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Synthesizing Chiral Drug Intermediates by Biocatalysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:146-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become important and state of the art in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes (biocatalysts) for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities providing products in high yields and purity. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of key chiral intermediates for development pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates, LLC, Consultation in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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3
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Steffen-Munsberg F, Vickers C, Kohls H, Land H, Mallin H, Nobili A, Skalden L, van den Bergh T, Joosten HJ, Berglund P, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT. Bioinformatic analysis of a PLP-dependent enzyme superfamily suitable for biocatalytic applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:566-604. [PMID: 25575689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review we analyse structure/sequence-function relationships for the superfamily of PLP-dependent enzymes with special emphasis on class III transaminases. Amine transaminases are highly important for applications in biocatalysis in the synthesis of chiral amines. In addition, other enzyme activities such as racemases or decarboxylases are also discussed. The substrate scope and the ability to accept chemically different types of substrates are shown to be reflected in conserved patterns of amino acids around the active site. These findings are condensed in a sequence-function matrix, which facilitates annotation and identification of biocatalytically relevant enzymes and protein engineering thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Steffen-Munsberg
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clare Vickers
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hannes Kohls
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Land
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hendrik Mallin
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alberto Nobili
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lilly Skalden
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tom van den Bergh
- Bio-Prodict, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E, 6511 AA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Joosten
- Bio-Prodict, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E, 6511 AA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Per Berglund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Naik HG, Yeniad B, Koning CE, Heise A. Investigation of asymmetric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) reduction of acetophenone derivatives: effect of charge density. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4961-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06870b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Patel RN. Biocatalysis: Synthesis of Key Intermediates for Development of Pharmaceuticals. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N. Patel
- Biotechnology Department, Unimark Remedies, Ltd., Mumbai, India
- SLRP Associates, LLC, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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Enzymatic preparation of 5-hydroxy-l-proline, N-Cbz-5-hydroxy-l-proline, and N-boc-5-hydroxy-l-proline from (α-N-protected)-l-ornithine using a transaminase or an amine oxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Truppo MD, Rozzell JD, Turner NJ. Efficient Production of Enantiomerically Pure Chiral Amines at Concentrations of 50 g/L Using Transaminases. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900303q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Truppo
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M17DN, U.K. and Codexis Inc., 129 North Hill Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106, U.S.A
| | - J. David Rozzell
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M17DN, U.K. and Codexis Inc., 129 North Hill Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M17DN, U.K. and Codexis Inc., 129 North Hill Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106, U.S.A
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Schell U, Wohlgemuth R, Ward JM. Synthesis of pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate using an MBA:pyruvate transaminase as biocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Truppo MD, Rozzell JD, Moore JC, Turner NJ. Rapid screening and scale-up of transaminase catalysed reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:395-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b817730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen D, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Zhu Q. An amine: hydroxyacetone aminotransferase from Moraxella lacunata WZ34 for alaninol synthesis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 31:283-9. [PMID: 17849151 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An amine:hydroxyacetone aminotransferase from an isolated soil bacterium, Moraxella lacunata WZ34, was employed to synthesize alaninol in the presence of hydroxyacetone and isopropylamine in this study. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were glycerol and beef extract, respectively. A wide range of amino donor specificity was detected with the aminotransferase, which exhibited a relative high activity (9.83 U mL(-1)) in the presence of isopropylamine. The enzyme was the most active at pH 8.5, and showed relatively higher activity at alkaline than acidic pH. Maximum activity was achieved at 30 degrees C, and the enzyme had good thermal stability below 60 degrees C. Metal ions such as Mg(2+) had positive effect (132.6%) on the enzyme, and (aminooxy)acetic acid, a typical aminotransferase inhibitor, significantly inhibited its activity. The enzyme activity was enhanced by the addition of 0.05 mM pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhi Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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Katsos NE, Labrou NE, Clonis YD. Interaction of l-glutamate oxidase with triazine dyes: selection of ligands for affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 807:277-85. [PMID: 15203041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate oxidase (GOX, EC 1.4.3.11) from Streptomyces catalyses the oxidation of L-glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. Its kinetic constants for L-glutamate were measured equal to 2 mM for Km and 85.8 s(-1) for kcat. BLAST search and amino acid sequence alignments revealed low homology to other L-amino acid oxidases (18-38%). Threading methodology, homology modeling and CASTp analysis resulted in certain conclusions concerning the structure of catalytic alpha-subunit and led to the prediction of a binding pocket that provides favorable conditions of accommodating negatively charged aromatic ligands, such as sulphonated triazine dyes. Eleven commercial textile dyes and four biomimetic dyes or minodyes, bearing a ketocarboxylated-structure as their terminal biomimetic moiety, immobilized on cross-linked agarose gel. The resulted mini-library of affinity adsorbents was screened for binding and eluting L-glutamate oxidase activity. All but Cibacron Blue 3GA (CB3GA) affinity adsorbents were able to bind GOX at pH 5.6. One immobilized minodye-ligand, bearing as its terminal biomimetic moiety p-aminobenzyloxanylic acid (BM1), displayed the higher affinity for GOX. Kinetic inhibition studies showed that BM1 inhibits GOX in a non-competitive manner with a Ki of 10.5 microM, indicating that the dye-enzyme interaction does not involve the substrate-binding site. Adsorption equilibrium data, obtained from a batch system with BM1 adsorbent, corresponded well to the Freundlich isotherm with a rate constant k of 2.7 mg(1/2)ml(1/2)/g and Freundlich isotherm exponent n of 1. The interaction of GOX with the BM1 adsorbent was further studied with regards to adsorption and elution conditions. The results obtained were exploited in the development of a facile purification protocol for GOX, which led to 335-fold purification in a single step with high enzyme recovery (95%). The present purification procedure is the most efficient reported so far for L-glutamate oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Katsos
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
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Patel RN. Biocatalytic synthesis of intermediates for the synthesis of chiral drug substances. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001; 12:587-604. [PMID: 11849941 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enantioselectivity. Chiral intermediates and fine chemicals are in high demand, both from the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, for the preparation of bulk drug substances and agricultural products. Biocatalytic processes have been described for the synthesis of chiral intermediates for beta3- and beta2-receptor agonists, antihypertensive drugs, antiviral agents, melatonin receptor agonists, anticholesterol and anticancer drugs, and drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Patel
- Process Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research, Institute New Brunswick, Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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Patel RN. Enzymatic synthesis of chiral intermediates for Omapatrilat, an antihypertensive drug. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 17:167-82. [PMID: 11337276 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic processes were used to prepare chiral intermediates required for the synthesis of Omapatrilat 1 by three different routes. The synthesis and enzymatic conversion of 2-keto-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid 3 to L-6-hydroxynorleucine 2 was demonstrated by reductive amination using beef liver glutamate dehydrogenase. To avoid the lengthy chemical synthesis of the ketoacid 3, a second route was developed to prepare the ketoacid by treatment of racemic 6-hydroxy norleucine [readily available from hydrolysis of 5-(4-hydroxybutyl) hydantoin 4] with D-amino acid oxidase from porcine kidney or Trigonopsis variabilis followed by reductive amination to convert the mixture completely to L-6-hydroxynorleucine in 98% yield and 99% enantiomeric excess (e.e.). The enzymatic synthesis of (S)-2-amino-5-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-pentanoic acid (allysine ethylene acetal, 5) was demonstrated using phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PDH) from T. intermedius. Phenylalanine dehydrogenase was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Using PDH from E. coli or P. pastoris, the enzymatic process was scale-up to prepare kg quantity of allysine ethylene acetal 5. The reaction yields of >94% and e.e. of >98% were obtained for allysine ethylene acetal 5. An enzymatic process was developed for the synthesis of [4S-(4a,7a,10ab)]1-octahydro-5-oxo-4 [[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]-7H-pyrido-[2,1-b] [1,3]thiazepine-7-carboxylic acid [BMS-199541-01]. The enzymatic oxidation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine in the dipeptide dimer N(2)-[N[[(phenyl-methoxy)carbonyl] L-homocysteinyl] L-lysine)-1,1-disulphide [BMS-201391-01] to produce BMS-199541-01 using a novel L-lysine epsilon-aminotransferase (LAT) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SC 16113 was demonstrated. This enzyme was overexpressed in E. coli and a process was developed using the recombinant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Patel
- Enzyme Technology, Process Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Abstract
Improved stereoselectivity in dehydrogenase-mediated reductions has been achieved by rationally designed gene overexpression and knockouts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and by isolating and characterizing novel dehydrogenases from other organisms. Transaminases have been used to prepare unnatural amines and amino acids in good yields, particularly when the equilibria are shifted by selective product removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
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Abstract
The number of industrial processes for the synthesis of fine and commodity chemicals, pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediates and drug substances utilizing biological catalysts continues to grow. The combination of new molecular biology techniques, such as directed evolution and pathway engineering, with new and efficient high-throughput screening methods is poised to bolster this field and further advance the contribution of biocatalysis to the chemical and the pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaks
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Union, New Jersey 07083, USA.
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