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Murakami H, Fujikawa Y, Mori M, Mosu N, Taguchi A, Hayashi Y, Inoue H, Kamisuki S. Development of a novel fluorogenic assay method for screening inhibitors of bovine leukemia virus protease and identification of mitorubrinic acid as an anti-BLV compound. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:946-953. [PMID: 37280167 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis, a fatal cattle disease that leads to significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Currently, no effective BLV countermeasures exist, except testing and culling. In this study, we developed a high-throughput fluorogenic assay to evaluate the inhibitory activity of various compounds on BLV protease, an essential enzyme for viral replication. The developed assay method was used to screen a chemical library, and mitorubrinic acid was identified as a BLV protease inhibitor that exhibited stronger inhibitory activity than amprenavir. Additionally, the anti-BLV activity of both compounds was evaluated using a cell-based assay, and mitorubrinic acid was found to exhibit inhibitory activity without cytotoxicity. This study presents the first report of a natural inhibitor of BLV protease-mitorubrinic acid-a potential candidate for the development of anti-BLV drugs. The developed method can be used for high-throughput screening of large-scale chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Mori
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Mosu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Mótyán JA, Kassay N, Matúz K, Tőzsér J. Different Mutation Tolerance of Lentiviral (HIV-1) and Deltaretroviral (BLV and HTLV) Protease Precursors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091888. [PMID: 36146695 PMCID: PMC9505669 DOI: 10.3390/v14091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and the human T-lymphothropic viruses (HTLVs) are members of the deltaretrovirus genus of Retroviridae family. An essential event of the retroviral life cycle is the processing of the polyproteins by the viral protease (PR); consequently, these enzymes became important therapeutic targets of the anti-retroviral drugs. As compared to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), the deltaretroviruses have a different replication strategy, as they replicate predominantly in the DNA form, by forcing the infected cell to divide, unlike HIV-1, which replicates mainly by producing a vast number of progeny virions and by reinfection. Due to bypassing the error-prone reverse transcription step of replication, the PRs of deltaretroviruses did not undergo such extensive evolution as HIV PRs and remained more highly conserved. In this work, we studied the abilities of wild-type and modified BLV, HTLV (type 1, 2 and 3), and HIV-1 PRs (fused to an N-terminal MBP tag) for self-processing. We designed a cleavage site mutant MBP-fused BLV PR precursor as well, this recombinant enzyme was unable for self-proteolysis, the MBP fusion tag decreased its catalytic efficiency but showed an unusually low Ki for the IB-268 protease inhibitor. Our results show that the HTLV and BLV deltaretrovirus PRs exhibit lower mutation tolerance as compared to HIV-1 PR, and are less likely to retain their activity upon point mutations at various positions, indicating a higher flexibility of HIV-1 PR in tolerating mutations under selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
| | - Norbert Kassay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Matúz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
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3
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Fló M, Carrión F, Olivero-Deibe N, Bianchi S, Portela M, Rammauro F, Alvarez B, Pritsch O. Kinetics of Bovine leukemia virus aspartic protease reveals its dimerization and conformational change. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271671. [PMID: 35867649 PMCID: PMC9307154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The retropepsin (PR) of the Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) plays, as in other retroviruses, a crucial role in the transition from the non-infective viral particle to the infective virion by processing the polyprotein Gag. PR is expressed as an immature precursor associated with Gag, after an occasional −1 ribosomal frameshifting event. Self-hydrolysis of PR at specific N- and C-terminal sites releases the monomer that dimerizes giving rise to the active protease. We designed a strategy to express BLV PR in E. coli as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein, with a six-histidine tag at its N-terminal end, and bearing a tobacco etch virus protease hydrolysis site. This allowed us to obtain soluble and mature recombinant PR in relatively good yields, with exactly the same amino acid composition as the native protein. As PR presents relative promiscuity for the hydrolysis sites we designed four fluorogenic peptide substrates based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in order to characterize the activity of the recombinant enzyme. These substrates opened the way to perform kinetic studies, allowing us to characterize the dimer-monomer equilibrium. Furthermore, we obtained kinetic evidence for the existence of a conformational change that enables the interaction with the substrate. These results constitute a starting point for the elucidation of the kinetic properties of BLV-PR, and may be relevant not only to improve the chemical warfare against this virus but also to better understand other viral PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Fló
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (OP); (MF)
| | - Federico Carrión
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Sergio Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madelón Portela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Rammauro
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Otto Pritsch
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (OP); (MF)
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Kassay N, Mótyán JA, Matúz K, Golda M, Tőzsér J. Biochemical Characterization, Specificity and Inhibition Studies of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3 Proteases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020127. [PMID: 33562087 PMCID: PMC7915765 DOI: 10.3390/life11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are causative agents of severe diseases including adult T-cell leukemia. Similar to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), the viral protease (PR) plays a crucial role in the viral life-cycle via the processing of the viral polyproteins. Thus, it is a potential target of anti-retroviral therapies. In this study, we performed in vitro comparative analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, 2, and 3 (HTLV-1, -2, and -3) proteases. Amino acid preferences of S4 to S1′ subsites were studied by using a series of synthetic oligopeptide substrates representing the natural and modified cleavage site sequences of the proteases. Biochemical characteristics of the different PRs were also determined, including catalytic efficiencies and dependence of activity on pH, temperature, and ionic strength. We investigated the effects of different HIV-1 PR inhibitors (atazanavir, darunavir, DMP-323, indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) on enzyme activities, and inhibitory potentials of IB-268 and IB-269 inhibitors that were previously designed against HTLV-1 PR. Comparative biochemical analysis of HTLV-1, -2, and -3 PRs may help understand the characteristic similarities and differences between these enzymes in order to estimate the potential of the appearance of drug-resistance against specific HTLV-1 PR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kassay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
| | - Krisztina Matúz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mária Golda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
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5
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Comparative studies on retroviral proteases: substrate specificity. Viruses 2010; 2:147-165. [PMID: 21994605 PMCID: PMC3185560 DOI: 10.3390/v2010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous retroviruses are subclassified into seven genera and include viruses that cause diseases in humans. The viral Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins are processed by the retroviral protease in the last stage of replication and inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease are widely used in AIDS therapy. Resistant mutations occur in response to the drug therapy introducing residues that are frequently found in the equivalent position of other retroviral proteases. Therefore, besides helping to understand the general and specific features of these enzymes, comparative studies of retroviral proteases may help to understand the mutational capacity of the HIV-1 protease.
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Amino acid preferences of retroviral proteases for amino-terminal positions in a type 1 cleavage site. J Virol 2008; 82:10111-7. [PMID: 18701588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificities of the proteases of 11 retroviruses were studied using a series of oligopeptides with amino acid substitutions in the P1, P3, and P4 positions of a naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site (Val-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr downward arrowPro-Ile-Val-Gln) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Previously, the substrate specificity of the P2 site was studied for the same representative set of retroviral proteases, which included at least one member from each of the seven genera of the family Retroviridae (P. Bagossi, T. Sperka, A. Fehér, J. Kádas, G. Zahuczky, G. Miklóssy, P. Boross, and J. Tözsér, J. Virol. 79:4213-4218, 2005). Our enzyme set comprised the proteases of HIV-1, HIV-2, equine infectious anemia virus, avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), Moloney murine leukemia virus, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, bovine leukemia virus, walleye dermal sarcoma virus, and human foamy virus. Molecular models were used to interpret the similarities and differences in specificity between these retroviral proteases. The results showed that the retroviral proteases had similar preferences (Phe and Tyr) for the P1 position in this sequence context, but differences were found for the P3 and P4 positions. Importantly, the sizes of the P3 and P4 residues appear to be a major contributor for specificity. The substrate specificities correlated well with the phylogenetic tree of the retroviruses. Furthermore, while the specificities of some enzymes belonging to different genera appeared to be very similar (e.g., those of AMV and MMTV), the specificities of the primate lentiviral proteases substantially differed from that observed for a nonprimate lentiviral protease.
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7
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Gillet N, Florins A, Boxus M, Burteau C, Nigro A, Vandermeers F, Balon H, Bouzar AB, Defoiche J, Burny A, Reichert M, Kettmann R, Willems L. Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human. Retrovirology 2007; 4:18. [PMID: 17362524 PMCID: PMC1839114 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1871, the observation of yellowish nodules in the enlarged spleen of a cow was considered to be the first reported case of bovine leukemia. The etiological agent of this lymphoproliferative disease, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), belongs to the deltaretrovirus genus which also includes the related human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This review summarizes current knowledge of this viral system, which is important as a model for leukemogenesis. Recently, the BLV model has also cast light onto novel prospects for therapies of HTLV induced diseases, for which no satisfactory treatment exists so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Florins
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Boxus
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Catherine Burteau
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Fabian Vandermeers
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hervé Balon
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Amel-Baya Bouzar
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Julien Defoiche
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Arsène Burny
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Richard Kettmann
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
- Luc Willems, National fund for Scientific Research, Molecular and Cellular Biology laboratory, 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Kontijevskis A, Prusis P, Petrovska R, Yahorava S, Mutulis F, Mutule I, Komorowski J, Wikberg JES. A look inside HIV resistance through retroviral protease interaction maps. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3:e48. [PMID: 17352531 PMCID: PMC1817660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses affect a large number of species, from fish and birds to mammals and humans, with global socioeconomic negative impacts. Here the authors report and experimentally validate a novel approach for the analysis of the molecular networks that are involved in the recognition of substrates by retroviral proteases. Using multivariate analysis of the sequence-based physiochemical descriptions of 61 retroviral proteases comprising wild-type proteases, natural mutants, and drug-resistant forms of proteases from nine different viral species in relation to their ability to cleave 299 substrates, the authors mapped the physicochemical properties and cross-dependencies of the amino acids of the proteases and their substrates, which revealed a complex molecular interaction network of substrate recognition and cleavage. The approach allowed a detailed analysis of the molecular-chemical mechanisms involved in substrate cleavage by retroviral proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksejs Kontijevskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peteris Prusis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramona Petrovska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sviatlana Yahorava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Felikss Mutulis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ilze Mutule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jarl E. S Wikberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bagossi P, Sperka T, Fehér A, Kádas J, Zahuczky G, Miklóssy G, Boross P, Tözsér J. Amino acid preferences for a critical substrate binding subsite of retroviral proteases in type 1 cleavage sites. J Virol 2005; 79:4213-8. [PMID: 15767422 PMCID: PMC1061542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4213-4218.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificities of the proteases of 11 retroviruses representing each of the seven genera of the family Retroviridae were studied using a series of oligopeptides with amino acid substitutions in the P2 position of a naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site (Val-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr Pro-Ile-Val-Gln; the arrow indicates the site of cleavage) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This position was previously found to be one of the most critical in determining the substrate specificity differences of retroviral proteases. Specificities at this position were compared for HIV-1, HIV-2, equine infectious anemia virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, bovine leukemia virus, human foamy virus, and walleye dermal sarcoma virus proteases. Three types of P2 preferences were observed: a subgroup of proteases preferred small hydrophobic side chains (Ala and Cys), and another subgroup preferred large hydrophobic residues (Ile and Leu), while the protease of HIV-1 preferred an Asn residue. The specificity distinctions among the proteases correlated well with the phylogenetic tree of retroviruses prepared solely based on the protease sequences. Molecular models for all of the proteases studied were built, and they were used to interpret the results. While size complementarities appear to be the main specificity-determining features of the S2 subsite of retroviral proteases, electrostatic contributions may play a role only in the case of HIV proteases. In most cases the P2 residues of naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site sequences of the studied proteases agreed well with the observed P2 preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bagossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Fehér A, Boross P, Sperka T, Oroszlan S, Tözsér J. Expression of the murine leukemia virus protease in fusion with maltose-binding protein in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 35:62-8. [PMID: 15039067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The protease of murine leukemia virus (MLV) was cloned into pMal-c2 vector, expressed in fusion with maltose-binding protein (MBP), and purified to homogeneity after Factor Xa cleavage of the chimeric protein. Substantial degradation of the fusion protein was observed during expression, which severely diminished the yield. The degree of degradation of the fusion protein was even more pronounced when a single-chain form of the MLV protease was cloned after the gene coding for MBP. To increase the yield, a hexahistidine tag with an additional Factor Xa cleavage site was cloned after the protease and nickel chelate affinity chromatography was used as the first purification step. The modified procedure resulted in substantially higher yield as compared to the original procedure. The degradation of hexahistidine-tagged active site mutant MLV protease was very low and comparable to that obtained with hexahistidine-tagged MBP, but purified MLV protease alone was not able to degrade purified MBP, suggesting that during expression the active MLV protease may activate bacterial proteases which appear to be responsible for the degradation of the fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Fehér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Kádas J, Weber IT, Bagossi P, Miklóssy G, Boross P, Oroszlan S, Tözsér J. Narrow substrate specificity and sensitivity toward ligand-binding site mutations of human T-cell Leukemia virus type 1 protease. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:27148-57. [PMID: 15102858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401868200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with a number of human diseases; therefore, its protease is a potential target for chemotherapy. To compare the specificity of HTLV-1 protease with that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease, oligopeptides representing naturally occurring cleavage sites in various retroviruses were tested. The number of hydrolyzed peptides as well as the specificity constants suggested a substantially broader specificity of the HIV protease. Amino acid residues of HTLV-1 protease substrate-binding sites were replaced by equivalent ones of HIV-1 protease. Most of the single and multiple mutants had altered specificity and a dramatically reduced folding and catalytic capability, suggesting that mutations are not well tolerated in HTLV-1 protease. The catalytically most efficient mutant was that with the flap residues of HIV-1 protease. The inhibition profile of the mutants was also determined for five inhibitors used in clinical practice and inhibitor analogs of HTLV-1 cleavage sites. Except for indinavir, the HIV-1 protease inhibitors did not inhibit wild type and most of the mutant HTLV-1 proteases. The wild type HTLV-1 protease was inhibited by the reduced peptide bond-containing substrate analogs, whereas the mutants showed various degrees of weakened binding capability. Most interesting, the enzyme with HIV-1-like residues in the flap region was the most sensitive to the HIV-1 protease inhibitors and least sensitive to the HTLV-1 protease inhibitors, indicating that the flap plays an important role in defining the specificity differences of retroviral proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Kádas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, P. O. Box 6, Hungary
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Shuker SB, Mariani VL, Herger BE, Dennison KJ. Understanding HTLV-I protease. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:373-80. [PMID: 12770819 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Beckham Shuker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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