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Ishwara Bhat A, Selvarajan R, Balasubramanian V. Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases Caused by Badnaviruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020245. [PMID: 36839517 PMCID: PMC9963457 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New and emerging plant diseases are caused by different pathogens including viruses that often cause significant crop losses. Badnaviruses are pararetroviruses that contain a single molecule of ds DNA genome of 7 to 9 kb in size and infect a large number of economically important crops such as banana and plantains, black pepper, cacao, citrus, grapevine, pineapple, sugarcane, sweet potato, taro, and yam, causing significant yield losses. Many of the species in the genus have a restricted host range and several of them are known to infect a single crop. Combined infections of different virus species and strains offer conditions that favor the development of new strains via recombination, especially in vegetatively propagated crops. The primary spread of badnaviruses is through vegetative propagating materials while for the secondary spread, they depend on insects such as mealybugs and aphids. Disease emerges as a consequence of the interactions between host and pathogens under favorable environmental conditions. The viral genome of the pararetroviruses is known to be integrated into the chromosome of the host and a few plants with integrants when subjected to different kinds of abiotic stress will give rise to episomal forms of the virus and cause disease. Attempts have been made to develop management strategies for badnaviruses both conventionally and using precision breeding techniques such as genome editing. Until 2016 only 32 badnavirus species infecting different crops were known, but in a span of six years, this number has gone up to 68. The current review highlights the emerging disease problems and management options for badnaviruses infecting economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alangar Ishwara Bhat
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode 673012, Kerala, India
| | - Ramasamy Selvarajan
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Trichy 620102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velusamy Balasubramanian
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Trichy 620102, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kumar PL, Selvarajan R, Iskra-Caruana ML, Chabannes M, Hanna R. Biology, etiology, and control of virus diseases of banana and plantain. Adv Virus Res 2014; 91:229-69. [PMID: 25591881 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Banana and plantain (Musa spp.), produced in 10.3 million ha in the tropics, are among the world's top 10 food crops. They are vegetatively propagated using suckers or tissue culture plants and grown almost as perennial plantations. These are prone to the accumulation of pests and pathogens, especially viruses which contribute to yield reduction and are also barriers to the international exchange of germplasm. The most economically important viruses of banana and plantain are Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), a complex of banana streak viruses (BSVs) and Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV). BBTV is known to cause the most serious economic losses in the "Old World," contributing to a yield reduction of up to 100% and responsible for a dramatic reduction in cropping area. The BSVs exist as episomal and endogenous forms are known to be worldwide in distribution. In India and the Philippines, BBrMV is known to be economically important but recently the virus was discovered in Colombia and Costa Rica, thus signaling its spread into the "New World." Banana and plantain are also known to be susceptible to five other viruses of minor significance, such as Abaca mosaic virus, Abaca bunchy top virus, Banana mild mosaic virus, Banana virus X, and Cucumber mosaic virus. Studies over the past 100 years have contributed to important knowledge on disease biology, distribution, and spread. Research during the last 25 years have led to a better understanding of the virus-vector-host interactions, virus diversity, disease etiology, and epidemiology. In addition, new diagnostic tools were developed which were used for surveillance and the certification of planting material. Due to a lack of durable host resistance in the Musa spp., phytosanitary measures and the use of virus-free planting material are the major methods of virus control. The state of knowledge on BBTV, BBrMV, and BSVs, and other minor viruses, disease spread, and control are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lava Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Ramasamy Selvarajan
- National Research Center for Banana, Tiruchirapalli, PIN # 620102, TN, India
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Borah BK, Sharma S, Kant R, Johnson AMA, Saigopal DVR, Dasgupta I. Bacilliform DNA-containing plant viruses in the tropics: commonalities within a genetically diverse group. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:759-71. [PMID: 23763585 PMCID: PMC6638767 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plant viruses, possessing a bacilliform shape and containing double-stranded DNA, are emerging as important pathogens in a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in the tropics. They have been reported from a large number of countries in African and Asian continents, as well as from islands from the Pacific region. The viruses, belonging to two genera, Badnavirus and Tungrovirus, within the family Caulimoviridae, have genomes displaying a common plan, yet are highly variable, sometimes even between isolates of the same virus. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge with a view to revealing the common features embedded within the genetic diversity of this group of viruses. TAXONOMY Virus; order Unassigned; family Caulimoviridae; genera Badnavirus and Tungrovirus; species Banana streak viruses, Bougainvillea spectabilis chlorotic vein banding virus, Cacao swollen shoot virus, Citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus, Dioscorea bacilliform viruses, Rice tungro bacilliform virus, Sugarcane bacilliform viruses and Taro bacilliform virus. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Bacilliform in shape; length, 60-900 nm; width, 35-50 nm; circular double-stranded DNA of approximately 7.5 kbp with one or more single-stranded discontinuities. HOST RANGE Each virus generally limited to its own host, including banana, bougainvillea, black pepper, cacao, citrus species, Dioscorea alata, rice, sugarcane and taro. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Foliar streaking in banana and sugarcane, swelling of shoots in cacao, yellow mosaic in leaves and stems in citrus, brown spot in the tubers in yam and yellow-orange discoloration and stunting in rice. USEFUL WEBSITES http://www.dpvweb.net.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta K Borah
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Delhi University South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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Lassois L, Lepoivre P, Swennen R, van den Houwe I, Panis B. Thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and meristem culture in banana. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23179717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-074-8_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Bananas that provide a staple food to the millions of people are adversely affected by several viruses such as Banana bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), Banana Streak Virus (BSV), and Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV). These viruses are known to have a devastating effect on crop production and constraint to the international exchange and conservation of banana germplasm-a cornerstone for breeding new cultivars. The viruses are particularly problematic in vegetative propagated crops, like bananas, because of their transmission in the planting material. Different virus eradication techniques have been developed, such as thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and meristem culture for providing virus-free planting material. Meristem culture proved to be the most effective procedure to eradicate phloem-associated viruses. This method requires isolation of meristematic dome of plant under the aseptic conditions and culture in an appropriate nutrient medium to develop new virus-free plants. Thermotherapy is another widely used virus eradication technique, which is initially carried out on in vivo or in vitro plants and eventually combined with meristem culture technique. The plantlets are initially grown at 28°C day temperature and increase it by 2°C per day until reaches 40°C and the night temperature at 28°C; maintain plants at 40°C for 4 weeks; excise meristem and culture onto the regeneration medium. In chemotherapy technique, antiviral chemical compound Virazole(®) is applied on meristem culture. Combination of these techniques is also applied to improve the eradication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Lassois
- Plant Pathology Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
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De Clercq E. The Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs): Antonín Holý's Legacy. Med Res Rev 2013; 33:1278-303. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven Belgium
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Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on transport and metabolism of adefovir dipivoxil and its metabolites in Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:149-66. [PMID: 22387228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), natural ligand of the VDR, on the fates of adefovir dipivoxil (P-gp substrate) and its metabolites, mono(POM)-PMEA and adefovir (MRP4 substrate), were investigated in Caco-2 cells. After 1,25(OH)2D3-treatment, higher apical efflux of adefovir was observed after a 60 min incubation of adefovir divipoxil. Changes in these washout studies were predicted by a catenary model for the Caco-2 monolayer that described a higher MRP4 activity with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, as confirmed by Western blotting. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment (100 nM for 3 days) resulted in increased basolateral (B) to apical (A) (B-to-A) transport of adefovir dipivoxil but an unchanged A-to-B flux, rendering an elevated efflux ratio (EfR) (from 1.97 to 3.19). The EfR values in control and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated groups in these transport studies were reduced to 1.32 and 1.57, respectively, in the presence of verapamil (50 μM), the P-gp inhibitor. The B-to-A transport of the metabolite, adefovir, was increased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells in the presence of verapamil, whereas the A-to-B and B-to-A transport of mono(POM)-PMEA remained unchanged. But the verapamil and 1,25(OH)2D3 treatments failed to alter rates of sequential metabolism of adefovir dipivoxil in cell lysate. The composite data established that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment increased both P-gp and MRP4 transport activities without affecting the metabolism of adefovir dipivoxil by esterases. Moreover, an asymmetric appearance of metabolites, being higher with apical application, was observed. According to the catenary model, the asymmetry is suggestive that esterases are predominantly localized on the apical membrane and within the cell.
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Špak J, Votruba I, Pavingerová D, Holý A, Špaková V, Petrzik K. Antiviral activity of tenofovir against Cauliflower mosaic virus and its metabolism in Brassica pekinensis plants. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:378-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
While cidofovir, adefovir and tenofovir are the three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) that have been licensed for clinical use (the latter as a single-, double- and triple-drug combination), there are many more ANPs that await their application for medical or veterinary use: (S)-HPMPA, (S)-HPMPDAP, cPrPMEDAP, (R)-HPMPO-DAPy, PMEO-DAPy, 5-X-PMEO-DAPy, (R)-PMPO-DAPy, (S)-HPMP-5-azaC, and cyclic (S)-HPMP-5-azaC, and alkoxyalkyl prodrugs thereof.
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Špak J, Holý A, Pavingerová D, Votruba I, Špaková V, Petrzik K. New in vitro method for evaluating antiviral activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against plant viruses. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:296-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Mavromatis AG, Grammatikaki-Avgeli G, Sakellariou M. Banana: cultivars, biotechnological approaches and genetic transformation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
With the recent approvalof Atripla™ by the US FDA for the treatment of AIDS as the first triple-drug combination one-a-day pill, it would appear appropriate to review both the origin and development of this anti-HIV medicine. Atripla consists of three active ingredients, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The cornerstone in Atripla is the NtRTI tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread™) complemented by the NRTI emtricitabine (Emtriva™) and the NNRTI efavirenz (Sustiva™). This triple-drug combination offers a number of advantages compared with the single-drug regimens, such as synergistic mechanism of action, decreased risk of drug-resistance development and reduction of toxic side effects of the individual drugs, while increasing drug compliance (based on once-daily dosing). Since the first NtRTI, adefovir, was described as an antiretroviral agent, it has taken exactly 20 years to successfully develop its combination with emtricitabine and efavirenz as the ‘combo’ pill Atripla for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Česnek M, Masojídková M, Holý A, Šolínová V, Koval D, Kašička V. Synthesis and Properties of 2-Guanidinopurines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
2-Guanidinopurines were prepared as derivatives of 2,6-diamino-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-9H-purine (PMEDAP) (1), which shows an important antiviral activity. It completes earlier described synthesis of 6-guanidinopurine derivatives. The title compounds were obtained by the reaction of the corresponding 2-chloropurines with guanidine. 2- And 6-guanidinopurines were used as model compounds for determination of dissociation constants (pKa) of their ionogenic groups by capillary zone electrophoresis. The pKa values of ionogenic groups of the above compounds were compared with those of the corresponding aminopurines. The pKa of guanidino group at the purine moiety varies from 7.77 to 10.32. There is no protonation of N1-position in contrast to aminopurines. None of these compounds showed any antiviral activity.
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De Clercq E, Holý A. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: a key class of antiviral drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:928-40. [PMID: 16264436 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Almost 20 years after the broad antiviral activity spectrum of the first acyclic nucleoside phosphonates was described, several of these compounds have become important therapies for DNA virus and retrovirus infections. Here, we review the discovery and development of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, focusing on cidofovir and its potential in the treatment of various herpes-, papilloma-, polyoma-, adeno- and pox-virus infections, adefovir for the treatment of hepatitis B and tenofovir for the treatment of AIDS and the prevention of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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