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Mohyedin MZ, Zin HM, Adenan MZ, Abdul Rahman AT. A Review of PRESAGE Radiochromic Polymer and the Compositions for Application in Radiotherapy Dosimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2887. [PMID: 35890665 PMCID: PMC9320230 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in radiotherapy technology and techniques have allowed a highly conformal radiation to be delivered to the tumour target inside the body for cancer treatment. A three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry system is required to verify the accuracy of the complex treatment delivery. A 3D dosimeter based on the radiochromic response of a polymer towards ionising radiation has been introduced as the PRESAGE dosimeter. The polyurethane dosimeter matrix is combined with a leuco-dye and a free radical initiator, whose colour changes in proportion to the radiation dose. In the previous decade, PRESAGE gained improvement and enhancement as a 3D dosimeter. Notably, PRESAGE overcomes the limitations of its predecessors, the Fricke gel and the polymer gel dosimeters, which are challenging to fabricate and read out, sensitive to oxygen, and sensitive to diffusion. This article aims to review the characteristics of the radiochromic dosimeter and its clinical applications. The formulation of PRESAGE shows a delicate balance between the number of radical initiators, metal compounds, and catalysts to achieve stability, optimal sensitivity, and water equivalency. The applications of PRESAGE in advanced radiotherapy treatment verifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zamir Mohyedin
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Astrophysics & Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hafiz Mohd Zin
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13700, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zulfadli Adenan
- Centre of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor Campus of Puncak Alam, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Astrophysics & Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ashraf M, Rahman M, Zhang R, Cao X, Williams BB, Hoopes PJ, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW, Bruza P. Technical Note: Single-pulse beam characterization for FLASH-RT using optical imaging in a water tank. Med Phys 2021; 48:2673-2681. [PMID: 33730367 PMCID: PMC10771323 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High dose rate conditions, coupled with problems related to small field dosimetry, make dose characterization for FLASH-RT challenging. Most conventional dosimeters show significant dependence on dose rate at ultra-high dose rate conditions or fail to provide sufficiently fast temporal data for pulse to pulse dosimetry. Here fast 2D imaging of radioluminescence from a water and quinine phantom was tested for dosimetry of individual 4 μs linac pulses. METHODS A modified clinical linac delivered an electron FLASH beam of >50 Gy/s to clinical isocenter. This modification removed the x-ray target and flattening filter, leading to a beam that was symmetric and gaussian, as verified with GafChromic EBT-XD film. Lateral projected 2D dose distributions for each linac pulse were imaged in a quinine-doped water tank using a gated intensified camera, and an inverse Abel transform reconstruction provided 3D images for on-axis depth dose values. A total of 20 pulses were delivered with a 10 MeV, 1.5 cm circular beam, and beam with jaws wide open (40 × 40 cm2 ), and a 3D dose distribution was recovered for each pulse. Beam output was analyzed on a pulse by pulse basis. RESULTS The Rp , Dmax , and the R50 measured with film and optical methods agreed to within 1 mm for the 1.5 cm circular beam and the beam with jaws wide open. Cross beam profiles for both beams agreed with film data with >95% passing rate (2%/2 mm gamma criteria). The optical central axis depth dose agreed with film data, except for near the surface. A temporal pulse analysis revealed a ramp-up period where the dose per pulse increased for the first few pulses and then stabilized. CONCLUSIONS Optical imaging of radioluminescence was presented as a valuable tool for establishing a baseline for the recently initiated electron FLASH beam at our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Ramish Ashraf
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - P. Jack Hoopes
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 0375 USA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 0375 USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, US
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