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Devcic J, Dussol M, Collin-Faure V, Pérard J, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Carrière M, Rabilloud T, Dalzon B. Immediate and Sustained Effects of Cobalt and Zinc-Containing Pigments on Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865239. [PMID: 35928812 PMCID: PMC9343594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigments are among the oldest nanoparticulate products known to mankind, and their use in tattoos is also very old. Nowadays, 25% of American people aged 18 to 50 are tattooed, which poses the question of the delayed effects of tattoos. In this article, we investigated three cobalt [Pigment Violet 14 (purple color)] or cobalt alloy pigments [Pigment Blue 28 (blue color), Pigment Green 14 (green color)], and one zinc pigment [Pigment White 4 (white color)] which constitute a wide range of colors found in tattoos. These pigments contain microparticles and a significant proportion of submicroparticles or nanoparticles (in either aggregate or free form). Because of the key role of macrophages in the scavenging of particulate materials, we tested the effects of cobalt- and zinc-based pigments on the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. In order to detect delayed effects, we compared two exposure schemes: acute exposure for 24 hours and an exposure for 24 hours followed by a 3-day post-exposure recovery period. The conjunction of these two schemes allowed for the investigation of the delayed or sustained effects of pigments. All pigments induced functional effects on macrophages, most of which were pigment-dependent. For example, Pigment Green 19, Pigment Blue 28, and Pigment White 4 showed a delayed alteration of the phagocytic capacity of cells. Moreover, all the pigments tested induced a slight but significant increase in tumor necrosis factor secretion. This effect, however, was transitory. Conversely, only Pigment Blue 28 induced both a short and sustained increase in interleukin 6 secretion. Results showed that in response to bacterial stimuli (LPS), the secretion of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 declined after exposure to pigments followed by a recovery period. For chemoattractant cytokines (MCP-1 or MIP-1α), delayed effects were observed with a secretion decreased in presence of Pigment Blue 28 and Pigment violet 14, both with or without LPS stimuli. The pigments also induced persisting changes in some important macrophage membrane markers such as CD11b, an integrin contributing to cell adhesion and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, the pigments induced functional disorders in macrophages, which, in some cases, persist long after exposure, even at non-toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Devcic
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Manon Dussol
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE), Systèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SyMMES), Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Collin-Faure
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Pérard
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Daphna Fenel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE), Systèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SyMMES), Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Rabilloud, ; Bastien Dalzon,
| | - Bastien Dalzon
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Rabilloud, ; Bastien Dalzon,
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Jin HS, Chang BS. Analysis of microstructural characteristics and components of red and yellow ink pigments used in permanent makeup. Appl Microsc 2022; 52:3. [PMID: 35404021 PMCID: PMC9001794 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-022-00072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose in this study is to analyze the microstructural characteristics and constituent elements of inorganic substances added to the yellow ink and red ink pigments used in permanent makeup. We observed the microstructural properties of inorganic pigments added to the ink using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed the constituent elements of the inorganic pigment particles using an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In red wine-colored ink, cubic titanium dioxide with a diameter of 110 to 200 nm was the major component, and rod-shaped iron oxide was rarely observed. Most of the ingredients of taupe yellow ink were rod-shaped yellow iron oxide, and a small amount of cubic titanium dioxide was observed. Red wine-colored ink and taupe yellow ink contained lumps composed of titanium dioxide particles. In red wine-colored ink, lumps were formed by agglomeration. However, we observed that the surface of the lump composed of titanium dioxide in the taupe yellow ink had a smooth surface caused by external physical compression. The titanium dioxide particle mass which found in taupe yellow ink in this study is an artificial product. When this mass accumulates in the dermis, it may cause a color mismatch. Therefore, permanent makeup using fine pigments should be free of foreign substances that may cause trouble in the skin. In addition, there is a need to improve the quality of the ink so that the required color can be safe and long lasting in the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Jin
- Department of Cosmetology, Hanseo University, 46 Hanseo 1-ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan, Chungnam, 31962, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Chang
- Department of Cosmetology, Hanseo University, 46 Hanseo 1-ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan, Chungnam, 31962, Korea.
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Stefanov M. Primo Vascular System: Before the Past, Bizarre Present and Peek After the Future. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2022; 15:61-73. [DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2022.15.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Stefanov
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Nutrition, Agricultural Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Osu T, Lechler-Lombardi J, Butler A, Newman M, Miłkowska K, Galbarczyk A, Richards G. Fluctuating asymmetry of finger lengths, digit ratio (2D:4D), and tattoos: A pre-registered replication and extension of Koziel et al. (2010). Early Hum Dev 2021; 152:105273. [PMID: 33227633 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattoos bring risks yet no obvious evolutionary benefit. Koziel et al. (2010) reported increased fluctuating symmetry (a proxy for low developmental instability) in tattooed men, suggesting they could serve as fitness indicators. AIMS We replicate and extend the findings of Koziel et al. by examining fluctuating asymmetry of finger lengths and digit ratio (2D:4D) (a putative indicator of prenatal testosterone exposure) as predictors of adult tattoo prevalence. STUDY DESIGN We used an online survey with a correlational design. SUBJECTS Participants were recruited from the UK and Poland via university participant pools and social media. Data were available for presence/absence of tattoos and at least one predictor variable (composite Fluctuating Asymmetry [cFA], right-hand digit ratio [R2D:4D] and left-hand digit ratio [L2D:4D]) for n = 186 males and n = 997 females. OUTCOME MEASURES We firstly assessed presence/absence of tattoos; when at least one tattoo was present, we also examined overall number and highest visibility. RESULTS Greater cFA was associated with lower likelihood of having tattoos in males, though in females greater cFA was associated with higher numbers of tattoos. R2D:4D and L2D:4D correlated negatively with number of tattoos in males, and a positive correlation between L2D:4D and number of tattoos was observed in females. However, these latter findings did not remain significant after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Tattoos may act as fitness indicators in males, though this explanation appears not to extend to females. Prenatal testosterone may also play a role, though doubt is cast on this premise because 2D:4D effects did not remain statistically significant after controlling for covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinisha Osu
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | | | - Amy Butler
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Miles Newman
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Karolina Miłkowska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Gareth Richards
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.
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Ro DH, Gong HS. The Hand as a Homunculus - A Perspective from Hand Acupuncture Therapy. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2020; 25:251-255. [PMID: 32312204 DOI: 10.1142/s2424835520970012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Homunculus is a term used to refer to any representation of a miniature human being. In scientific fields, the word homunculus has been used to refer to any scale model of the human body that represents physiological, psychological, or other human functions. The hand is thought as a homunculus of the body in Hand Acupuncture Therapy, a type of alternative medicine in Korea. Hand acupuncture therapists believe stimulating the hand can improve bodily health. Although there is a need for scientific evidence regarding this concept, those that perform hand acupuncture seem to recognize the importance of hand in our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyun Ro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Zink AR, Maixner F. The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman. Gerontology 2019; 65:699-706. [PMID: 31505504 DOI: 10.1159/000501878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tyrolean Iceman, commonly known as Ötzi, is the world's oldest glacier mummy and one of the best investigated ancient human remains in the world. Since the discovery of the 5,300-year-old Copper Age individual in 1991, in a glacier in the Eastern Italian Alps, a variety of morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses have been performed that revealed important insights into his origin, his life habits, and the circumstances surrounding his demise. In more recent research, the mummy was subjected to cutting-edge modern research methodologies currently focusing on high-throughput sequence analysis of ancient biomolecules (DNA, proteins, lipids) that are still preserved in the mummified tissues. This application of innovative "-omics" technologies revealed novel insights on the ancestry, disease predisposition, diet, and the presence of pathogens in the glacier mummy. In this review, the most important and actual results of the molecular studies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy,
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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8
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Krutak L. Therapeutic tattooing in the Arctic: Ethnographic, archaeological, and ontological frameworks of analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 25:99-109. [PMID: 29907541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This essay describes the potential for using ethnographic evidence and mummified tattooed skin to reflect on past therapeutic tattoo practice in the Arctic. It also considers the ways in which circumpolar concepts of disease emerged in relation to the agency of nonhuman entities. I argue that specific forms of curative tattooing offer interpretive models for the paleopathological and bioarchaeological study of care through an ontological framework of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Krutak
- Museum of International Folk Art, Research Associate, Santa Fe, 87505, United States.
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Zink A, Samadelli M, Gostner P, Piombino-Mascali D. Possible evidence for care and treatment in the Tyrolean Iceman. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 25:110-117. [PMID: 30098946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Tyrolean Iceman is the world's oldest glacier mummy. He was found in September 1991 in the Italian part of the Ötztal Alps. Since his discovery a variety of morphological, radiological and molecular analyses have been performed that revealed detailed insights into his state of health. Despite the various pathological conditions found in the Iceman, little is known about possible forms of care and treatment during the Copper Age in Northern Italy. A possible approach to this topic is the presence of tattoos on the mummified body. In previous work, it was already believed that the tattoos were administered as a kind of treatment for his lower back pain and degenerative joint disease of his knees, hip and wrist. In other studies, the tattoos of the Iceman have been related to an early form of acupuncture. We carefully re-evaluated the various health issues of the Iceman, including joint diseases, gastrointestinal problems and arterial calcifications and compared them to the location and number of tattoos. Together with the finding of medically effective fungi and plants, such as the birch polypore or fern in his equipment and intestines, we suggest that care and treatment was already common during the Iceman's time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, European Academy, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Marco Samadelli
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, European Academy, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paul Gostner
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Dario Piombino-Mascali
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Ivanov A. The Analogy Between the Tradition Chinese Acupuncture and Phlebotomy in Medieval Bohemia. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2019; 12:136-144. [PMID: 31103712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The common opinion is that in Europe acupuncture was introduced in China at the end of the XVII century. However there are some publications, which describe the similar treatment method in the Stone Age Europe. From ancient to late middle century theoretical and practical aspects of medieval medicine in Europe were very similar to the Tradition Chinese medicine. So it is possible that historical phlebotomy in Europe (bloodletting) played the same role as the acupuncture in the Chinese therapy and they had one scientific source. In this article we are comparing the modern acupuncture with some Bohemian medical tractates (Practica medicinalis by Sigismundus Albicus from 1408-1424, De sanguinis minucione by Cristannus de Prachaticz from 1430). We can see the close relationship between localizations and indications of medieval phlebotomy and modern acupuncture points. 40% of the bloodletting points have close localization with the modern acupuncture points and 57% of their indications are common or very similar. The similarity of two methods may be explained in two ways. First is a common scientific source and intensive interaction and crosscultural transmission of knowledge during medical development in China and Europe up to the beginning of the XV century. This possibility indicates also some linguistic coincidences. On the other hand, both methods could have been developed separately based on common clinical empire and objective neuro-physiological patterns of human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Ivanov
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, FBMI ČVUT Kladno, nám. Sítná č.p. 3105, Kladno 2, 272 01, Czech Republic.
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Alcaraz JP, Cinquin P, Martin DK. Tackling the Concept of Symbiotic Implantable Medical Devices with Nanobiotechnologies. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800102. [PMID: 30367543 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review takes an approach to implanted medical devices that considers whether the intention of the implanted device is to have any communication of energy or materials with the body. The first part describes some specific examples of three different classes of implants, analyzed with regards to the type of signal sent to cells. Through several examples, the authors describe that a one way signaling to the body leads to encapsulation or degradation. In most cases, those phenomena do not lead to major problems. However, encapsulation or degradation are critical for new kinds of medical devices capable of duplex communication, which are defined in this review as symbiotic devices. The concept the authors propose is that implanted medical devices that need to be symbiotic with the body also need to be designed with an intended duplex communication of energy and materials with the body. This extends the definition of a biocompatible system to one that requires stable exchange of materials between the implanted device and the body. Having this novel concept in mind will guide research in a new field between medical implant and regenerative medicine to create actual symbiotic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Alcaraz
- Univverity Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,SyNaBi, Pavillon Taillefer, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Cinquin
- Univverity Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,SyNaBi, Pavillon Taillefer, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Donald K Martin
- Univverity Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,SyNaBi, Pavillon Taillefer, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche 38706, Grenoble, France
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12
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Akupunkturtechniken im Profifußball. Unfallchirurg 2018; 121:450-454. [DOI: 10.1007/s00113-018-0500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies across Pyrogenic Carbon’s ABCs. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Priebe T, Stumpf SH, Zalunardo R. Can a science-based definition of acupuncture improve clinical outcomes? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 15:165-171. [PMID: 28494846 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on acupuncture has been muddled by attempts to bridge the ancient with the modern. Barriers to effectiveness research are reflected in recurring conflicts that include disagreement on use of the most basic terms, lack of standard intervention controls, and the absence of functional measures for assessing treatment effect. Acupuncture research has stalled at the "placebo barrier" wherein acupuncture is "no better than placebo." The most widely recognized comparative effectiveness research in acupuncture does not compare acupuncture treatment protocols within groups, thereby, mutating large scale effectiveness studies into large scale efficacy trials. Too often research in acupuncture attempts to tie outcomes to traditional belief systems thereby limiting usefulness of the research. The acupuncture research paradigm needs to focus more closely on a scientific definition of treatments and outcomes that compare protocols in terms of prevalent clinical issues such as relative effectiveness for treating pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Priebe
- Healthpointe, Medical Group La Mirada, La Mirada, CA 90638, USA
| | - Steven H Stumpf
- Department of Health Administration, California State University at Northridge, Northridge, CA 90638, USA
| | - Rod Zalunardo
- Chief Operations Officer, Health Core Possibilities, Los Angeles, CA 90638, USA
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Using India Ink as a Sensor for Oximetry: Evidence of its Safety as a Medical Device. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:297-312. [PMID: 28685459 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinical EPR spectroscopy is emerging as an important modality, with the potential to be used in standard clinical practice to determine the extent of hypoxia in tissues and whether hypoxic tissues respond to breathing enriched oxygen during therapy. Oximetry can provide important information useful for prognosis and to improve patient outcomes. EPR oximetry has many potential advantages over other ways to measure oxygen in tissues, including directly measuring oxygen in tissues and being particularly sensitive to low oxygen, repeatable, and non-invasive after an initial injection of the EPR-sensing material is placed in the tumor. The most immediately available oxygen sensor is India ink, where two classes of carbon (carbon black and charcoal) have been identified as having acceptable paramagnetic properties for oximetry. While India ink has a long history of safe use in tattoos, a systematic research search regarding its safety for marking tissues for medical uses and an examination of the evidence that differentiates between ink based on charcoal or carbon black has not been conducted. METHODS Using systematic literature search techniques, we searched the PubMed and Food and Drug Administration databases, finding ~1000 publications reporting on adverse events associated with India/carbon based inks. The detailed review of outcomes was based on studies involving >16 patients, where the ink was identifiable as carbon black or charcoal. RESULTS Fifty-six studies met these criteria. There were few reports of complications other than transient and usually mild discomfort and bleeding at injection, and there was no difference in charcoal vs. carbon black India ink. CONCLUSIONS India ink was generally well tolerated by patients and physicians reported that it was easy to use in practice and used few resources. The risk is low enough to justify its use as an oxygen sensor in clinical practice.
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Muñoz-Ortego J, Solans-Domènech M, Carrion C. Indicaciones médicas de la acupuntura: revisión sistemática. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:250-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alimi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vodyanoy V, Pustovyy O, Globa L, Sorokulova I. Primo-Vascular System as Presented by Bong Han Kim. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:361974. [PMID: 26379743 PMCID: PMC4562093 DOI: 10.1155/2015/361974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the 1960s Bong Han Kim discovered and characterized a new vascular system. He was able to differentiate it clearly from vascular blood and lymph systems by the use of a variety of methods, which were available to him in the mid-20th century. He gave detailed characterization of the system and created comprehensive diagrams and photographs in his publications. He demonstrated that this system is composed of nodes and vessels, and it was responsible for tissue regeneration. However, he did not disclose in detail his methods. Consequently, his results are relatively obscure from the vantage point of contemporary scientists. The stains that Kim used had been perfected and had been in use for more than 100 years. Therefore, the names of the stains were directed to the explicit protocols for the usage with the particular cells or molecules. Traditionally, it was not normally necessary to describe the method used unless it is significantly deviated from the original method. In this present work, we have been able to disclose staining methods used by Kim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Vodyanoy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Oleg Pustovyy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ludmila Globa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Iryna Sorokulova
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Salehi A, Marzban M, Imanieh MH. The Evaluation of Curative Effect of Acupuncture. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 21:202-14. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587215598422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study attempts to critically evaluate previously published research articles on the efficiency of acupuncture in the treatment of diseases. First, 35 systematic reviews or meta-analysis were found in the Cochrane database. Second, 54 related articles were selected by searching important scientific databases. Based on the results obtained regarding the efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment of various diseases, the articles were divided into 3 groups. The first group of articles confirmed the efficacy of treatment by acupuncture. In the second group of articles, the therapeutic effect of acupuncture was shown; however, further research is required to verify the results. In the third group of articles there is no evidence regarding the therapeutic effect of acupuncture till now. There is an urgent need to design and conduct double-blinded randomized clinical trials with high-quality methodologies. This provides a more careful evaluation of acupuncture efficiency in relation to the treatment of a vast array of diseases, based on scientific evidence.
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20
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Grant CA, Twigg PC, Baker R, Tobin DJ. Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1183-1191. [PMID: 26171294 PMCID: PMC4464189 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tattooing has long been practised in various societies all around the world and is becoming increasingly common and widespread in the West. Tattoo ink suspensions unquestionably contain pigments composed of nanoparticles, i.e., particles of sub-100 nm dimensions. It is widely acknowledged that nanoparticles have higher levels of chemical activity than their larger particle equivalents. However, assessment of the toxicity of tattoo inks has been the subject of little research and ink manufacturers are not obliged to disclose the exact composition of their products. This study examines tattoo ink particles in two fundamental skin components at the nanometre level. We use atomic force microscopy and light microscopy to examine cryosections of tattooed skin, exploring the collagen fibril networks in the dermis that contain ink nanoparticles. Further, we culture fibroblasts in diluted tattoo ink to explore both the immediate impact of ink pigment on cell viability and also to observe the interaction between particles and the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Grant
- Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Twigg
- Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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21
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Shenefelt PD, Shenefelt DA. Spiritual and religious aspects of skin and skin disorders. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2014; 7:201-12. [PMID: 25120377 PMCID: PMC4128841 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s65578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin and skin disorders have had spiritual aspects since ancient times. Skin, hair, and nails are visible to self and others, and touchable by self and others. The skin is a major sensory organ. Skin also expresses emotions detectable by others through pallor, coldness, "goose bumps", redness, warmth, or sweating. Spiritual and religious significances of skin are revealed through how much of the skin has been and continues to be covered with what types of coverings, scalp and beard hair cutting, shaving and styling, skin, nail, and hair coloring and decorating, tattooing, and intentional scarring of skin. Persons with visible skin disorders have often been stigmatized or even treated as outcasts. Shamans and other spiritual and religious healers have brought about healing of skin disorders through spiritual means. Spiritual and religious interactions with various skin disorders such as psoriasis, leprosy, and vitiligo are discussed. Religious aspects of skin and skin diseases are evaluated for several major religions, with a special focus on Judaism, both conventional and kabbalistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Shenefelt
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, South Florida
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22
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Akupunktur gegen allergische Rhinitis. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-014-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Pfab F, Schalock PC, Napadow V, Athanasiadis GI, Huss-Marp J, Ring J. Acupuncture for allergic disease therapy--the current state of evidence. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:831-41. [PMID: 24881629 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.924855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current evidence for acupuncture treatment of allergies. Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated a specific effect of acupuncture for allergic rhinitis; while a few studies have shown positive effects for atopic dermatitis, asthma and itch. Specifically for allergic rhinitis and asthma, acupuncture may be cost-effective in terms of money spent per quality-of-life gained. Acupuncture plays an increasingly important role as an evidence-based therapy for allergy relief and can be recommended as adjunct therapy for allergic rhinitis. Future randomized controlled trials need to further explore acupuncture efficacy for the treatment of itch, atopic dermatitis and asthma. More experimental research is also needed to investigate mechanisms of action underlying acupuncture for allergy relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfab
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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24
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Burdall O, Longworth T, Nyugen D. Burns following attempted electrosurgical tattoo removal. Burns 2014; 40:e61-5. [PMID: 24780194 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Burdall
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg Swansea, UK.
| | - Tomos Longworth
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg Swansea, UK
| | - Dai Nyugen
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg Swansea, UK
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25
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Acupuncture in allergic rhinitis: A Mini-Review. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2014; 23:115-119. [PMID: 26120523 PMCID: PMC4479426 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-014-0015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture is a therapy method known for millennia with apparently polygenetic roots. It is traditionally practiced in East Asian countries. During the recent fifty years, it has found wide applications in Europe as well. Today acupuncture is one of the most important parts of modern complementary medicine. Questions concerning the mechanism of action and efficacy of acupuncture, among others in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, still lead to many scientific discussions. This review summarizes the modern understanding of possible mechanisms of acupuncture as well as it presents the current state of clinical studies relating to the efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Further investigations are necessary to confirm acupuncture as an effective therapy of allergic rhinitis.
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Fico T, Duchon F, Dubravsky J. Hardware and software realization of EDSD for acupuncture research and practice. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2013; 18:1207-13. [PMID: 24235256 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2285729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traditional acupuncture as a diagnostic and therapeutic method has been known in China for more than 3000 years. Electrodermal screening tests (EDSTs) and electrodermal screening devices (EDSDs) that are based on the knowledge derived from traditional Chinese medicine appeared in the 1950s. This article deals with design, development and realization of such a device. The design considers the principles of two widely used EDSTs and modern trends in the field of electronics and data management. A computer program with simple user interface that provides graphic evaluation and intercomparison of measured data are presented. The designed system is suitable not only for acupuncture research but also for ordinary acupuncture diagnostics.
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27
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Round R, Litscher G, Bahr F. Auricular acupuncture with laser. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:984763. [PMID: 23935695 PMCID: PMC3710613 DOI: 10.1155/2013/984763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Auricular acupuncture is a method which has been successfully used in various fields of medicine especially in the treatment of pain relief. The introduction of lasers especially low-level lasers into medicine brought besides the already existing stimulation with needles and electricity an additional technique to auricular acupuncture. This literature research looks at the historical background, the development and the anatomical and neurological aspects of auricular acupuncture in general and auricular laser acupuncture in detail. Preliminary scientific findings on auricular acupuncture with laser have been described in detail and discussed critically in this review article. The results of the studies have shown evidence of the effect of auricular laser acupuncture. However, a comparison of these studies was impossible due to their different study designs. The most important technical as well as study parameters were described in detail in order to give more sufficient evidence and to improve the quality of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Round
- Frank Bahr Research Group “Auriculomedicine and Pharmacopuncture”, Stronach Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, and the TCM Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Frank Bahr Research Group “Auriculomedicine and Pharmacopuncture”, Stronach Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, and the TCM Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Bahr
- European Academy for TCM, 81245 Munich, Germany
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28
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Wenzel SM, Rittmann I, Landthaler M, Bäumler W. Adverse reactions after tattooing: review of the literature and comparison to results of a survey. Dermatology 2013; 226:138-47. [PMID: 23689478 DOI: 10.1159/000346943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of tattooed people has substantially increased in the past years. Surveys in different countries reveal this to be up to 24% of the population. The number of reported adverse reactions after tattooing has also increased including infections, granulomatous and allergic reactions and tumors. However, the case reports do not reflect the frequency of adverse reactions. This review compares the medically documented adverse reactions published in 1991-2011 with the findings of a nation-wide survey that recently revealed the features and health problems associated with tattoos. To compare the data with the survey, the sex of patients was reported and the location and color of tattoos were evaluated. The results show clearly that colored tattoo inks are mainly responsible for adverse skin reactions and that tattoos on the extremities are involved most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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29
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Kluger N, Aldasouqi S. A new purpose for tattoos: Medical alert tattoos. Presse Med 2013; 42:134-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Palaeopathology studies ancient human or animal remains from a pathological point of view, for which techniques and tools such as inspection and light and electron microscopy after adequate rehydration, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology are used. Despite the degradation of tissues, partial preservation of their structure and content after a natural or artificial mummification process often allows the extraction of valuable biological data, which sometimes provides interesting historical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Fernández
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic and Institut d'Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Abstract
Acupuncture is based on the theory of channels, which serve as pathways for energy (Qi). On the course of the channels, acupuncture points are described, and by stimulation of these points, therapeutic effects may be achieved. This system is very complex and both channels and acupuncture points are anatomically invisible. Unlike in Western medicine, scientists fail to trace both the origin and the progress of acupuncture theory. Having developed in its full form not later than the 2nd century BC, it never underwent fundamental change. On the other hand, it has become a part of modern Western medicine as an effective therapy and the existence of acupuncture points, specified thousands of years ago, has been demonstrated by modern science. It is hardly probable that acupuncture theory, although dating back to ancient times, could have originated in primitive civilization. The origin of the energy channel theory does not fit into the traditional developmental scheme. The existence of the theory cannot be explained other than by its being a product of a highly developed civilization.
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Abstract
Research in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) has increased dramatically in recent years. Acupuncture represents the most commonly practiced and extensively researched of all the CAVM modalities. Acupuncture is considered a valid therapeutic mode of treatment that can be integrated into Western veterinary medicine for the treatment of large, small, and zoological companion animal patients, especially in the area of analgesia. This article is intended to provide a guide for the zoological companion animal practitioner to gain a basic understanding of acupuncture and its potential for use in the zoological companion animal patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn A Koski
- Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Wellness Service, University of California, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8747, USA.
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34
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Different brain network activations induced by modulation and nonmodulation laser acupuncture. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20953400 PMCID: PMC2952336 DOI: 10.1155/2011/951258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the distinct cerebral activation with continued wave (CW) and 10 Hz-modulated wave (MW) stimulation during low-level laser acupuncture. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were performed to investigate the possible mechanism during laser acupuncture stimulation at the left foot's yongquan (K1) acupoint. There are 12 healthy right-handed volunteers for each type of laser stimulation (10-Hz-Modulated wave: 8 males and 4 females; continued wave: 9 males and 3 females). The analysis of multisubjects in this experiment was applied by random-effect (RFX) analysis. In CW groups, significant activations were found within the inferior parietal lobule, the primary somatosensory cortex, and the precuneus of left parietal lobe. Medial and superior frontal gyrus of left frontal lobe were also aroused. In MW groups, significant activations were found within the primary motor cortex and middle temporal gyrus of left hemisphere and bilateral cuneus. Placebo stimulation did not show any activation. Most activation areas were involved in the functions of memory, attention, and self-consciousness. The results showed the cerebral hemodynamic responses of two laser acupuncture stimulation modes and implied that its mechanism was not only based upon afferent sensory information processing, but that it also had the hemodynamic property altered during external stimulation.
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Abstract
Though separated by different millennia, languages, levels of scientific advancement, and views of human physiology, both prehistoric and modern cultures have expressed concepts of evaluating and treating human illness that have remarkable overlap with those of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). These similarities suggest these healing traditions likely are expressing a common, fundamental aspect of human anatomy and/or physiology. Prehistoric, ancient Egyptian, TCM, Mayan, myofascial pain, and myofascial meridian concepts of health and healing are discussed. Anatomical, clinical, and physiologic evidence is presented that suggests neuroanatomy is likely the common thread that unites these ancient and modern healing concepts. These findings should lead to an increased understanding of the anatomical and physiologic substrates of the beneficial clinical effects of acupuncture in treating pain and visceral disorders. This, in turn, should lead to novel, safer treatment techniques that combine modern technologies with ancient clinical acumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Dorsher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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36
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Scorza FA, Cysneiros RM, Terra VC, Arida RM, Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA. From Galapagos to the labs: Darwinian medicine and epilepsy today. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 16:388-90. [PMID: 19853516 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1991, a mummy frozen in ice was found by climbers in the Tyrolean Alps. Otzi the Iceman has since been studied in the light of evolutionary explanations for diseases. This year, which marks Charles Darwin's 200th birthday and the 150th anniversary of his publication On the Origin of Species, should re-ignite discussion of the importance of the correlation between nutritional diet and diseases. Epilepsy is one of the commonest diseases in the world. Individuals with epilepsy are at higher risk of death than the general population, and sudden unexpected death (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. A number of factors may influence the risk for SUDEP. Along these lines, several studies have demonstrated that polyunsaturated (omega-3) fatty acids may reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality, and diminish neuronal excitability. Also, omega-3 fatty acids may decrease seizure frequency, contributing to the reduction of SUDEP risk. Reconstruction of the nutritional patterns of Stone Age humans and optimal human nutrition in the present may be relevant to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as epilepsy and the catastrophic evolution into epilepsy refractoriness and SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
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37
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VanderPloeg K, Yi X. Acupuncture in Modern Society. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2009; 2:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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39
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Abstract
Mummies are human remains with preservation of nonbony tissue. Mummification by natural influences results in so-called natural mummies, whereas mummification induced by active (human) intervention results in so-called artificial mummies, although many cultures practiced burial rites, which to some degree involved both natural and artificial mummification. Since they are so uniquely well-preserved, mummies may give many insights into mortuary practices and burial rites. Specifically, the presence of soft tissues may expand the scope of paleopathological studies. Many recent mummy studies focus on the development and application of nondestructive methods for examining mummies, including radiography, CT-scanning with advanced three-dimensional visualizations, and endoscopic techniques, as well as minimally-destructive chemical, physical, and biological methods for, e.g., stable isotopes, trace metals, and DNA. This article discusses mummification and gives a presentation of various key mummy finds and a brief history of mummy studies. A description of the extant key technologies of natural and medical science that are applied in mummy studies is given; along with a discussion of some of the major results in terms of paleopathology. It is also shown how mummy studies have contributed much to the knowledge of the cultural habits and everyday life of past populations. Finally the impact of mummy studies on analyses of mortuary practices and cultural history is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Lynnerup
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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40
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Adams JD, Garcia C, Lien EJ. A comparison of chinese and american Indian (chumash) medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 7:219-25. [PMID: 18955312 PMCID: PMC2862936 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese and Chumash traditional medical approaches are similar in terms of disease causation, use of acupuncture or healing touch, plants, spiritual and philosophical approaches. This article provides a brief comparison and discussion of Chinese and Chumash traditional medical practices. A table of 66 plants is presented along with Chinese and Chumash uses of each plant. These uses are compared and contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Adams
- University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Ensenada, Mexico
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41
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Pfab F, Behrendt H, Darsow U, Ring J. Akupunktur in der Dermatologie – Stand der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR AKUPUNKTUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dza.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Tattooing is an ancient procedure, practiced by humans from all parts of the world for a variety of reasons. However, relatively little is known by the medical audience of the numerous medical conditions where tattooing is employed as a therapeutic modality or a diagnostic method. Tattooing for cosmetic and medicinal purposes, referred to as either micropigmentation, dermatography, or medical tattooing, may ensure permanent camouflage in a wide range of dermatological diseases. It can be a valuable finishing step in several surgical procedures in the fields of craniofacial surgery, plastic and reconstructive operations, cosmetic surgery procedures, and breast reconstruction. Other fields of application of medical tattooing include radiation therapy, endoscopic surgery, and ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snejina Vassileva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sofia Faculty of Medicine, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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43
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Abstract
Over 2 million people in the United States are estimated to use acupuncture annually, primarily for musculoskeletal complaints and pain management, evidence that the integration of acupuncture into Western health care is increasing. Despite the increase in the quality of trials demonstrating the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in medicine, the pediatric acupuncture literature lacks the quantity and quality of the same body of evidence. Contributing to this paucity of evidence may be the acceptability of acupuncture in pediatric patients. There is an urgent need for high-quality randomized controlled trials on the use of acupuncture in the pediatric population. This review aims to highlight the evidence for use of acupuncture in pain and symptom management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Kundu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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44
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Abstract
This review article presents the evidence that the antiinflammatory actions of acupuncture are mediated via the reflexive central inhibition of the innate immune system. Both laboratory and clinical evidence have recently shown the existence of a negative feedback loop between the autonomic nervous system and the innate immunity. There is also experimental evidence that the electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve inhibits macrophage activation and the production of TNF, IL-1beta , IL-6, IL-18, and other proinflammatory cytokines. It is therefore conceivable that along with hypnosis, meditation, prayer, guided imagery, biofeedback, and the placebo effect, the systemic anti-inflammatory actions of traditional and electro-acupuncture are directly or indirectly mediated by the efferent vagus nerve activation and inflammatory macrophage deactivation. In view of this common physiological mediation, assessing the clinical efficacy of a specific acupuncture regimen using conventional double-blind placebo-controlled trials inherently lacks objectivity due to (1) the uncertainty of ancient rules for needle placement, (2) the diffuse noxious inhibitory control triggered by control-needling at irrelevant points, (3) the possibility of a dose-response relationship between stimulation and effects, and (4) the possibility of inadequate blinding using an inert sham procedure. A more objective assessment of its efficacy could perhaps consist of measuring its effects on the surrogate markers of autonomic tone and inflammation. The use of acupuncture as an adjunct therapy to conventional medical treatment for a number of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases seems plausible and should be validated by confirming its cholinergicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kavoussi
- Southern California University of Health Sciences, College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, Whittier, CA, USA.
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45
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Zeredo JL, Sasaki KM, Toda K. High-intensity laser for acupuncture-like stimulation. Lasers Med Sci 2006; 22:37-41. [PMID: 17120168 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-006-0408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of needles into specific parts of the body was shown to provide analgesic and therapeutic effects. In this study, we tested the analgesic effects of high-intensity infrared laser for acupuncture-like stimulation. Twelve adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230 to 250 g were randomly assigned to laser, needle, or restraint groups. Stimulation was directed to the meridian point Taixi (KI 3) for 10 min. For laser stimulation, a pulsed Er:YAG system was used. The laser settings were adjusted to provide a focal raise in the skin temperature to about 45 degrees C. The anti-nociceptive effect was evaluated by the tail-flick test. Both needling and laser stimulation significantly increased the tail-flick latency. Peak needling effect was observed immediately after treatment, while laser stimulation was effective both immediately and 45 min after treatment. High-intensity laser stimulation may be used alternatively or in combination with conventional acupuncture needling for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Zeredo
- Division of Integrative Sensory Physiology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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46
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Abstract
Thirty years ago, the integration of complementary medicine into cancer care almost was dismissed as quackery. Today, a whole range of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) techniques have been integrated into the management of cancer, which are often of benefit to patients, when conventional treatment is deemed to have failed or caused intolerable side effects. Health care workers need to inquire about the use of CAM in their patients routinely in a sensitive and nonjudgmental way, and may need to advise patients to stop certain therapies. Yet in advanced cancer, a sensible balance needs to be struck between fear about adverse effects and interactions and the importance of making the remaining weeks/days/months as comfortable and enjoyable as possible.
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47
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Abstract
Even though widely used in today's clinical practice, acupuncture has remained a controversial subject. Many reviews are currently available but most lack a critical stance and some are overtly promotional. The aim of this overview is to provide a balanced, critical analysis of the existing evidence. Some of the original concepts of traditional acupuncture are not supported by good scientific evidence. Several plausible theories attempt to explain how acupuncture works but none are proved beyond doubt. The clinical effectiveness of acupuncture continues to attract controversy. Many controlled clinical trials and numerous systematic reviews of these studies have been published. Considerable problems are encountered when interpreting these data. Heterogeneity is a significant drawback of both clinical trials and systematic reviews. Some of the controversies may be resolved through the use of the new 'placebo needles' which enable researchers to adequately control for placebo effects of acupuncture. The majority of studies using such devices fails to show effects beyond a placebo response. Acupuncture has been associated with serious adverse events but most large-scale studies suggest that these are probably rare. Nonserious adverse effects occur in 7-11% of all patients. In conclusion, acupuncture remains steeped in controversy. Some findings are encouraging but others suggest that its clinical effects mainly depend on a placebo response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ernst
- Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter & Plymouth, Exeter, UK.
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48
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Ralt D. Intercellular communication, NO and the biology of Chinese medicine. Cell Commun Signal 2005; 3:8. [PMID: 15904530 PMCID: PMC1180462 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
New multiple categories of health disciplines have become popular in the west and integration between the medicinal approaches has become essential. The hypothesis presented here suggests a novel integrative view that combines Western biochemistry with the Chinese medicinal concept of qi. The core for this hypothesis is that transmission of qi along the meridians is based on informational molecules that travel via an intercellular communication system. Acupuncture at specific points enhances the flow of the signaling molecules through this communication system. Nitric oxide is suggested as a prime candidate for such a signaling molecule in the meridian system. The biochemistry of nitric oxide can shed light on the biology underlying Chinese medicine while Chinese medicinal data can provide a clue to the sought after framework for nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ralt
- Izun and Tmura, Integrative Health Inst., 6 Nezach Israel st., Tel Aviv, 64352, Israel.
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49
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Abstract
Laser acupuncture is defined as the stimulation of traditional acupuncture points with low-intensity, nonthermal laser irradiation. Although the therapeutic use of laser acupuncture is rapidly gaining in popularity, objective evaluation of its efficacy in published studies is difficult because treatment parameters such as wavelength, irradiance, and beam profile are seldom fully described. The depth of laser energy transmission, likely an important determinant of efficacy, is governed not only by these parameters, but also by skin properties such as thickness, age, and pigmentation-factors which have also received little consideration in laser acupuncture. Despite the frequently equivocal nature of the published laser studies, recent evidence of visual cortex activation by laser acupuncture of foot points, together with the known ability of laser irradiation to induce cellular effects at subthermal thresholds, provides impetus for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Whittaker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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50
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Abstract
Mummies, the preserved remains of living beings from former times, bear witness across millennia to the maladies plaguing humankind. Disease, older than humanity, is better understood when examined in the context of history. Paleopathology, literally meaning "ancient suffering", is the study of disease through evaluation of ancient remains. This area of increasing medical interest offers insights into the management of public health issues and disease epidemiology. This article provides an introduction and overview to paleodermatology, the branch of dermatology concerned with the evaluation of diseases associated with the integument by examination of ancient human remains. Mummy sources, how they were made and used throughout history, and the multidisciplinary approach used to study skin diseases found in mummies is briefly described. Despite pervasive pseudopathology, a remarkable array of diseases are well substantiated in the paleorecord, including infectious, heritable, nutritional, hormonal, acquired, iatrogenic, and neoplastic disorders. Legitimate ethical concerns have been raised in the use of human remains for any purpose, with the lack of informed consent eliciting accusations of exploitation. While these studies are undertaken with certain risks, such as the acquisition of potentially dangerous or extinct infections, paleodermatology offers a unique and historical perspective on the afflictions of the skin and the way of all flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Judith Lowenstein
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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