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Shin C, Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Choi S, Park SK. Dietary exposure assessment of 9 food emulsifiers to Korean population and their health effects. Food Chem 2025; 471:142807. [PMID: 39793355 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.142807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 12/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
In this study, dietary exposures to 9 food emulsifiers, including 4 polysorbates and 5 esters of fatty acids, were assessed in Korean population. For the exposure assessment, three scenarios of the consumption, including mean and P95 in whole population and mean in consumed population, were applied. As a result, the EDIs of 9 emulsifiers were overall low compared to the ADIs. The total EDI to polysorbates was 1.72 % of the ADI in whole population. Exposures to polysorbate 20, 60, 65, and 80 were 0.02, 1.14, 0.39, and 0.29 % of the ADIs in whole population, respectively. Exposures to 5 esters of fatty acids were ranged from 0.57 to 6.13 % of the ADIs in whole population. In conclusion, it is considered that there are no safety concerns regarding the current consumption of the food emulsifiers. However, considering the change of food consumption, use levels, and health-based guidance values, periodic re-evaluation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choonshik Shin
- Food Additives Standard Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ji Lee
- Food Additives Standard Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinai Choi
- KnA Consulting Co., Ltd, Suji, Yongin 16864, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwan Park
- Food Additives Standard Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
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Lomonaco Teodoro da Silva T, Baeten V, Danthine S. Modifying sucrose esters oleogels properties using different structuration routes. Food Chem 2022; 405:134927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Song Y, Wang X, Wang X, Wang J, Hao Q, Hao J, Hou X. Osthole-Loaded Nanoemulsion Enhances Brain Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease via Intranasal Administration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8844455. [PMID: 33564364 PMCID: PMC7850840 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8844455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osthole (OST) is a natural coumarin compound that exerts multiple pharmacologic effects. However, the poor water solubility and the low oral absorption of OST limit its clinical application for the treatment of neurologic diseases. A suitable preparation needs to be tailored to evade these unfavourable properties of OST. In this study, an OST nanoemulsion (OST-NE) was fabricated according to the pseudoternary phase diagram method, which was generally used to optimize the prescription in light of the solubility of OST in surfactants and cosurfactants. The final composition of OST-NE was 3.6% of ethyl oleate as oil phase, 11.4% of the surfactant (polyethylene glycol ester of 15-hydroxystearic acid: polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil = 1 : 1), 3% of polyethylene glycol 400 as cosurfactant, and 82% of the aqueous phase. The pharmacokinetic study of OST-NE showed that the brain-targeting coefficient of OST was larger by the nasal route than that by the intravenous route. Moreover, OST-NE inhibited cell death, decreased the apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and caspase-3), and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione) in L-glutamate-induced SH-SY5Y cells. OST-NE improved the spatial memory ability, increased the acetylcholine content in the cerebral cortex, and decreased the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease model mice. In conclusion, this study indicates that the bioavailability of OST was improved by using the OST-NE via the nasal route. A low dose of OST-NE maintained the neuroprotective effects of OST, such as inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress and regulating the cholinergic system. Therefore, OST-NE can be used as a possible alternative to improve its bioavailability in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xingrong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jianze Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Qiulian Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jifu Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xueqin Hou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
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Pavoni L, Perinelli DR, Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Palmieri GF. An Overview of Micro- and Nanoemulsions as Vehicles for Essential Oils: Formulation, Preparation and Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E135. [PMID: 31940900 PMCID: PMC7023169 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The interest around essential oils is constantly increasing thanks to their biological properties exploitable in several fields, from pharmaceuticals to food and agriculture. However, their widespread use and marketing are still restricted due to their poor physico-chemical properties; i.e., high volatility, thermal decomposition, low water solubility, and stability issues. At the moment, the most suitable approach to overcome such limitations is based on the development of proper formulation strategies. One of the approaches suggested to achieve this goal is the so-called encapsulation process through the preparation of aqueous nano-dispersions. Among them, micro- and nanoemulsions are the most studied thanks to the ease of formulation, handling and to their manufacturing costs. In this direction, this review intends to offer an overview of the formulation, preparation and stability parameters of micro- and nanoemulsions. Specifically, recent literature has been examined in order to define the most common practices adopted (materials and fabrication methods), highlighting their suitability and effectiveness. Finally, relevant points related to formulations, such as optimization, characterization, stability and safety, not deeply studied or clarified yet, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (D.R.P.); (G.B.); (G.F.P.)
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Preparation and in vitro performance evaluation of resveratrol for oral self-microemulsion. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214544. [PMID: 30990813 PMCID: PMC6467382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the solubility of resveratrol (Res) by a self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system (SMEDDS). Through a solubility experiment, the pseudoternary phase diagram and ternary phase diagram were used to optimize the Res SMEDDS formula. The optimum formulation consisted of 5% IPM, 20% PEG400, and 65% Cremophor RH40. The water solubility, stability, in vitro release and antioxidant activity of the Res SMEDDS were characterized. The Res solubility in the SMEDDS was at least 1,000 times compared to that in water. The average droplet size of the microemulsion was 28.00±1.67 nm and uniform distribution. The Res SMEDDS should be stored at low temperature and in the dark to avoid light conditions. Res SMEDDS was able to improve the in vitro release rate of Res, and the in vitro release of Res from Res SMEDDS was significantly faster that of Res powder and unaffected by pH value of media. Antioxidant assays showed that antioxidant activities of Res in Res SMEDDS were unaffected compared to Res powder. Cytotoxicity study indicated that Res SMEDDS at the concentration of less than 100 μM was safe. These results demonstrated the potential use of Res SMEDDS for oral administration of Res.
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Spontaneous Formation of Flavor Oil Emulsions by Using Sucrose Esters and Emulsion Stability Study. FOOD BIOPHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-018-9555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Verkempinck S, Salvia-Trujillo L, Moens L, Charleer L, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M, Grauwet T. Emulsion stability during gastrointestinal conditions effects lipid digestion kinetics. Food Chem 2018; 246:179-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Matsuura T, Ogawa A, Ohara Y, Nishina S, Nakanishi M, Gohtani S. Effect of Alcohols on the Phase Behavior and Emulsification of a Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester/Water/Edible Oil System. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:167-176. [PMID: 29367483 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sucrose) on the phase behavior and emulsification of sucrose stearic acid ester (SSE)/water/edible vegetable oil (EVO) systems was investigated. Adding sucrose, propylene glycol, and glycerin narrowed the oil-separated two-phase region in the phase diagram of the SSE/water/EVO systems, whereas adding ethanol and 1-propanol expanded the oil-separated two-phase region. Changing the course of emulsification in the phase diagram showed that the size of the oil-droplet particle typically decreased in a system with a narrowed oil-separated region. The emulsification properties of the systems varied with respect to changes in the phase diagram. The microstructure of the systems was examined using small-angle X-ray scattering, and the ability to retain the oil in the lamellar structure of the SSEs was suggested as an important role in emulsification, because the mechanism of the systems was the same as that for the liquid crystal emulsification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutashi Matsuura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University.,Mitsubishi-Chemical Foods Corporation
| | | | - Yukari Ohara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University
| | - Shogo Nishina
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University
| | - Maho Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University
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Suner SS, Sahiner M, Sengel SB, Rees DJ, Reed WF, Sahiner N. Responsive biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. STIMULI RESPONSIVE POLYMERIC NANOCARRIERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS, VOLUME 1 2018:453-500. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-101997-9.00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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10
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Guo R, Guo X, Hu X, Abbasi AM, Zhou L, Li T, Fu X, Liu RH. Fabrication and Optimization of Self-Microemulsions to Improve the Oral Bioavailability of Total Flavones of Hippophaë rhamnoides
L. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2901-2909. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Dept. of Food Science; Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Arshad Mehmood Abbasi
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences; COMSATS Inst. of Information Technology; Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics; Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ.; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Tong Li
- Dept. of Food Science; Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Dept. of Food Science; Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
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How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Complex Artifacts. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-2000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Bin Sintang MD, Danthine S, Patel AR, Rimaux T, Van De Walle D, Dewettinck K. Mixed surfactant systems of sucrose esters and lecithin as a synergistic approach for oil structuring. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 504:387-396. [PMID: 28586736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to modify the self-assembly of sucrose esters (SEs) in sunflower oil, we added sunflower lecithin (SFL) as co-surfactant. It is hypothesized that SFL modifies the self-assembly of SEs by interrupting the extensive hydrogen bonding between SEs monomers. The addition of SFL into SEs induced gelation of the mixed surfactant system oleogels at all studied ratios. The 7:3 SEs:SFL combination showed enhanced rheological properties compared to the other studied ratios, which suggests better molecular ordering induced by SFL. The modifications might have been caused by interference in the hydrogen bonding, connecting the polar heads of SEs molecules in the presence of SFL. This effect was confirmed by thermal behavior and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) analysis. From the crystallization and melting analyses, it was shown that the peak temperature, shape and enthalpy decreased as the SFL ratio increases. Meanwhile, the bi-component oleogels exhibited new peaks in the SAXD profile, which imply a self-assembly modification. The microscopic study through polarized and electrons revealed a change in the structure. Therefore, it can be concluded that a synergistic effect between SEs and SFL, more particularly at 7:3 ratio, towards sunflower oil structuring could be obtained. These findings shed light for greater applications of SEs as structuring and carrier agent in foods and pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Dona Bin Sintang
- Vandemoortele Centre Lipid Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Food Technology and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Sabine Danthine
- Department of Food Science and Formulation, Universite de Liege, Passage des Deportes, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ashok R Patel
- Vandemoortele Centre Lipid Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Tom Rimaux
- Vandemoortele R&D Centre, Izegem, Belgium
| | - Davy Van De Walle
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Vandemoortele Centre Lipid Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Synthesis and properties of new water-soluble copolymers based on methyl acrylic acid sucrose ester and methyl acrylic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Kwek JW, Kim S. Characterization of Adsorption Behavior of Sucrose Monolaurate on Gold Substrate Using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chow PY, Gue SZ, Leow SK, Goh LB. Solid self-microemulsifying system (S-SMECS) for enhanced bioavailability and pigmentation of highly lipophilic bioactive carotenoid. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kiss L, Hellinger É, Pilbat A, Kittel Á, Török Z, Füredi A, Szakács G, Veszelka S, Sipos P, Ózsvári B, Puskás LG, Vastag M, Szabó‐Révész P, Deli MA. Sucrose Esters Increase Drug Penetration, But Do Not Inhibit P‐Glycoprotein in Caco‐2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3107-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Chow P, Gue S, Leow S, Goh L. The bioefficacy of microemulsified natural pigments in egg yolk pigmentation. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:398-402. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.918583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effects of propylene glycol alginate and sucrose esters on the physicochemical properties of modified starch-stabilized beverage emulsions. Molecules 2014; 19:8691-706. [PMID: 24962400 PMCID: PMC6270833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of main emulsion components namely, modified starch, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), sucrose laurate and sucrose stearate on creaming index, cloudiness, average droplet size and conductivity of soursop beverage emulsions. Generally, the use of different emulsifiers or a mixture of emulsifiers has a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the response variables studied. The addition of PGA had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the creaming index at 55 °C, while PGA-stabilized (PGA1) emulsions showed low creaming stability at both 25 °C and 55 °C. Conversely, the utilization of PGA either as a mixture or sole emulsifier, showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher cloudiness, as larger average droplet size will affect the refractive index of the oil and aqueous phases. Additionally, the cloudiness was directly proportional to the mean droplet size of the dispersed phase. The inclusion of PGA into the formulation could have disrupted the properties of the interfacial film, thus resulting in larger droplet size. While unadsorbed ionized PGA could have contributed to higher conductivity of emulsions prepared at low pH. Generally, emulsions prepared using sucrose monoesters or as a mixture with modified starch emulsions have significantly (p < 0.05) lower creaming index and conductivity values, but higher cloudiness and average droplet size.
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Poly(sucrose) micro particles preparation and their use as biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Lie A, Pedersen LH. Elution strategies for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of sucrose alkanoate regioisomers with charged aerosol detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Jinli Z, Shufen Z, Jinzong Y, Pei Z. Study on Production of High-monoester Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters by Improved Metallic Salt Method and Alcoholic Separation. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/113.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Crude sucrose fatty acid esters made by solvent-free process are purified by an improved metallic salt method and alcoholic separation. It is found that purified sucrose fatty acid esters can be obtained only by the use of calcium chloride in an amount stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of the potassium stearate to be removed or in a slight excess amount. Among other soaps, potassium stearate is removed more easily from the crude sucrose fatty acid esters, which shows that potassium stearate is the most suitable soap for the solvent-free synthesis of sucrose fatty acid esters. In addition, it is also found that pure sucrose fatty acid esters can be quantitatively separated into two fractions, one with high-monoester content, and the other with low-monoester content. Sucrose fatty acid esters with a wide range of HLB can be obtained by mixing the two parts in varied proportions. An equilibrium relationship between the distribution of sucrose fatty acid esters with a high HLB in liquid phase and sucrose esters with a low HLB in the precipitate is studied and a triangle graph and equations are given. According to the triangular graph and the equations, the yield of the two fractions can be predicted.
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Lie A, Wimmer R, Pedersen LH. Design of experiments and multivariate analysis for evaluation of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection of sucrose caprate regioisomers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sunil SA, Srikanth MV, Rao NS, Raju V, Murthy KVR. Investigation on in vitro dissolution rate enhancement of indomethacin by using a novel carrier sucrose fatty acid ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:4. [PMID: 23226721 PMCID: PMC3514539 DOI: 10.1186/1560-8115-20-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize and evaluate solid dispersions (SD) of indomethacin by using a novel carrier sucrose fatty acid ester (SFE 1815) to increase its in vitro drug release and further formulating as a tablet. METHODS Indomethacin loaded SD were prepared by solvent evaporation and melt granulation technique using SFE 1815 as carrier in 1:0.25, 1:0.5 1:0.75 and 1:1 ratios of drug and carrier. Prepared SD and tablets were subjected to in vitro dissolution studies in 900 mL of pH 7.2 phosphate buffer using apparatus I at 100 rpm. The promising SD were further formulated as tablets using suitable diluent (DCL 21, Avicel PH 102 and pregelatinised starch) to attain the drug release similar to that of SD.. The obtained dissolution data was subjected to kinetic study by fitting the data into various model independent models like zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixon-Crowell and Peppas equations. Drug and excipient compatibility studies were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The in vitro dissolution data exhibited superior release from formulation S(6) with 1:0.5 drug and carrier ratio using solvent evaporation technique than other SDs prepared at different ratio using solvent evaporation and melt granulation technique. The in vitro drug release was also superior to that of the physical mixtures prepared at same ratio and also superior to SD prepared using common carriers like polyvinyl pyrollidone and PEG 4000 by solvent evaporation technique. Tablets (T(8)) prepared with DCL21 as diluent exhibited superior release than the other tablets. The tablet formulation (T(8)) followed first order release with Non-Fickian release. CONCLUSION SFE 1815 a novel third generation carrier can be used for the preparation of SD for the enhancement of in vitro drug release of indomethacin an insoluble drug belonging to BCS class II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songa Ambedkar Sunil
- A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India
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Szűts A, Szabó-Révész P. Sucrose esters as natural surfactants in drug delivery systems--a mini-review. Int J Pharm 2012; 433:1-9. [PMID: 22575672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose esters (SEs) are widely used in the food and cosmetic industries and there has recently been great interest in their applicability in different pharmaceutical fields. They are natural and biodegradable excipients with well-known emulsifying and solubilizing behavior. Currently the most common pharmaceutical applications of SEs are for the enhancement of drug dissolution and drug absorption/permeation, and in controlled-release systems. Although the number of articles on SEs is continuously increasing, they have not yet been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize some of the findings and applications of SEs in different areas of drug delivery. The article highlights the main properties of SEs and focuses on their use in pharmaceutical technology and on their regulatory and toxicological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéla Szűts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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Rao J, McClements DJ. Food-grade microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulsions: Fabrication from sucrose monopalmitate & lemon oil. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Effect of sucrose fatty acid esters on the particle characteristics and flow properties of phytosterol nanodispersions. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Effect of surfactants on the functional properties of gelatin–polysaccharide-based films. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sucrose esters with various hydrophilic-lipophilic properties: novel controlled release agents for oral drug delivery matrix tablets prepared by direct compaction. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3101-9. [PMID: 20132913 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose esters (SE) are esters of sucrose and fatty acids with various hydrophilic-lipophilic properties which have attracted interest from being used in pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to gain insight into the use of SE as controlled release agents for direct compacted matrix tablets. The study focused on the effect of hydrophilic-lipophilic properties on tableting properties and drug release. Sucrose stearate with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values ranging from 0 to 16 was systematically tested. Tablet formulations contained SE, metoprolol tartrate as a highly soluble model drug and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as a tablet formulation filler in the ratio 1:1:2. The compaction behaviour of matrix tablets was compared with the compacts of individual starting materials as reference. SE incorporation improved the plasticity, compressibility and lubricating property of powder mixtures. The hydrophilic-lipophilic properties of SE affected tableting properties, drug release rate and release mechanism. Increasing hydrophilicity corresponding to the increased monoesters in SE composition increased the relative porosity, elastic recovery and tensile strength of the tablets due to the increased hydrogen bonding between the monoesters. This also facilitated the swelling behaviour of SE, which sustained the drug release rate. A sustained release effect prevailed in tablets containing SE with HLB values of 3-16. The ability to improve the tableting properties as well as sustain the drug release rate of the highly soluble model drug via gelation of SE highlights SE as promising controlled release regulators for direct compacted matrix tablets comprising drugs with various solubilities according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System.
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31
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Savić S, Tamburić S, Savić MM. From conventional towards new – natural surfactants in drug delivery systems design: current status and perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:353-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903535833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Ritthitham S, Wimmer R, Stensballe A, Pedersen LH. Analysis and purification of O-decanoyl sucrose regio-isomers by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4963-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Wilk KA, Zielińska K, Hamerska-Dudra A, Jezierski A. Biocompatible microemulsions of dicephalic aldonamide-type surfactants: Formulation, structure and temperature influence. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 334:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Queneau Y, Chambert S, Besset C, Cheaib R. Recent progress in the synthesis of carbohydrate-based amphiphilic materials: the examples of sucrose and isomaltulose. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1999-2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Zielińska K, Wilk KA, Jezierski A, Jesionowski T. Microstructure and structural transition in microemulsions stabilized by aldonamide-type surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 321:408-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Molinier V, Wisniewski K, Bouchu A, Fitremann J, Queneau Y. Transesterification of Sucrose in Organic Medium: Study of Acyl Group Migrations. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120026466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Molinier
- a Laboratoire de Sucrochimie , CNRS UMR 143, Béghin‐Say, C.E.I., 66 Boulevard Niels Bohr, BP 2132, 69603 , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
| | - Krzysztof Wisniewski
- a Laboratoire de Sucrochimie , CNRS UMR 143, Béghin‐Say, C.E.I., 66 Boulevard Niels Bohr, BP 2132, 69603 , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
| | - Alain Bouchu
- a Laboratoire de Sucrochimie , CNRS UMR 143, Béghin‐Say, C.E.I., 66 Boulevard Niels Bohr, BP 2132, 69603 , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
| | - Juliette Fitremann
- a Laboratoire de Sucrochimie , CNRS UMR 143, Béghin‐Say, C.E.I., 66 Boulevard Niels Bohr, BP 2132, 69603 , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
| | - Yves Queneau
- a Laboratoire de Sucrochimie , CNRS UMR 143, Béghin‐Say, C.E.I., 66 Boulevard Niels Bohr, BP 2132, 69603 , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique , INSA de Lyon, Bât. J. Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69621 , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
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Molinier V, Kouwer PJJ, Fitremann J, Bouchu A, Mackenzie G, Queneau Y, Goodby JW. Shape Dependence in the Formation of Condensed Phases Exhibited by Disubstituted Sucrose Esters. Chemistry 2007; 13:1763-75. [PMID: 17121395 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on the self-organizing properties of sucrose esters that are di-(1',6', 1',6, and 6,6')-substituted with aliphatic chains of identical or different chain lengths and levels of saturation. For the materials possessing two saturated aliphatic chains, the compounds exhibited thermotropic lamellar smectic A phases. A remarkable new phase transition was observed for the di-octadecanoyl homologue in which one smectic A phase transformed into another with a continuous change in layer spacing, but with a discontinuous change in the correlation length. The incorporation of long cis-unsaturated chains led to increased cross-sectional areas of the chains relative to the sucrose head groups and, hence, columnar phases were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Molinier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 5181 CNRS; Université Lyon 1, France
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Queneau Y, Jarosz S, Lewandowski B, Fitremann J. Sucrose Chemistry and Applications of Sucrochemicals. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2007; 61:217-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(07)61005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Microemulsions are potentially excellent carriers for bioactive molecules. They offer the advantage of spontaneous formation, ease of manufacture, thermodynamic stability, and improved solubilization of bioactive materials. This review explores some of the new trends in microemulsion research through analysis of some representative studies. The solubilization of different classic drugs, peptides, and nutraceuticals in various oral microemulsion compositions and microstructures was reviewed. It was found that even W/O microemulsions, which are expected to break upon dilution in the digestive tract, increase the permeability and bioavailability of drugs. Thus, it seems that component selection (the use of molecules that can act as permeability enhancers) is of great importance. Structures such as self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), W/O, bicontinuous, and O/W microemulsions, were closely examined, and their potential to serve as drug carriers was evaluated. It seems that for microemulsion systems to be used as vehicles for bioactive materials, the formulations should be based on SMEEDS, which form O/W upon dilution to a specific water content. U-type microemulsions are actually an improved SMEDDS formulation, capable of being diluted with any given water concentration. Much research is being conducted on microemulsion microstructure since there is an obvious direct connection between the microstructure, solubilization capacity, and bioavailability of the active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviram Spernath
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, Givat Ram Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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40
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Molinier V, Fenet B, Fitremann J, Bouchu A, Queneau Y. PFGSE-NMR study of the self-diffusion of sucrose fatty acid monoesters in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 286:360-8. [PMID: 15848439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The micellization of pure monosubstituted sucrose fatty acid esters in water, namely sucrose octanoate, sucrose decanoate, sucrose laurate, sucrose dodec-5-cis-enoate, sucrose myristate, and sucrose palmitate, has been investigated by means of two NMR methods, pulsed field gradient spin-echo NMR (PFGSE-NMR), giving access to the self-diffusion coefficients of free molecules and micelles in solution, and the ERETIC method (electronic reference to access in vivo concentrations) for the measurement of concentrations by external calibration of a synthetic NMR signal. The early micellar regions and, when possible, the premicellar regions were investigated. By this method, we obtained the hydrodynamic radii of micelles, displaying a linear progression in relation to the chain length and an accurate determination of critical micellar concentration (CMC) for each sucrose ester. The effect of the regiochemistry of fatty chain grafting has been investigated, showing special behavior for 1'-O-sucrose palmitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Molinier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR CNRS 5181, INSA, Bât. J. Verne, 20 av. A. Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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41
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Abstract
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent, low viscosity, and isotropic dispersions consisting of oil and water stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant molecules, typically in conjunction with a cosurfactant. Microemulsions (so-called due to their small particle size; 5-100 nm) have found application in a wide variety of systems, such as pharmaceutical and oil recovery, but their application in food systems has been hindered by the types of surfactant permissible for use in food. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the structures and phase behavior of microemulsions, methods of microemulsion formation, and techniques which may be used for characterization. A comprehensive review of previous work on both food-grade microemulsion systems, and non-food-grade systems of specific food interest is included. The application of microemulsions as reaction media, their ability to solubilize proteins and hence their use as a separation technique is also documented. In addition, attention is focused on the application of microemulsions as delivery systems for delivery of bioactive compounds, and the links between microemulsions and increased bioavailability. Future research, both applied and fundamental, should focus on surfactants which are not restricted for use in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flanagan
- Riddet Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. j.flanagan@ massey.ac.nz
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42
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Simonovska B, Srbinoska M, Vovk I. Analysis of sucrose esters--insecticides from the surface of tobacco plant leaves. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1127:273-7. [PMID: 16820155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose esters from the surface of leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. have been shown to possess interesting biological activities. We developed a simple and effective method for their analysis using HPTLC silica gel plates, n-hexane-ethyl acetate (1:3, v/v) as developing solvent and aniline-diphenylamine as a detection reagent. Off-line TLC-MS was also used for the detection and identification of the compounds. Solutions containing sucrose esters upon alkaline hydrolysis give sucrose, which is used for indirect estimation by TLC of the sucrose ester content. The method is applicable for the screening for sucrose esters in plant extracts. The extract obtained from the surface of green leaves of oriental tobacco type Prilep P-23 contains sucrose esters and is effective against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in laboratory and field experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breda Simonovska
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Molinier V, Kouwer PJJ, Fitremann J, Bouchu A, Mackenzie G, Queneau Y, Goodby JW. Self-Organizing Properties of Monosubstituted Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters: The Effects of Chain Length and Unsaturation. Chemistry 2006; 12:3547-57. [PMID: 16514679 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three families of mono-substituted sucrose fatty acid esters were prepared by enzymatic and classical synthetic procedures, and their self-assembly and self-organizational properties were investigated by thermal polarised light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The properties were evaluated as a function of the fatty acid chain length. For the lower homologues of the series columnar liquid-crystalline stacking structures were found, whereas for the higher homologues, lamellar phases predominated. A model for the columnar stacking arrangement, consisting of a unique arrangement of the molecules which could lead to the creation of multiple internal ion channels between the hydrophobic interior and the hydrophilic exterior of the columns, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Molinier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 5181 CNRS-UCBL-INSA, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Bât. J. Verne, 20 avenue A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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44
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Ezrahi S, Tuval E, Aserin A, Garti N. The effect of structural variation of alcohols on water solubilization in nonionic microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 291:263-72. [PMID: 15979085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is the first part of a two-part study that exemplifies how to treat the solubilization of water in multicomponent surfactant-based systems. In particular, it aims at clarifying the role of cosurfactants in water solubilization in these systems. The judicious selection of the components in such systems to maximize water solubilization is occasionally thought to be dictated by the chain length compatibility principle, which may be expressed quantitatively by the BSO (Bansal, Shah, O'Connell) equation. Here we demonstrate some limitations of the equation. For example, in our best model system, C12(EO)8/dodecane+pentanol=1:1 (by weight)/water at 27+/-0.2 degrees C, the BSO equation predicts that no alcohol is needed for maximum water solubilization, contrary to our experimental findings. We discuss how to optimize the alcohol/oil weight ratio needed for stabilizing four-component microemulsions. In our model systems C12(EO)8 or C(18:1)(EO)10/pentanol/dodecane/water, this optimal weight ratio is 1:1. We also highlight the difference between the effect of normal alcohols on water solubilization-which passes via a maximum-and their effect on percolation processes and structured changes of proteins, which depends solely upon the alcohol hydrophobicity. For the investigation of the effect of branching on phase behavior the utilization of an extended form of the geometrical branching factor F(b) is suggested. The meaning of this factor is elucidated by comparing it with topological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ezrahi
- Materials and Chemistry Department, R&D and Project Management Unit, IDF, Israel
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Glatter O, Orthaber D, Stradner A, Scherf G, Fanun M, Garti N, Clément V, Leser ME. Sugar-Ester Nonionic Microemulsion: Structural Characterization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 241:215-225. [PMID: 11502124 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants containing sugar components and fatty acids satisfy the quality standards for food application. The food grade sugar ester in this study is a commercial sucrose monoester of stearic acid (abbreviated SES), the oil phase consists of a 1:1 mixture of n-tetradecane and l-butanol. The originally planned food grade oil, a medium chain triglyceride, is substituted by tetradecane because tetradecane is available as a fully deuterated product, which is necessary for some structural investigations. The investigated system is solid at room temperature, but liquefies and structures into a homogeneous microemulsion when heated to above 37 degrees C. The structural characterization of such microemulsions is the aim of this work. The established methods for this purpose are scattering methods, such as small-angle scattering of X-rays and neutrons and dynamic light scattering. These scattering techniques can be used to obtain valuable information on the size, shape, and internal structure of colloids and complex fluids. We started our investigation with the pseudobinary system SES, tetradecane and l-butanol, varying the SES content. The scattering results show that the sugar ester form inverse globular micelles in the oil phase. The size of these micelles is about 6 nm. While the size is nearly constant in a wide SES concentration regime (5 up to 40% surfactant), the volume or aggregation number increases significantly with SES. This is explained by an increasing replacement of l-butanol molecules by sugar-ester molecules in the micelles formed. Moreover, it can be shown that these micelles strongly overlap. Their center-to-center distance is about 3.8 nm at 40% SES at a micellar diameter of 6 nm. The micellar overlap leads to a highly reduced diffusion of the micelles as was found with dynamic light scattering. When incorporating water in the micellar core, the micelles swell up to about 10 nm and the shape of the aggregates becomes more and more elongated with higher water content. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Glatter
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, A-8010, Austria
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