An evaluation of accelerated Portland cement as a restorative material

Cytotoxic Effect of Nano Fast Cement and ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate on L-929 Fibroblast Cells: an in vitro Study

Statement of the Problem:

Endodontic materials that are placed in direct contact with living tissues should be biocompatible. The cytotoxicity of Nano Fast Cement (NFC) compared to ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (ProRoot MTA) must be evaluated.

Purpose:

This In vitro study aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects of NFC in comparison to ProRoot MTA on L-929 mouse fibroblast cells.

Materials and Method:

In this animal study, L-929 mouse fibroblast cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in an atmosphere of 5% co₂/95% air at 37 C̊. A total of 10⁴ cells from the fourth collection were plated in each well of a 96-well micro-titer plate. Materials were mixed according to the manufacturer’s instruction and placed into the related plastic molds with 5 mm diameter and 3 mm height. After 24 hours and a complete setting, the extracts of the tested materials were produced at six different concentrations and placed in the related wells. Cells in DMEM served as the negative control group. DMEM alone was used as the positive control group. Methyl-thiazoltetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay was conducted after 24, 48, and 72 hours. The absorbance values were measured by ELISA plate reader at 540 nm wavelength. Three-way analysis of variance, post-hoc Tukey, LSD, and independent t-test were used for the statistical analyses using SPSS software, version 16.0.

Results:

There was no statically significant difference between MTA and NFC in cell viability values at different concentrations and different time intervals (p= 0.649). Viability values were significantly decreased after 72 hours, but there was no significant difference between the first and second MTT assays (p= 0.987). Cytotoxicity significantly increased at concentrations higher than 6.25 µɡ/ml.

Conclusion:

Cytotoxicity depends on time, concentration, and cement composition. There was no statistically significant difference between NFC and MTA concerning their cytotoxic effects on L-929 mouse fibroblast cells.

Portland Cement: An Overview as a Root Repair Material

Portland cement (PC) is used in challenging endodontic situations in which preserving the health and functionality of pulp tissue is of considerable importance. PC forms the main component of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and demonstrates similar desirable properties as an orthograde or retrograde filling material. PC is able to protect pulp against bacterial infiltration, induce reparative dentinogenesis, and form dentin bridge during the pulp healing process. The biocompatibility, bioactivity, and physical properties of PC have been investigated in vitro and in animal models, as well as in some limited clinical trials. This paper reviews Portland cement's structure and its characteristics and reaction in various environments and eventually accentuates the present concerns with this material. This bioactive endodontic cement has shown promising success rates compared to MTA; however, considerable modifications are required in order to improve its characteristics and expand its application scope as a root repair material. Hence, the extensive chemical modifications incorporated into PC composition to facilitate preparation and handling procedures are discussed. It is still important to further address the applicability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of PC before transferring into day-to-day clinical practice.

Sealing Efficiency of MTA, Accelerated MTA, Biodentine and RMGIC as Retrograde Filling Materials

Background/Aim: This in-vitro study evaluated the apical-sealing ability of MTA, MTA+10% CaCl2, Biodentine™ and RMGIC when used as retrograde material.

Material and Methods: A total of 80 single-rooted bovine incisors were decoronated, instrumented, and divided into 4 groups according to retrograde material, as follows: Group 1: MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply); Group 2: MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply) + 10% CaCl2; Group 3: Biodentine (Biodentine®, Septodont); Group 4: RMGIC (Nova Glass -LC, Imicryl). Root surfaces were isolated with nail polish, and teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye at 37°C for 48 h. The extent of dye penetration (mm) was measured under a stereomicroscope.

Results: RMGIC had the highest mean-rank dye penetration score (MP=49.05), followed by MTA (MP=43.65), Biodentine (35.95) and MTA+CaCl2 (MP=33.35). The results of paired comparison tests found the mean microleakage value of MTA+10% CaCl2 and Biodentine (Group 3) to be significantly lower than that of RMGIC (respectively; p=0,020, p=0,019). No significant difference was found in the other group comparisons (p> 0.05).

Conclusions: These results suggest that the addition of an accelerator to MTA may reduce microleakage following endodontic surgery. Biodentine can be used as an alternative to MTA on retrograde obturation.

Chitosan-Based Accelerated Portland Cement Promotes Dentinogenic/Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization Activity of SHED

Calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) are widely used in various endodontic treatments to promote wound healing and hard tissue formation. Chitosan-based accelerated Portland cement (APC-CT) is a promising and affordable material for endodontic use. This study investigated the effect of APC-CT on apoptosis, cell attachment, dentinogenic/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activity of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). APC-CT was prepared with various concentrations of chitosan (CT) solution (0%, 0.625%, 1.25% and 2.5% (w/v)). Cell attachment was determined by direct contact analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM); while the material extracts were used for the analyses of apoptosis by flow cytometry, dentinogenic/osteogenic marker expression by real-time PCR and mineralization activity by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining. The cells effectively attached to the surfaces of APC and APC-CT, acquiring flattened elongated and rounded-shape morphology. Treatment of SHED with APC and APC-CT extracts showed no apoptotic effect. APC-CT induced upregulation of DSPP, MEPE, DMP-1, OPN, OCN, OPG and RANKL expression levels in SHED after 14 days, whereas RUNX2, ALP and COL1A1 expression levels were downregulated. Mineralization assays showed a progressive increase in the formation of calcium deposits in cells with material containing higher CT concentration and with incubation time. In conclusion, APC-CT is nontoxic and promotes dentinogenic/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activity of SHED, indicating its regenerative potential as a promising substitute for the commercially available CSCs to induce dentin/bone regeneration.

An ultrasonic-based experimental model to evaluate the setting time of endodontic sealers

AIM

To evaluate an ultrasonic-based experimental model (US), to assess the setting time of AH Plus^® , Bio-C Sealer^® and MTA Fillapex^® , and compare the results obtained with ANSI/ADA specifications (2012).

METHODS

To determine the setting time according to the ANSI/ADA specification, moulds measuring 10 mm (diameter) × 2 mm (thickness) were used, and for the US tests a transducer (1 MHz) and an oscilloscope were used. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the changes on chemical structure at the different setting times found by the US and ANSI/ADA methods. After checking the normal distribution, setting time data were analysed using unilateral analysis of variance with Tukey-HSD post-test to compare the methods.

RESULTS

AH Plus^® and Bio-C Sealer^® had longer mean setting time values for the US method than for the ANSI/ADA (p < .05), whilst for MTA Fillapex^® no significant difference was found between the methods (p < .05). FTIR spectra demonstrated that at the setting time determined by the US method, AH Plus^® and Bio-C Sealer^® were in a more advanced stage of polymerization than at the ANSI/ADA, whilst there was no significant difference for MTA Fillapex^® .

CONCLUSIONS

The use of US was effective for setting time determination and measured longer values than ANSI/ADA specification for AH Plus^® and Bio-C Sealer^® , identifying the entire (and not only superficial) setting of the endodontic sealers.

Zn-doping of silicate and hydroxyapatite-based cements: Dentin mechanobiology and bioactivity

The objective was to state zinc contribution in the effectiveness of novel zinc-doped dentin cements to achieve dentin remineralization, throughout a literature or narrative exploratory review. Literature search was conducted using electronic databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, DIMDI, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. Both zinc-doping silicate and hydroxyapatite-based cements provoked an increase of both bioactivity and intrafibrillar mineralization of dentin. Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite-based cements (oxipatite) also induced an increase in values of dentin nano-hardness, Young's modulus and dentin resistance to deformation. From Raman analyses, it was stated higher intensity of phosphate peaks and crystallinity as markers of dentin calcification, in the presence of zinc. Zinc-based salt formations produced low microleakage and permeability values with hermetically sealed tubules at radicular dentin. Dentin treated with oxipatite attained preferred crystal grain orientation with polycrystalline lattices. Thereby, oxipatite mechanically reinforced dentin structure, by remineralization. Dentin treated with oxipatite produced immature crystallites formations, accounting for high hydroxyapatite solubility, instability and enhanced remineralizing activity.

Biocompatibility of a New Antibacterial Compound and its Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Flowable Dental Composites (Animal Study)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Recently, new compound of 3, 5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole has been composed with excellent antibacterial property. Biocompatibility and its effects on mechanical properties of dental composites should be considered before clinical use.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of 3, 5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole as a new antibacterial compound and its effect on the mechanical properties of dental composites.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

In this experimental study, a new antibacterial compound was synthesis by reaction between Thiosemicarbazide and 2, 4-Pentandione and tested on thirty male albino Wistar rats weighting 200-250gr. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10, each rat received 3 implants of 3,5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole, penicillin v and empty polyethylene tube. A pathologist, who was unaware of types of tested materials and timing, performed the examination of specimens. The depth of cure and flexural strength of resin composite was measured using Iso4049 standard technique. Compressive strength was determined according to Iso9917 standard.

RESULTS

This compound was biocompatible and there was no significant difference in flexural strength and compressive strength of the composites containing 1% of this compound with the control group (p> 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The 3, 5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole with a concentration of 1% in flowable composites can be very effective in preventing secondary caries.

Chemico-physical and mechanical evaluation of three calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials

Aim

This study compared biointeractivity (pH of soaking water and calcium ions), porosity, water sorption, solubility, compressive strength, lap shear strength, as well as the apatite forming ability of three calcium silicate-based capping materials: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine (BD) and Tech Biosealer capping (BS).

Methods

One hundred and five discs of the tested materials were prepared in compliance with the manufacturer's instructions. The materials' pastes were placed in Teflon molds and allowed to set before testing. The pH and Ca⁺² ions were measured by a potentiometric method. Porosity, water sorption, and solubility were calculated through the measurement of initial mass, mass, saturated mass and dry mass. Apatite forming ability was measured by an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope that was connected to a secondary electron detector for energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Meanwhile compressive strength was measured by a computer controlled universal testing machine. Lap shear strength was measured by computer software on the testing machine. All data were statistically analyzed.

Results

The tested materials showed Ca ions release and alkalization, which decreased with soaking time. The BD exhibited a very high Ca release at both short (3 h) and long times (28 days). Significant high values of open and apparent porosities, water sorption, and solubility were measured for BS, which was followed by the MTA then BD (P < .05). The BD had significant higher compressive and lap shear bond strength than the MTA and BS (P < .05).

Conclusion

MTA, BD and BS are biointeractive bioactive materials that possess the ability to release ions and form calcium phosphate deposits. Unlike BD, BS is incapable of alternating MTA in pulp capping due to its high porosities, water sorption and solubility, as well as poor compressive and lap shear bond strength.

Effect of commonly used irrigants on the colour stabilities of two calcium-silicate based material

Purpose:

The aim of present study was to evaluate the color stability of calcium-silicate based cements (CSC) Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and BiodentineTM when exposed to endodontic irrigating solutions 5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX).

Materials and methods:

A total of 60 (n=30) cylindrical samples (10 mm diameter, 2 mm height) were prepared by manipulating white MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) and BiodentineTM (Septodent, Saint Maur, France) according to manufacturer's instructions. These samples were immersed in 5% sodium hypochlorite (Prime Dental Products Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Dentochlor, Saronno VA, Italia), or distilled water for 24 hours. Color changes were measured using UV spectrophotometer (UV-1650, Shimadzu, Europe) and the values were tabulated.

Results:

A significant difference was observed between group I and II with respect to both parameters A & B (p<0.05). Both the calcium-silicate-based materials exhibited significant discoloration when immersed in NaOCl and CHX. Distilled water did not cause clinically perceptible discoloration of any material.

Conclusion:

A significant discoloration was observed with a specific combination of calciumsilicate- based cement and irrigant. BiodentineTM exhibited significant discoloration with CHX whereas, MTA showed more discoloration with NaOCl.

Cellular differentiation, bioactive and mechanical properties of experimental light-curing pulp protection materials

OBJECTIVE

Materials for pulp protection should have therapeutic properties in order to stimulate remineralization and pulp reparative processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, cell differentiation and bioactivity of experimental light-curable resin-based materials containing bioactive micro-fillers.

METHODS

Four calcium-phosphosilicate micro-fillers were prepared and incorporated into a resin blend: 1) Bioglass 45S5 (BAG); 2) zinc-doped bioglass (BAG-Zn); 3) βTCP-modified calcium silicate (β-CS); 4) zinc-doped β-CS (β-CS-Zn). These experimental resins were tested for flexural strength (FS) and fracture toughness (FT) after 24h and 30-day storage in simulated body fluid (SBF). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay, while bioactivity was evaluated using mineralization and gene expression assays (Runx-2 & ALP).

RESULTS

The lowest FS and FT at 24h was attained with β-CS resin, while all the other tested materials exhibited a decrease in FS after prolonged storage in SBF. β-CS-Zn maintained a stable FT after 30-day SBF aging. Incorporation of bioactive micro-fillers had no negative effect on the biocompatibility of the experimental materials tested in this study. The inclusion of zinc-doped fillers significantly increased the cellular remineralization potential and expression of the osteogenic genes Runx2 and ALP (p<0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

The innovative materials tested in this study, in particular those containing β-CS-Zn and BAG-Zn may promote cell differentiation and mineralization. Thus, these materials might represent suitable therapeutic pulp protection materials for minimally invasive and atraumatic restorative treatments.

Freshly-mixed and setting calcium-silicate cements stimulate human dental pulp cells

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of the eluates from 3 freshly-mixed and setting hydraulic calcium-silicate cements (hCSCs) on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and to examine the effect of a newly developed hCSC containing phosphopullulan (PPL) on HDPCs.

METHODS

Human dental pulp cells, previously characterized as mesenchymal stem cells, were used. To collect the eluates, disks occupying the whole surface of a 12-well plate were prepared using an experimental hCSC containing phosphopullulan (GC), Nex-Cem MTA (GC), Biodentine (Septodont) or a zinc-oxide (ZnO) eugenol cement (material-related negative control). Immediately after preparing the disks (non-set), 3ml of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were added. The medium was left in contact with the disks for 24h before being collected. Four different dilutions were prepared (100%, 50%, 25% and 10%) and cell-cytotoxicity, cell-proliferation, cell-migration and odontogenic differentiation were tested. The cell-cytotoxicity and cell-proliferation assays were performed by XTT-colorimetric assay at different time points. The cell-migration ability was tested with the wound-healing assay and the odontogenic differentiation capacity of hCSCs on HDPCs was tested with RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Considering all experimental data together, the eluates from 3 freshly-mixed and setting hCSCs appeared not cytotoxic toward HDPCs. Moreover, all three cements stimulated proliferation, migration and odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs.

SIGNIFICANCE

The use of freshly-mixed and setting hCSCs is an appropriate approach to test the effect of the materials on human dental pulp cells. The experimental material containing PPL is non-cytotoxic and positively stimulates HDPCs.

The Repair of Furcal Perforations in Different Diameters with Biodentine, MTA, and IRM Repair Materials: A Laboratory Study Using an E. Faecalis Leakage Model

The aim of this study is to evaluate the microleakage of repair materials MTA, IRM, and Biodentine applied on furcal perforations with different diameters. One hundred and forty extracted human teeth were used in this study. The teeth were divided into 2 main groups (60 teeth in each) which were then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 20). The remaining 20 teeth were divided into 2 groups (10 in each) to serve as controls. The furcal areas of the teeth were perforated with #2 cylindrical burs in Group 1 whereas perforations were made using #4 cylindrical burs in Group 2. Each subgroup of both Groups 1 and 2 received ProRoot MTA (ProRoot, USA), Biodentine (Septodont), or IRM (Dentsply, USA) to repair the perforations. An experimental set-up was established to contaminate repaired perforations with E. Faecalis (ATCC29212). The turbidity of bacteria was observed on the 7th, 15th, 30th, and 45th days. The data was analysed by chi-square test (p > 0.05). The number of bacteria in the group perforated by bur #2 and closed by MTA was found to be lower than the other groups on the 7th day (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the bacterial counts of other groups on the 15th, 30th, and 45th days (p > 0.05). ProRoot MTA was found to be more successful in the prevention of bacterial leakage compared to IRM and Biodentine in smaller perforations during the 1st week.

The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Push-Out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

Introduction:

This in vitro study investigated the effect of adding 10% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on push out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to root canal dentin.

Methods and Materials:

A total of 120 root dentin slices with 2 mm thickness were prepared from sixty single-rooted human teeth. Dentinal discs were enlarged to achieve 1.3 mm diameter. The specimens were randomly allocated into eight groups (n=15). Dentin discs were filled with either CEM cement or MTA with or without CaCl₂ and the push out test was performed after 3 and 21 days. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

Results:

There was an interaction effect amongst all groups (P=0.028). After 3 days, CEM cement showed a significantly lower bond strength than other groups (P<0.05) while MTA demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than CEM cement with or without CaCl₂ (P=0.001). After 21 days, CEM cement with or without CaCl₂ had no significant difference with other groups (P>0.05). However, the bond strength of MTA decreased when CaCl₂ was added (P=0.011).

Conclusion:

The addition of 10% CaCl₂ increased the push out bond strength of CEM cement and improved it over time; while, this substance aggravated this property for MTA.

A New Biphasic Dicalcium Silicate Bone Cement Implant

This study aimed to investigate the processing parameters and biocompatibility of a novel biphasic dicalcium silicate (C₂S) cement. Biphasic α´_L + β-C₂S_ss was synthesized by solid-state processing, and was used as a raw material to prepare the cement. In vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility studies were assessed by soaking the cement samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) and human adipose stem cell cultures. Two critical-sized defects of 6 mm Ø were created in 15 NZ tibias. A porous cement made of the high temperature forms of C₂S, with a low phosphorous substitution level, was produced. An apatite-like layer covered the cement’s surface after soaking in SBF. The cell attachment test showed that α´_L + β-C₂S_ss supported cells sticking and spreading after 24 h of culture. The cement paste (55.86 ± 0.23) obtained higher bone-to-implant contact (BIC) percentage values (better quality, closer contact) in the histomorphometric analysis, and defect closure was significant compared to the control group (plastic). The residual material volume of the porous cement was 35.42 ± 2.08% of the initial value. The highest BIC and bone formation percentages were obtained on day 60. These results suggest that the cement paste is advantageous for initial bone regeneration.

Characterization and antimicrobial efficacy of Portland cement impregnated with silver nanoparticles

PURPOSE

This study investigated the effects of silver nanoparticle (SN) loading into hydraulic calcium silicate-based Portland cement on its mechanical, antibacterial behavior and biocompatibility as a novel dental bone substitute.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemically reduced colloidal SN were combined with Portland cement (PC) by the concentrations of 0 (control), 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt%. The physico-mechanical properties of silver-Portland cement nanocomposites (SPNC) were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), setting time, compressive strength, solubility, and silver ion elution. Antimicrobial properties of SPNC were tested by agar diffusion against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Cytotoxic evaluation for human gingival fibroblast (HGF) was performed by MTS assay.

RESULTS

XRD certified that SN was successfully impregnated in PC. SPNC at above 3.0 wt% significantly reduced both initial and final setting times compared to control PC. No statistical differences of the compressive strength values were detected after SN loadings, and solubility rates of SPNC were below 3.0%, which are acceptable by ADA guidelines. Ag ion elutions from SPNC were confirmed with dose-dependence on the concentrations of SN added. SPNC of 5.0 wt% inhibited the growth of Streptococci, whereas no antimicrobial activity was shown in control PC. SPNC revealed no cytotoxic effects to HGF following ISO 10993 (cell viability > 70%).

CONCLUSION

Addition of SN promoted the antibacterial activity and favored the bio-mechanical properties of PC; thus, SPNC could be a candidate for the futuristic dental biomaterial. For clinical warrant, further studies including the inhibitory mechanism, in vivo and long-term researches are still required.

Biological evaluation of a new pulp capping material developed from Portland cement

This study evaluates the biological properties of a new pulp capping material developed from Portland cement. This study was conducted on 48 teeth in 4 dogs (12 teeth/dog). The dogs were classified into two equal groups (n=24 teeth) according to the evaluation period including: group A (3 weeks) and group B (3 months). Each group was further subdivided into three equal subgroups (n=8 teeth) according to the capping material including: subgroup 1: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), subgroup2: Portland cement+10% calcium hydroxide+20% bismuth oxide (Port Cal) and subgroup 3: Portland cement+bismuth oxide. After general anesthesia, a class V buccal cavity was prepared coronal to the gingival margin. After pulp exposure and hemostasis,the capping materials and glass ionomer filling were placed on the exposure sites. All histopathological findings, inflammatory cell count and dentin bridge formation were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically. After 3 months, the histopathological picture of the pulp in subgroup 1 showed normal pulp, continuous odontoblastic layer and complete dentin bridge formation while subgroup 2 showed partial and complete dentin bridge over a normal and necrotic pulps. Subgroup 3 showed loss of normal architecture, areas of necrosis, complete, or incomplete dentin bridge formation, attached and detached pulp stones and fatty degeneration in group B. For group A, MTA subgroup showed the least number of inflammatory cell infiltrate followed by Port Cal subgroup. While subgroup 3 showed the highest number of inflammatory cell infiltrate. For group B, the mean inflammatory cell count increased with the three tested materials with no statistical difference. Regarding dentin bridge formation at group A, no significant differences was found between subgroups, while at group B, MTA subgroup exhibited significantly higher scores than other subgroups. In conclusion, addition of calcium hydroxide to Portland cement improves the dentin bridge formation qualitatively and quantitatively.

Influence of powder composition and morphology on penetration of Gray and White ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide into dentin tubules

This study examined the influence of powder composition and morphology on the penetration of Gray and White ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA, WMTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH) into open dentin tubules. GMTA, WMTA, and CH particle dimensions were analyzed by flow particle image analysis (FPIA). Penetration of open dentin tubules into dentin discs was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Five samples of each material were randomly selected and prepared for this study. The GMTA averages for length (μm), width (μm), perimeter (μm), and aspect ratio were 1.94 ± 1.65, 1.43 ± 1.19, 5.61 ± 4.27, and 0.76 ± 0.14, respectively. Corresponding averages for WMTA were 2.04 ± 1.87, 1.49 ± 1.33, 5.88 ± 4.81, and 0.76 ± 0.14, and for CH were 2.26 ± 1.99, 1.62 ± 1.46, 6.70 ± 5.60, and 0.74 ± 0.15, respectively. The rank order of the averages for particle length, width and perimeter from the largest to the smallest material was CH > WMTA > GMTA. The rank order of the averaged aspect ratios was GMTA > WMTA > CH. SEM showed that all three materials, when deposited and agitated on dentin discs, penetrated the open dentin tubules. Tubule occlusion occurred as particle surface concentrations increased. Significant differences in particle length, width, perimeter, and aspect ratio were observed for GMTA, WMTA, and CH (P < 0.0001 in all cases). All particle types penetrated into open tubules when agitated on dentin discs; all tubules were eventually occluded as particle concentrations grew. (J Oral Sci 56, 287-293, 2014).

Cytotoxicity of Two Bioactive Root Canal Sealers

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of two different bioactive root canal sealers: one based on mineral trioxide aggregate, MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, PR, Brazil), and the other based on bioceramics, Endosequence BC Sealer (Brasseler, Savannah, Georgia, USA), in culture of mouse L929 fibroblasts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mouse fibroblasts (L929), obtained from subcutaneous connective tissue of mouse line C3Hf, were cultivated in plastic culture flasks in an incubator at 37şC, with 5% CO2 and 90% humidity. Freshly mixed Endosequence BC Sealer and MTA Fillapex (0.1 g each) were placed on sterile teflon discs, 6 mm in diameter. Teflon discs with the materials as well as empty discs serving as control were placed in wells of 12-well plate. After incubation times of 1, 6, 20 and 24 hours, the teflon discs were removed from the wells and the number of viable cells was determined using trypan blue in Neubauer chamber.

RESULTS

In comparison to the control group, MTA Fillapex had significantly less viable cells for all incubation periods (p≤0.05), while Endosequence BC sealer had significantly less viable cells after 6, 20, and 24 hours of incubation (p≤0.05). MTA Fillapex comprised significantly less viable cells in comparison to Endosequence BC sealer after the first hour and after 20 hours of incubation (p≤0.05), while for the other incubation periods there were no significant differences (p≥0.05).

CONCLUSION

MTA Fillapex and Endosequence BC sealer were both cytotoxic in cultures of mouse L929 fibroblasts.

Osteoblast Growth on Poly(L-lactic acid)-Negative Ion Powder Composite Films

Composite films made from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and negative ion powder (NIP, opal powder) were fabricated and the growth of human osteoblasts cultured in vitro on these composite films was assessed. The surface properties of the composite film and the control (100% PLLA) were investigated by contact angle and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The former indicated that hydrophilicity did not change significantly, whereas the latter indicated that the surface of the composite films was not as smooth as the control, but without holes or caves. After osteoblast cells were seeded on the composite and control films, the cell densities and the morphology on these films were studied by light microscopy and SEM. The differential function of the cells was assessed by testing their alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. These results indicate that the addition of powder improved the adhesion between the osteoblasts and the composite films. The improvement came from the negative ions which were given off by the negative ion powder. The mechanism of negative ion was reviewed and a model of the mechanism was developed. This paper provides the first evidence that negative powder (functional material) can be used to fabricate composite films with PLLA for better cell growth.

Chemical analysis and biological properties of two different formulations of white portland cements

White Portland cement (WPC) has generated research interests in the field of endodontics. This study compared between the properties of two formulations of white Portland cement (WPC) of different origin (Malaysia [MA] and Egypt [EG]). WPCs with and without calcium chloride dihydrate were prepared. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis, and X-ray diffraction were used for surface morphology evaluation, elemental, and phase analysis, respectively. After the preparation of optimized serial dilutions, the cytotoxicity was evaluated on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) using methyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazolium assay after 24 and 72 h. Cell attachment properties were examined under SEM after 24 and 72 h. Results showed that the surface morphology and chemical composition of both formulations demonstrated detectable variations. The cytotoxicity evaluation showed different cellular responses of HPLFs compared to DSPCs. Both formulations favored the viability of HPLFs. However, the fast set formulations demonstrated severe cytotoxicity on DPSCs. Significant differences between EGWPC and MAWPC were identified (p < 0.05). The cell attachment properties were favorable; however, HPLFs attached and spread over the samples better than DPSCs. In conclusion, WPC of different origin may show differences in chemical and biological properties. The addition of CaCl2 ·2H2 O to WPC can affect its properties. Human cell types may react differently towards different formulations of WPCs. SCANNING 38:303-316, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

To evaluate the biocompatibility of the Indian Portland cement with potential for use in dentistry: An animal study

Aims:

This study evaluated the biocompatibility of the Indian Portland cement with potential for use in dentistry.

Materials and Methods:

This study was performed in Swiss albino mice, by implanting the Indian Portland cement pellets subcutaneously. After 1, 3, and 6 weeks the tissue specimens were prepared for histological examination.

Results:

The histological analysis showed moderate to severe inflammation at 1 week. The inflammation gradually decreased by 6 weeks, with most of the specimens showing the absence of inflammatory reaction.

Conclusions:

According to these experimental conditions, the tested Indian Portland cement was biocompatible.

Tissue Reaction and Biocompatibility of Implanted Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with Silver Nanoparticles in a Rat Model

Introduction:

Biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of endodontic materials are of utmost importance. Considering the extensive applications of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in dentistry and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles, this study aimed to evaluate the subcutaneous inflammatory reaction of rat connective tissues to white MTA with and without nanosilver (NS) particles.

Methods and Materials:

Polyethylene tubes (1.1×8 mm) containing experimental materials (MTA and MTA+NS and empty control tubes) were implanted in subcutaneous tissues of seventy-five male rats. Animals were divided into five groups (n=15) according to the time of evaluation: group 1; after 7 days, group 2; after 15 days, group 3; after 30 days, group 4; after 60 days and group 5; after 90 days. The inflammatory reaction was graded and data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Statistical significance was defined at 0.05.

Results:

Comparison of cumulative inflammatory reaction at all intervals revealed that the mean grade of inflammatory reaction to MTA, MTA+NS and control samples were 3, 2 and 2, respectively. According to the Mann-Whitney analysis there were no significant differences between MTA+NS and MTA (P=0.42).

Conclusion:

Incorporation of 1% nanosilver to MTA does not affect the inflammatory reaction of subcutaneous tissue in rat models.

An ex-vivo comparative study of root-end marginal adaptation using grey mineral trioxide aggregate, white mineral trioxide aggregate, and Portland cement under scanning electron microscopy

Context:

Where nonsurgical endodontic intervention is not possible, or it will not solve the problem, surgical endodontic treatment must be considered. A major cause of surgical endodontic failures is an inadequate apical seal, so the use of the suitable substance as root-end filling material that prevents egress of potential contaminants into periapical tissue is very critical.

Aims:

The aim of the present ex-vivo study was to compare and evaluate the three root-end filling materials of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) family (white MTA [WMTA], grey MTA [GMTA] and Portland cement [PC]) for their marginal adaptation at the root-end dentinal wall using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Materials and Methods:

Sixty human single-rooted teeth were decoronated, instrumented, and obturated with Gutta-percha. After the root-end resection and apical cavity preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into three-experimental groups (each containing 20 teeth) and each group was filled with their respective experimental materials. After longitudinal sectioning of root, SEM examination was done to determine the overall gap between retrograde materials and cavity walls in terms of length and width of the gap (maximum) at the interface. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to calculate the means with corresponding standard errors, median and ranges along with an analysis of variance and Tukey's test.

Results:

The least overall gap was observed in GMTA followed by PC and WMTA. While after statistically analyzing the various data obtained from different groups, there was no significant difference among these three groups in terms of marginal adaptation.

Conclusion:

GMTA showed the best overall adaptation to root dentinal wall compared to PC and WMTA. Being biocompatible and cheaper, the PC may be an alternative but not a substitute for MTA.

A comparative evaluation of the effect of various additives on selected physical properties of white mineral trioxide aggregate

Aims:

This study examined the setting time, compressive strength, and pH of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with various additives: Calcium chloride (CaCl₂), calcium formate (CaF), disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na₂HPO₄).

Materials and Methods:

Group 1 (Control) was obtained by mixing MTA with distilled water. In Groups 2 and 3, MTA containing 10% CaCl₂ and 20% CaF, respectively, was mixed with distilled water. In Group 4, MTA was mixed with 15% Na₂HPO₄. Setting time, compressive strength, and pH of each group were examined.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Comparison of mean values was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Games-Howell test.

Results:

The setting time of test groups were significantly shorter than that of control group (P < 0.001). The compressive strengths of test groups were lower than that of control group (P < 0.001). The pH value obtained for Groups 3 and 4 were higher than that of the control group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Study result showed that additives significantly reduced the setting time of MTA and also maintained the pH at a high value. However, there was not much improvement in the compressive strength of the material.

Calcium Silicate and Calcium Hydroxide Materials for Pulp Capping: Biointeractivity, Porosity, Solubility and Bioactivity of Current Formulations

Aim

The chemical-physical properties of novel and long-standing calcium silicate cements versus conventional pulp capping calcium hydroxide biomaterials were compared.

Methods

Calcium hydroxide–based (Calxyl, Dycal, Life, Lime-Lite) and calcium silicate–based (ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, MTA Plus, Biodentine, Tech Biosealer capping, TheraCal) biomaterials were examined. Calcium and hydroxyl ion release, water sorption, interconnected open pores, apparent porosity, solubility and apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid were evaluated.

Results

All calcium silicate materials released more calcium. Tech Biosealer capping, MTA Plus gel and Biodentine showed the highest values of calcium release, while Lime-Lite the lowest. All the materials showed alkalizing activity except for Life and Lime-Lite. Calcium silicate materials showed high porosity values: Tech Biosealer capping, MTA Plus gel and MTA Angelus showed the highest values of porosity, water sorption and solubility, while TheraCal the lowest. The solubility of water-containing materials was higher and correlated with the liquid-to-powder ratio. Calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits were noted on materials surfaces after short aging times. Scant deposits were detected on Lime-Lite. A CaP coating composed of spherulites was detected on all calcium silicate materials and Dycal after 28 days. The thickness, continuity and Ca/P ratio differed markedly among the materials. MTA Plus showed the thickest coating, ProRoot MTA showed large spherulitic deposits, while TheraCal presented very small dense spherulites.

Conclusions

calcium silicate-based cements are biointeractive (ion-releasing) bioactive (apatite-forming) functional biomaterials. The high rate of calcium release and the fast formation of apatite may well explain the role of calcium silicate biomaterials as scaffold to induce new dentin bridge formation and clinical healing.

Rat subcutaneous tissue response to calcium silicate containing different arsenic concentrations

Objective

To evaluate the response of rat subcutaneous tissue in implanted polyethylene tubes that were filled with GMTA Angelus and Portland cements containing different arsenic concentrations.

Material and Methods

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was utilized to obtain the values of the arsenic concentration in the materials. Thirty-six rats were divided into 3 groups of 12 animals for each experimental period. Each animal received two implants of polyethylene tubes filled with different test cements and the lateral of the tubes was used as a control group. After 15, 30 and 60 days of implantation, the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared for descriptive and morphometric analysis considering: inflammatory cells, collagen fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and other components. The results were analyzed utilizing the Kuskal-Wallis test and the Dunn´s Multiple test for comparison (p<0.05).

Results

The materials showed, according to atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the following doses of arsenic: GMTA Angelus: 5.01 mg/kg, WPC Irajazinho: 0.69 mg/kg, GPC Minetti: 18.46 mg/kg and GPC Votoran: 10.76 mg/kg. In a 60-day periods, all specimens displayed a neoformation of connective tissue with a structure of fibrocellular aspect (capsule). Control groups and MTA Angelus produced the lower amount of inflammatory reaction and GPC Minetti, the highest reaction.

Conclusions

There was no direct relationship between the concentration of arsenic present in the composition of the materials and the intensity of the inflammatory reactions. Higher values, as 18.46 mg/kg of arsenic in the cement, produce characteristics of severe inflammation reaction at the 60-day period. The best results were found in MTA angelus.

Portland cement use in dental root perforations: a long term followup

Root canal and furcal perforations are causes of endodontic therapy failure and different materials that stimulate tissue mineralization have been proposed for perforation treatment. In the first case, a patient presented tooth 46 with unsatisfactory endodontic treatment and a periapical radiographic lesion. A radiolucent area compatible with a perforating internal resorption cavity was found in the mesial root. The granulation tissue was removed, and root canals were prepared. The intracanal medication was composed of calcium hydroxide and the perforation cavity was filled with Portland cement. The 11-year followup showed radiographic repair of the tissue adjacent to the perforation and absence of clinical signs and symptoms or periapical lesion. In the second case, a patient presented with edema on the buccal surface of tooth 46. The examination showed a radiolucent area in the furcation region compatible with an iatrogenic perforation cavity. The mesial root canals were calcified, and only the distal root canal was prepared. The cavity was filled with a calcium hydroxide-based paste and the distal root canal was obturated. In sequence, the perforation cavity was filled with Portland cement. The 9-year followup showed the tooth in masticatory function with radiographic and clinical aspects compatible with normality.

Effect of accelerants on the immediate and the delayed sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate when used as an apical plug: An in vitro study

Aim:

To evaluate and compare the influence of various accelerators, 15% disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), 10% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and 23.1 wt% calcium lactate gluconate (CLG), on the immediate (after 72 h) and delayed (after 2 months) sealing ability of white ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) when it is used as an apical plug.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty, single-rooted mandibular premolars were instrumented and standardized artificial open apices were created. The samples were then randomly assigned into four experimental groups and two control groups. WMTA was mixed with the respective accelerators and an apical plug of 4-mm thickness was fabricated. The remaining canal spaces were then backfilled. The samples were stored for the stipulated time periods and then immersed in 0.2% Rhodamine B solution for 72 h. Dye leakage was analyzed using a stereomicroscope.

Results:

Mean microleakage values of all experimental groups revealed that MTA + 23.1 wt% CLG showed the least leakage, followed by MTA + 15% Na₂HPO₄ and MTA + 10% CaCl₂ with MTA + deionized water showing the maximum leakage at both the time intervals (P < 0.001). All the samples stored for a period of 2 months showed less leakage as compared with the samples stored for 72 h (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

It was found that all three accelerators significantly accelerated the set of WMTA, of which 23.1 wt% CLG showed the best results, followed by 15% Na₂HPO₄ and 10% CaCl₂. The sealing ability of all the experimental groups was significantly superior after 2 months as compared with that after 72 h.

(α'(H))-Dicalcium silicate bone cement doped with tricalcium phosphate: characterization, bioactivity and biocompatibility

The influence of phosphorus doping on the properties of (α'(H))-dicalcium silicate (C(2)S) bone cement was analyzed, in addition to bioactivity and biocompatibility. All the cements were composed of a solid solution of TCP in C(2)S ([Formula: see text]-C(2)S(ss)) as the only phase present. The compressive strength ranged from 3.8-16.3 MPa. Final setting times ranged from 10 to 50 min and were lower for cements with lower L/P content. Calcium silicate hydrate was the principal phase formed during the hydration process of the cements. The cement exhibited a moderate degradation and could induce carbonated hydroxyapatite formation on its surface and into the pores. The cell attachment test showed that the (α'(H))-C(2)SiO(4) solid solution supported human adipose stem cells adhesion and spreading, and the cells established close contacts with the cement after 24 h of culture. The novel (α'(H))-C(2)S(ss) cements might be suitable for potential applications in the biomedical field, preferentially as materials for bone/dental repair.

Evaluation of the biocompatibility of experimentally manufactured portland cement: An animal study

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of MTA and the experimentally manufactured portland cement (EMPC). Study design: Twenty one Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were allocated to testing of three groups. Group I and Group II included ProRoot MTA and the EMPC. The materials were mixed with distilled water and placed in polyethylene tubes. The tubes were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of the animals. Group III served as control; the implanted polyethylene tubes remained empty. At 7, 14, and 28 days after the implantation, the animals were sacrificed and the implants were removed with the surrounding tissues. The specimens were prepared for histological examination to evaluate the inflammatory response. Results: No significant difference was found between tissue reactions against the tested materials (p>0.05). Also, control group showed similar results (p>0.05). Conclusions: Results suggest that the EMPC has the potential to be used in clinical conditions in which ProRoot MTA is indicated. MTA and the EMPC show comparable biocompatibility when evaluated in vivo. Although the results are supportive for the EMPC, more studies are required before the safe clinical use of the EMPC.

Key words:Mineral trioxide aggregate, portland cement, subcutanous implantation.

Cytotoxicity of newly developed pozzolan cement and other root-end filling materials on human periodontal ligament cell

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity of the pozzolan cement and other root-end filling materials using human periodontal ligament cell.

Materials and Methods

Endocem (Maruchi), white ProRoot MTA (Dentsply), white Angelus MTA (Angelus), and Super EBA (Bosworth Co.) were tested after set completely in an incubator at 37℃ for 7 days, Endocem was tested in two ways: 1) immediately after mixing (fresh specimens) and 2) after setting completely like other experimental materials. The methods for assessment included light microscopic examination, cell counting and WST-1 assay on human periodontal ligament cell.

Results

In the results of microscopic examination and cell counting, Super EBA showed significantly lower viable cell than any other groups (p < 0.05). As the results of WST-1 assay, compared with untreated control group, there was no significant cell viability of the Endocem group. However, the fresh mixed Endocem group had significantly less cell viability. The cells exposed to ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA showed the highest viability, whereas the cells exposed to Super EBA displayed the lowest viability (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The cytotoxicity of the pozzolan cement (Endocem) was comparable with ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA. Considering the difficult manipulation and long setting time of ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA, Endocem can be used as the alternative of retrofilling material.

β-Dicalcium silicate-based cement: synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility studies

β-dicalcium silicate (β-Ca₂ SiO₄, β-C₂ S) is one of the main constituents in Portland cement clinker and many refractory materials, itself is a hydraulic cement that reacts with water or aqueous solution at room/body temperature to form a hydrated phase (C-S-H), which provides mechanical strength to the end product. In the present investigation, β-C₂ S was synthesized by sol-gel process and it was used as powder to cement preparation, named CSiC. In vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility studies were assessed by soaking the cement samples in simulated body fluid solutions and human osteoblast cell cultures for various time periods, respectively. The results showed that the sol-gel process is an available synthesis method in order to obtain a pure powder of β-C₂ S at relatively low temperatures without chemical stabilizers. A bone-like apatite layer covered the material surface after soaking in SBF and its compressive strength (CSiC cement) was comparable with that of the human trabecular bone. The extracts of this cement were not cytotoxic and the cell growth and relative cell viability were comparable to negative control.

In vitro biocompatibility and oxidative stress profiles of different hydraulic calcium silicate cements

INTRODUCTION

MTA Plus is a new calcium silicate cement with unknown cytotoxicity characteristics. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of MTA Plus on the viability, apoptosis/necrosis profile, and oxidative stress levels of rat odontoblast-like cells.

METHODS

MDPC-23 cells were exposed to gray and white MTA Plus (GMTAP, WMTAP), gray and white ProRoot MTA (GMTA, WMTA) cements, or their eluents. The cells were evaluated for (1) cell viability by using XTT assay, (2) apoptosis/necrosis by using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and (3) oxidative stress by measuring reactive oxygen species.

RESULTS

XTT assay showed that all test cements exhibited marked initial cytotoxicity that decreased with time. By the end of the third week, GMTAP and GMTA were comparable to untreated cells (negative control) in terms of cell viability, whereas WMTAP and WMTA were significantly lower than the untreated cells. Apoptosis/necrosis profiles of cells exposed to WMTAP and GMTAP were not significantly different from untreated cells, whereas cells exposed to WMTA and GMTA showed significantly less viable cells. All experimental groups exhibited reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species formation compared with untreated cells, although cells exposed to WMTA were not significantly different from untreated cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Both the gray and white versions of MTA Plus possess negligible in vitro cytotoxic risks that are time and dilution dependent. They enrich the spectrum of hydraulic calcium silicate cements currently available to clinicians for endodontic applications.

Physical properties of MTA Fillapex sealer

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare several physicochemical properties including working and setting times, flow, solubility, and water absorption of a recent calcium silicate-based sealer (MTA Fillapex; Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus; Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany).

METHODS

The materials were handled following the manufacturer's instructions. The working time and flow were tested according to ISO 6876:2001 and the setting time according to American Society for Testing and Materials C266. For solubility and water absorption tests, the materials were placed into polyvinyl chloride molds (8 × 1.6 mm). The samples (n = 10 for each material and test) were placed in a cylindrical polystyrene-sealed container with 20 mL deionized water at 37°C. At 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, the samples were removed from the solutions and blotted dry for solubility and water absorption tests. The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey test (P < .05).

RESULTS

MTA Fillapex showed the lowest values of flow, working and setting times, solubility, and water absorption (P < .05). The solubility and water absorption increased significantly over time for both materials in a 1- to 28-day period (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

MTA Fillapex showed suitable physical properties to be used as an endodontic sealer.

Short-term response of three resin-based materials as desensitizing agents under oral environmental exposure

OBJECTIVE

This paper focuses on clinical responses after 7 days of oral exposure to two resin-based materials as desensitizing agents compared to a fluoride varnish and on morphological and analytical study as a means to elucidate the mechanism of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The elemental composition of Vertise™ Flow (VF), Universal Dentine Sealant (UDS) and Flor-Opal® Varnish (FOV) were investigated by using an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM morphology of the material-treated dentine surfaces and pain reduction ability according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were evaluated in selected hypersensitive teeth. Post treatments and 7 day controls were recorded with SEM and VAS measurements. Clinical data was analysed with the Student's t-test for paired data, with a 5% significance level.

RESULTS

Silicon, ytterbium and alumina were the most present elements in VF, whilst calcium, chloride, silicon and alumina were highest in UDS. Within a 7 day oral environment all the tested materials modified the treated-dentine surfaces showing tubular occlusion of different morphology. Clinically, the efficacy of all materials was similar after a 7-day examination. However, VAS scores were significantly reduced if compared with the baseline (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limits of this study, data indicate that both resins are effective in sealing tubules and reducing VAS. A resin-related effect on the dentine's morphology was observed, which may influence the long-term response of the resins in the treatment of dental hypersensitivity, which requires further investigation.

Response of mice connective tissue to three different endodontic materials

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Bio and Portland cement (PC) and compare with those of ProRoot MTA. Polyethylene tubes were filled with materials and placed into dorsal subcutaneous connective tissue of Wistar albino rats. After 7, 30, and 60 days after the surgical procedure, the implants with the surrounding tissue were removed. Tissue samples were subjected to histological processing, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Sections were evaluated for the intensity of inflammation, predominant cell type, presence of fibrous capsule and granulation tissue. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significant level of P ≤ 0.05. No statistical differences were observed at any evaluated condition among tested materials (P > 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between mean inflammatory scores, cell types and granulation tissue of the same material in different experimental periods (P < 0.05). Can be concluded that biocompatibility of MTA bio and PC were comparable with that of ProRoot MTA.