consensus that greater direction and coordination at the European level is needed. This ambition has been matched with a considerable increase in EU funding to tackle cross-border health threats, and HERA can be used to deploy this funding in an effective manner. Yet this is contingent upon clearly defining its role and responsibilities vis-à-vis existing agencies to reduce redundancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J Wouters
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca Forman
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Mossialos
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Adashi EY, Cohen IG. When Failure Is Not an Option: The Independent Panel Pandemic Report. Am J Med 2022; 135:131-132. [PMID: 34428459 PMCID: PMC8413263 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Y Adashi
- Professor of Medical Science, Former Dean of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI.
| | - I Glenn Cohen
- Deputy Dean and James A. Attwood and Leslie Williams Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Faculty Director, Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass
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Gomes BM, Rebelo CB, Alves de Sousa L. Public health, surveillance systems and preventive medicine in an interconnected world. One Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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The European Health Union: European Union's Concern about Health for All. Concepts, Definition, and Scenarios. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121741. [PMID: 34946467 PMCID: PMC8700883 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought visibility and intensified the discussions on the European Union's (EU) health mandate. The proposals of the European Commission (EC) to move towards a European Health Union (EHU) can be seen as a starting point towards more integration in health. However, the definition of what the EHU will look like is not clear. This paper searches to find a common definition, and/or features for this EHU through a systematic literature review performed in May 2021. "European Union's concern about health for all" is suggested as a definition. The main drivers identified to develop an EHU are: surveillance and monitoring, crisis preparedness, funding, political will, vision of public health expenditures, population's awareness and interest, and global health. Based on these findings, five scenarios were developed: making a full move towards supranational action; improving efficiency in the actual framework; more coordination but no real change; in a full intergovernmentalism direction; and fragmentation of the EU. The scenarios show that the development of a EHU is possible inside the current legal framework. However, it will rely on increased coordination and has a focus on cross-border health threats. Any development will be strongly linked to political choices from Member States.
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Anderson M, Forman R, Mossialos E. Navigating the role of the EU Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) in Europe and beyond. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 9:100203. [PMID: 34661186 PMCID: PMC8500702 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anderson
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Forman
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Mossialos
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Jit M, Ananthakrishnan A, McKee M, Wouters OJ, Beutels P, Teerawattananon Y. Multi-country collaboration in responding to global infectious disease threats: lessons for Europe from the COVID-19 pandemic. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 9:100221. [PMID: 34642675 PMCID: PMC8495250 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Since 2005, the world has faced several public health emergencies of international concern arising from infectious disease outbreaks. Of these, the COVID-19 pandemic has had by far the greatest health and economic consequences. During these emergencies, responses taken by one country often have an impact on other countries. The implication is that coordination between countries is likely to achieve better outcomes, individually and collectively, than each country independently pursuing its own self-interest. During the COVID-19 pandemic, gaps in multilateral cooperation on research and information sharing, vaccine development and deployment, and travel policies have hampered the speed and equity of global recovery. In this Health Policy article, we explore how multilateral collaboration between countries is crucial to successful responses to public health emergencies linked to infectious disease outbreaks. Responding to future global infectious disease threats and other health emergencies will require the creation of stronger mechanisms for multilateral collaboration before they arise. A change to the governance of multilateral institutions is a logical next step, with a focus on providing equal ownership and leadership opportunities to all member countries. Europe can be an example and advocate for stronger and better governed multilateral institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aparna Ananthakrishnan
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Olivier J. Wouters
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Public health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Perehudoff K, Durán C, Demchenko I, Mazzanti V, Parwani P, Suleman F, de Ruijter A. Impact of the European Union on access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 9:100219. [PMID: 34693391 PMCID: PMC8513155 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This Scoping Review synthesises evidence of the impacts of European Union (EU) law, regulation, and policy on access to medicines in in non-EU low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the mechanisms and nature of those impacts. We searched eight scholarly databases and grey literature published between 1995-2021 in four languages. The EU exerts global influence on pharmaceuticals in LMICs in three ways: explicit agreements between EU-LMICs (ex. accession, trade, and economic agreements); LMICs' reliance on EU internal regulation, standards, or methods (ex. market authorisation); 'soft' forms of EU influence (ex. research funding, capacity building). This study illustrates that EU policy makers adopt measures with the potential to influence medicines in LMICs despite limited evidence of their positive and/or negative impact(s). The EU's fragmented internal and external actions in fields related to pharmaceuticals reveal the need for principles for global equitable access to medicines to guide EU policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Perehudoff
- Law Centre for Health & Life, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, 1105 BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Centre for European Law and Governance, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Governance, Accountability, and Transparency in the Pharmaceutical Sector, University of Toronto, Canada
- Medicines Law & Policy, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos Durán
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ivan Demchenko
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, Bogomolets National Medical University, st. Mechnikova, 5, Kyiv, 01133, Ukraine
| | - Valentina Mazzanti
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pramiti Parwani
- Law Centre for Health & Life, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, 1105 BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Centre for European Law and Governance, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fatima Suleman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Campus Westville, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Evidence Based Practice, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Campus Westville, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Anniek de Ruijter
- Law Centre for Health & Life, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, 1105 BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Centre for European Law and Governance, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Montrucchio G, Brazzi L. Are we at a turning point for disaster medicine education? The SIAARTI Academy Critical Emergency Medicine course experience. Minerva Anestesiol 2021; 87:1161-1163. [PMID: 34468114 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.21.16008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Montrucchio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy - .,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy -
| | - Luca Brazzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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