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Appiah A, Li Z, Ofori EK, Mintah C. Global evolutional trend of safety in coal mining industry: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54483-54497. [PMID: 37002527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mining safety is recognized as one of the factors influencing the mining industry's long-term viability. Therefore, we did a bibliometric analysis to take stock of safety management in the coal mining industry. This study suggests a three-step strategy, comprising literature extraction and screening, bibliometric analysis, and discussion, to provide an in-depth understanding of the present state and development trend of mine safety research. The findings raise additional concerns which include the following: (i) Coal dust pollution has a direct and indirect impact on the environment. (ii) Most research projects have prioritized technology innovation and development over safety norms. (iii) Most works have come from advanced countries such as China, the USA, the UK, and Australia to the neglect of developing nations, leaving a significant vacuum in the literature. (iv) There are more major safety principles in the food business than in the mining industry, indicating a weak safety culture in the mining industry. Additionally, future research goals are provided, such as creating safer policy guidelines to support technological advancements, constructing effective safety mines, and creating solutions to dust pollution and human errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Appiah
- College of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Elvis Kwame Ofori
- School of Management Engineering, Management Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Clement Mintah
- College of Economics and Management, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
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2
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Meat safety legislation and its opportunities and hurdles for innovative approaches: A review. Food Control 2022; 141:109160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Fang Y, Stanford K, Yang X. Lactic Acid Resistance and Population Structure of Escherichia coli from Meat Processing Environment. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0135222. [PMID: 36194136 PMCID: PMC9602453 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01352-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the effect of beef processing on Escherichia coli populations in relation to lactic acid resistance, this study investigated the links among acid response, phylogenetic structure, genome diversity, and genotypes associated with acid resistance of meat plant E. coli. Generic E. coli isolates (n = 700) were from carcasses, fabrication equipment, and beef products. Acid treatment was carried out in Luria-Bertani broth containing 5.5% lactic acid (pH 2.9). Log reductions of E. coli ranged from <0.5 to >5 log CFU/mL (median: 1.37 log). No difference in lactic acid resistance was observed between E. coli populations recovered before and after a processing step or antimicrobial interventions. E. coli from the preintervention carcasses were slightly more resistant than E. coli isolated from equipment, differing by <0.5 log unit. Acid-resistant E. coli (log reduction <1, n = 45) had a higher prevalence of genes related to energy metabolism (ydj, xap, ato) and oxidative stress (fec, ymjC) than the less resistant E. coli (log reduction >1, n = 133). The ydj and ato operons were abundant in E. coli from preintervention carcasses. In contrast, fec genes were abundant in E. coli from equipment surfaces. The preintervention E. coli contained phylogroups A and B1 in relatively equal proportions. Phylogroup B1 predominated (95%) in the population from equipment. Of note, E. coli collected after sanitation shared either the antigens of O8 or H21. Additionally, genome diversity decreased after chilling and equipment sanitation. Overall, beef processing did not select for E. coli resistant to lactic acid but shaped the population structure. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial interventions have significantly reduced the microbial loads on carcasses/meat products; however, the wide use of chemical and physical biocides has raised concerns over their potential for selecting resistant populations in the beef processing environment. Phenotyping of acid resistance and whole-genome analysis described in this study demonstrated beef processing practices led to differences in acid resistance, genotype, and population structure between carcass- and equipment-associated E. coli but did not select for the acid-resistant population. Results indicate that genes coding for the metabolism of long-chain sugar acids (ydj) and short-chain fatty acids (ato) were more prevalent in carcass-associated than equipment-associated E. coli. These results suggest E. coli from carcasses and equipment surfaces have been exposed to different selective pressures. The findings improve our understanding of the microbial ecology of E. coli in food processing environments and in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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Cegar S, Kuruca L, Vidovic B, Antic D, Hauge SJ, Alvseike O, Blagojevic B. Risk categorisation of poultry abattoirs on the basis of the current process hygiene criteria and indicator microorganisms. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Carter JM, Abdelmajid N, Gonzalez-Rivera C, Kremer-Caldwell S, Seys SA, Whitaker R. Effects of Antimicrobial Interventions on Indicator Organisms during Beef Carcass Dressing. J Food Prot 2021; 84:664-673. [PMID: 33270874 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beef slaughter establishments employ many interventions to help minimize the occurrence of pathogens in their products. This study explored the effectiveness of various common interventions on microbial load using the results of the Beef-Veal Carcass Baseline Survey conducted in 2014 to 2015. The Food Safety and Inspection Service analyzed swab samples taken from 1,135 carcasses at 139 establishments. These included paired samples from post-hide removal (before evisceration) and prechill (after evisceration). Samples were tested for pathogens (Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli) and indicators (E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and aerobic count [AC]). The sample size for pathogen-positive samples was small, impeding the establishment of a direct correlation between interventions and pathogens. However, we observed associations between pathogen-positive rate and log AC, indicating similar intervention effectiveness of pathogens and indicators in this study. Generally, the use of interventions reduced indicator concentrations. Each intervention produced a range of effectiveness, suggesting that how interventions are applied may be as important as which interventions are applied. The range of effectiveness for single interventions was a 0.4- to 1.9-log AC reduction; for multihurdle interventions, it ranged from 1.6- to 2.9-log AC reduction. The results of this study may be used by slaughter establishments to help identify effective intervention options for pathogen reduction. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Carter
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science; Office of Policy and Program Development; Office of Planning, Analysis and Risk Management; 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8897 [R.W.])
| | - Naser Abdelmajid
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science; Office of Policy and Program Development; Office of Planning, Analysis and Risk Management; 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8897 [R.W.])
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Rivera
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science; Office of Policy and Program Development; Office of Planning, Analysis and Risk Management; 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8897 [R.W.])
| | - Selena Kremer-Caldwell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science; Office of Policy and Program Development; Office of Planning, Analysis and Risk Management; 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8897 [R.W.])
| | - Scott A Seys
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science; Office of Policy and Program Development; Office of Planning, Analysis and Risk Management; 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8897 [R.W.])
| | - Rachel Whitaker
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science; Office of Policy and Program Development; Office of Planning, Analysis and Risk Management; 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8897 [R.W.])
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Allender HD, Buchanan S, Abdelmajid N, Arnold I, Tankson J, Carter JM. Procedure for microbiological baseline surveys conducted by US Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Evaluation of multi-sequential interventions with water to reduce microbial loading as applied to chicken carcasses during slaughtering - a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933910000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shi H, Zhang R, Lan L, Chen Z, Kan J. Zinc mediates resuscitation of lactic acid-injured Escherichia coli by relieving oxidative stress. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1741-1750. [PMID: 31487417 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Lactic acid is a natural antimicrobial in food industry, and also exists in fermented food. It was reported that sublethally injured Escherichia coli could survive in acidic conditions. When conditions become advantageous, injured E. coli can restore physiological function, which is a potential threat in food industry. Recovery is a necessary step for discriminating injured bacteria, but the resuscitation mechanism of injured bacteria is still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In our study, sublethal lactic acid treatment (pH 4·2, 60 min) posed oxidative stress on E. coli by decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Zinc with low concentration (1·0 mmol l-1 ) significantly increased the recovery ratio of injured E.coli induced by lactic acid. The recovery ratios of injured cell in minimal A medium (minA) with 1·0 mmol l-1 zinc reached to that with 3·0 mmol l-1 catalase (CAT). Conversely, the addition of zinc chelator N, N, N', N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) decreased the recovery ratio. Zinc accelerated resuscitation of injured E. coli by improving SOD activity, and decreasing ROS production. Deletion of sodC encoding Cu/ZnSOD, katE/katG encoding CAT or regulating gene rpoS significantly decreased the recovery ratio. Among all of the mutants in this study, ΔrpoS and ΔsodC showed the lowest recovery ratio, which means they played significant roles in the process of resuscitation. CONCLUSION We provided direct evidence that zinc mediated resuscitation of lactic acid-injured E. coli by relieving oxidative stress. Zinc can be used as a low-cost and effective agent to improve recovery ratio and detection efficiency of injured bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Antibacterial agents are a challenge for bacteria, but bacteria can survive as a sublethally injured state under stresses. Using injured E. coli induced by lactic acid as a model organism, we validated the significant role of zinc on resuscitation of injured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - R Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Lan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Alvseike O, Røssvoll E, Røtterud OJ, Nesbakken T, Skjerve E, Prieto M, Sandberg M, Johannessen G, Økland M, Urdahl AM, Hauge SJ. Slaughter hygiene in European cattle and sheep abattoirs assessed by microbiological testing and Hygiene Performance Rating. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Weinroth MD, Britton BC, McCullough KR, Martin JN, Geornaras I, Knight R, Belk KE, Metcalf JL. Ground beef microbiome changes with antimicrobial decontamination interventions and product storage. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217947. [PMID: 31166992 PMCID: PMC6550395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground beef makes up more than half of the beef consumed in the U.S. market. Although numerous studies have been conducted on microbial safety and shelf life of ground beef limited work has been done using a culture-independent approach. While past studies have allowed for the evaluation of a few organisms of interest, there is limited work on the microbial community associated with fresh ground beef. In order to have a more complete picture of the microbial ecology of the product, a culture-independent approach utilizing 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used. The objectives of this study were to characterize the fresh ground beef microbiome and the effect that antimicrobial interventions and antioxidants, applied to beef trim before grinding, and product storage have on community composition using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Beef trimmings were treated with antimicrobials and an antioxidant. Samples were ground, loafed, and overwrapped before being packaged in modified-atmosphere packaging. Samples were in dark storage for 21 days followed by five days in retail display. Periodically during storage, samples were collected for microbiological analysis and DNA isolation. Due to low microbial biomass, only 52 of 210 samples were included in the final analysis. These samples represented two antimicrobial treatments (peroxyacetic acid, and a sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate blend) and a control, from day-15 of dark storage and day-5 of retail display. As sample age increased, so did the number of raw reads (P < 0.001) and aerobic plate counts (P < 0.001), which were correlated (r = 0.94, P = 0.017). Across all samples, lactic acid bacteria were most abundant followed by Enterobacteriaceae; several rare taxa were also identified (namely Geobacillus, Thermus, and Sporosarcina). Antimicrobial treatment altered the bacterial alpha (P < 0.001) and beta (P = 0.001) diversity, while storage day altered alpha (P = 0.001) diversity. Enterobacteriaceae relative abundance differed (P < 0.05) among treatments and was highest in control samples. In addition to confirming previously described dominant microbial differences in culture-dependent results, these data identified genera not typically associated with ground beef and allowed for study of shifts in the entire microbiome and not just a subset of indicator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D. Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brianna C. Britton
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer N. Martin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Keith E. Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Metcalf
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gazula H, Quansah J, Allen R, Scherm H, Li C, Takeda F, Chen J. Microbial loads on selected fresh blueberry packing lines. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Metagenomics of Meat and Poultry. Food Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Camargo AC, Cossi MVC, Silva WPD, Bersot LDS, Landgraf M, Baranyi J, Franco BDGDM, Luís Augusto N. Microbiological Testing for the Proper Assessment of the Hygiene Status of Beef Carcasses. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030086. [PMID: 30893864 PMCID: PMC6462900 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological testing is an important quality management tool in the food industry. In this study, the hygiene status of beef carcasses sampled in eight Brazilian slaughterhouses was assessed by enumeration of different hygiene indicator microorganisms, and a model to establish potential associations among these counts was proposed. The carcasses (n = 464) were surface sampled at four slaughtering steps (step 1: Hide after bleeding; step 2: Carcass after hide removal; step 3: Carcass after evisceration; step 4: Carcass after end washing) and subjected to a counting of mesophilic aerobes (MA), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), total coliforms (TC), and Escherichia coli (EC) using Petrifilm™ plates. Among the sampled beef carcasses (step 4), 32 (6.9%) and 71 (15.3%) presented counts above the microbiological criteria established by (EC) No. 1441/2007 for MA and EB, respectively. Thus, indicating that improvements in slaughter hygiene and a review of process controls are demanded in some of the studied slaughterhouses. The log count differences of EC, TC, and EB from MA were considered as response variables as a function of the slaughtering steps. Differential log counts changed consistently with the steps. The measurements, including the patterns in their inherently random variability, were fairly predictable from steps 1 and 4. The results indicated that differential log counts for TC and EC are not relevant, as their concentrations and random pattern can be inferred from counts of MA and EB. The proposed model can be used as a valuable tool for the design and adoption of feasible quality control programs in beef industries. The adoption of such a tool should have a positive contribution on consumers’ health and enhance product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Carlos Camargo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Campus UFV, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinícius Coutinho Cossi
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil.
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas 96001-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina 85950-000, PR, Brazil.
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Food Research Center, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-080, SP, Brazil.
| | - József Baranyi
- University of Debrecen, Institute of Nutrition, Böszörményi út 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco
- Food Research Center, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-080, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nero Luís Augusto
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Campus UFV, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
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Tefera M, Aleme H, Girma S, Ali A, Gugsa G, Abera F, Muzeyin R, Legesse T, Gobena W, Fentaw S, Abubaker R, Tadesse A, Gonfa A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of S. aureus Isolated from Sheep and Goat Carcasses. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of food poisoning resulting from the consumption of contaminated food with staphylococcal enterotoxins. Raw meat is a good medium for the survival and spread of drug-resistant S. aureus.
Objective:
To look for the prevalence of drug-resistant S. aureus in Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise.
Material & Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014 in Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise. A total of 185 swab samples were collected from the carcasses of sheep, goat and slaughtering materials such as workers’ clothes, vehicles, knives and hands. Isolation and identification of S. aureus were conducted using the conventional culture methods and signatory tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity was conducted using standard methods.
Results:
The overall prevalence rate for S. aureus in the present study was 33%. The higher prevalence rates of S. aureus were recorded from sheep carcasses 36%, followed by 30% from the environment and 16% from goat carcasses. The variation in the prevalence of S. aureus between the carcasses and environment was not statically significant (p > 0.05). More than 90% of S. aureus strains were sensitive to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and kanamycin. While 86.9% S. aureus strains were resistant to penicillin G 80.3% resistant to ampicillin, 63.9% resistant to ceftriaxone, 62.3% resistant to oxacilin, and 62.3% resistant to cefoxitin respectively.
Conclusion:
The present study indicated that the quality of slaughtered sheep carcasses was more contaminated by S. aureus as compared to goat carcasses, during slaughtering, processing, handling and transportation. The presence of MDR strain in the carcasses demonstrates that there is a growing need to control antimicrobial resistance in sheep and goat carcasses.
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Gill A, Tamber S, Yang X. Relative response of populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica to exposure to thermal, alkaline and acidic treatments. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 293:94-101. [PMID: 30677561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relative response of generic Escherichia coli (GEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and Salmonella enterica to heat, alkaline or acid treatments. GEC included strains from carcasses (n = 24) and trim (n = 25) at a small beef plant where no decontamination interventions are used and at a large plant where multiple decontamination interventions are used (carcass n = 25 and trim n = 25). STEC strains belonging to nine serogroups, included isolates from cattle (n = 53), beef (n = 16) and humans (n = 44). S. enterica strains belonging to 29 serotypes, included isolates from humans (n = 30), poultry (n = 26), pork (n = 10) and beef (n = 33). Strains were grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and subjected to the following treatments: 60 °C for 2 min, 5% lactic acid (pH 2.9) for 1 h at 4 °C, or NaOH (pH 11.0) for 2 h at 4 °C. Median log reductions of the GEC populations after heat, alkaline and acid treatment ranged from 2.3 to 3.8, 0.7 to 2.2 and 0.7 to 1.2 log CFU/mL, respectively. No statistically significant difference in reductions was observed between carcass GEC or trim GEC from the large or small plant, except for a greater reduction in trim GEC from the small plant. Median reductions of the STEC populations ranged from 3.3 to 3.5, 0.0 to 0.6, and 0.3 to 0.5 log CFU/mL after heat, alkaline and acid treatment, respectively. The median reductions were not dependent upon isolation source, except between STEC cattle and human isolates after alkaline treatment, where the reduction of the former was higher by 0.6 log unit. For the Salmonella populations, median log reductions ranged from 3.5 to 4.0, 1.7 to 2.4 and 3.7 to 4.1 log CFU/mL after heat, alkaline and acid treatment, respectively. The reductions were not isolation source related. The median log reductions were in the order GEC < STEC < Salmonella after heat treatment and STEC < GEC < Salmonella after alkaline or acid treatment. Overall, the relative response of GEC, STEC and Salmonella in the model system suggests that exposure to heat or pH-based decontamination interventions in meat plants is not associated with increased resistance among E. coli strains in these environments, and total E. coli counts on beef can be indicative of treatment efficacy for the control of Salmonella by heat, lactic acid and alkaline treatment and for the control of STEC subjected to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gill
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, P.L. 2204E, Ottawa, ON K1A-0K9, Canada
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, P.L. 2204E, Ottawa, ON K1A-0K9, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
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17
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Biofilm formation and susceptibility to biocides of recurring and transient Escherichia coli isolated from meat fabrication equipment. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Палій А, Родіонова К, Палій А. Контамінація м’яса тварин і птиці та засоби її зниження. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.15673/fst.v11i4.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
У статті представлено результати з визначення рівня мікробної контамінації м’яса забійних тварин та птиці в процесі його технологічної переробки. Визначено, що кількість МАФАнМ та бактерій родини Enterobacteriaceae на поверхні туш яловичих варіює протягом робочого часу. Найнижче значення МАФАнМ реєструють після початку роботи забійного цеху – (2,85±0,03)×103 КУО/см2, а найбільше значення реєструють під час забою у другу половину робочого часу на ділянці нутрування туш – (5,6±0,06)×103 КУО/см2. Бактерії родини Enterobacteriaceae займають вагоме місце в складі загальної кількості бактерій, які контамінують контактні поверхні яловичих туш. Середня кількість МАФАнМ в повітрі на дільниці забою та переробки птиці наприкінці робочої зміни перевищує встановлену норму у 3,3 рази, та не відповідає встановленим нормам у камері охолодження. На всіх ділянках первинної переробки м’яса птиці в пробах-змивах виявляли бактерії групи кишкової палочки. Причиною незадовільного санітарно-гігієнічного стану туш може бути порушення виробничої санітарії. Препарат «П3-оксонія актив 150», до складу якого у якості діючих речовин входить надоцтова кислота та перекис водню, забезпечує повне знищення мікроорганізмів на поверхні тушок курчат-бройлерів при використанні 0,03 % розчину засобу за експозиції 30 хвилин, а також забезпечує мікробіологічну стійкість продукції протягом 9 діб.
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Shi H, Chen Z, Chen D, Kan J. Sublethal injury and recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and K-12 after exposure to lactic acid. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Althaus D, Zweifel C, Stephan R. Analysis of a poultry slaughter process: Influence of process stages on the microbiological contamination of broiler carcasses. Ital J Food Saf 2017; 6:7097. [PMID: 29564242 PMCID: PMC5850064 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In a large-scale Swiss poultry abattoir, a microbiological process analysis of broiler carcasses was performed. At each selected process stage (scalding, plucking, evisceration, washing, and chilling), 90 carcasses from 30 flocks were sampled and examined for Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and extended-spectrum b-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae. With regard to Campylobacter counts on carcasses, plucking tended to slightly increase the results (on average by 0.4 log CFU/g), whereas mean counts from plucked and chilled carcasses were comparable (3.1 log CFU/g after plucking, 3.0 log CFU/g in the chiller). The Campylobacter results of chilled carcasses are thereby likely to comply with the newly defined requirements of the European Union (process hygiene criterion for Campylobacter). With regard to Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae counts on carcasses, plucking clearly reduced the results (on average by 0.8 and 0.9 log CFU/g), whereas mean counts from plucked and chilled carcasses were comparable (3.4 and 3.5 log CFU/g after plucking, 3.4 log CFU/g in the chiller). In contrast, Salmonella spp. were not detected on broiler carcasses and extended-spectrum b-lactamases- producing Enterobacteriaceae only rarely (1.8%). Such abattoir-specific data are of central importance for assessment of slaughter process performance and if necessary for the implementation of effective measures in the slaughter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Althaus
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Zweifel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Osimani A, Cardinali F, Aquilanti L, Garofalo C, Roncolini A, Milanović V, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Clementi F. Occurrence of transferable antibiotic resistances in commercialized ready-to-eat mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.). Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 263:38-46. [PMID: 29028569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of transferable determinants conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, vancomycin, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides in 40 samples of commercialized edible mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) purchased from European Union (EU) and non-EU producers. A high prevalence of tet(K) was observed in all of the samples assayed, with percentages of PCR-based positivity that ranged from 80% (samples from Thailand) to 100% (samples from the Netherlands, Belgium and France). For macrolides, erm(B) prevailed, being detected in 57.5% of the samples assayed, whereas erm(A) and erm(C) were detected with lower frequencies. Genes for resistance to vancomycin were only detected in samples produced in France and Belgium, with 90% and 10% of the samples being positive for vanA, respectively. Beta-lactamase genes were found with low occurrence, whereas the gene aac-aph, conferring high resistance to aminoglycosides, was found in 40% of the samples produced in the Netherlands and Belgium and 20% of the samples produced in Thailand. The results of Principal Coordinate Analysis and Principal Component Analysis depicted a clean separation of the samples collected from the four producers based on the distribution of the 12 AR determinants considered. Given the growing interest on the use of mealworms as a novel protein source, AR detection frequencies found in the present study suggest further investigation into the use of antibiotics during rearing of this insect species and more extensive studies focused on the factors that can affect the diffusion of transferable ARs in the production chain. Until such studies are completed, prudent use of antibiotics during rearing of edible insects is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Pasquini M, Osimani A, Tavoletti S, Moreno I, Clementi F, Trombetta MF. Trends in the quality and hygiene parameters of bulk Italian Mediterranean buffalo (
Bubalus bubalis
) milk: A three year study. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:176-185. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Itzhak Moreno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Federica Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
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Schill F, Abdulmawjood A, Klein G, Reich F. Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in fresh pork meat at processing level in Germany. Int J Food Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Moon H, Kim NH, Kim SH, Kim Y, Ryu JH, Rhee MS. Teriyaki sauce with carvacrol or thymol effectively controls Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella Typhimurium, and indigenous flora in marinated beef and marinade. Meat Sci 2017; 129:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Badoni M, Klassen MD, Wang H, Youssef MK, Devos J, Gill CO, Yang X. Development and testing of a prototype automatic trim sampler. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Alonso-Calleja C, Guerrero-Ramos E, Capita R. Hygienic Status Assessment of Two Lamb Slaughterhouses in Spain. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1152-1158. [PMID: 28598204 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 180 lamb carcasses and 200 inert surfaces were sampled in two commercial abattoirs (plants A and B) from northwest Spain. A higher (P < 0.001) average microbial load (log CFU per square centimeter) on lamb carcasses was observed for total viable counts (TVC; 2.74 ± 1.15) than for Enterobacteriaceae (2.21 ± 1.16). Different microbial counts were found on carcasses from plants A and B, both for TVC (2.56 ± 0.96 versus 3.18 ± 1.47, respectively; P < 0.001) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.09 ± 0.97 versus 2.50 ± 1.61, respectively; P < 0.05). High correlations (P < 0.001) were observed for TVC and Enterobacteriaceae in both plants A (r = 0.708) and B (r = 0.912). The percentages of unsatisfactory daily mean log values for carcasses, according to European Union Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005, were 0.0 (TVC) and 30.8 (Enterobacteriaceae) in plant A and 10.0 (TVC) and 40.0 (Enterobacteriaceae) in plant B. Average counts for inert surfaces were all lower than 10 CFU/cm2 (TVC) or 1 CFU/cm2 (Enterobacteriaceae). The need to improve hygienic practices in order to adhere to the European Union microbiological performance criteria is emphasized. The detected different microbial counts between slaughterhouses could be attributed to differences in external hygiene of livestock and in the number of slaughterhouse workers. Microbiological analysis of carcasses and surfaces allows detection of hygienic concerns in the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Emilia Guerrero-Ramos
- 2 Ministry of Health, Regional Government of Castilla y León, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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Mapping sources of contamination of Escherichia coli on beef in the fabrication facility of a commercial beef packing plant. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Visvalingam J, Wang H, Youssef MK, Devos J, Gill CO, Yang X. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Escherichia coli on Beef Trimmings Obtained from a Beef Packing Plant. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1325-31. [PMID: 27497119 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the immediate source of Escherichia coli on beef trimmings produced at a large packing plant by analyzing the E. coli on trimmings at various locations of a combo bin filled on the same day and of bins filled on different days. Ten 2,000-lb (907-kg) combo bins (B1 through B10) of trimmings were obtained from a large plant on 6 days over a period of 5 weeks. Thin slices of beef with a total area of approximately 100 cm(2) were excised from five locations (four corners and the center) at each of four levels of the bins: the top surface and 30, 60, and 90 cm below the top. The samples were enriched for E. coli in modified tryptone soya broth supplemented with 20 mg/liter novobiocin. The positive enrichment cultures, as determined by PCR, were plated on E. coli/coliform count plates for recovery of E. coli. Selected E. coli isolates were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Of the 200 enrichment cultures, 43 were positive by PCR for E. coli, and 32 of these cultures yielded E. coli isolates. Two bins did not yield any positive enrichment cultures, and three PCR-positive bins did not yield any E. coli isolates. MLVA of 165 E. coli isolates (30, 62, 56, 5, and 12 from B6 through B10, respectively) revealed nine distinct genotypes. MLVA types 263 and 89 were most prevalent overall and on individual days, accounting for 49.1 and 37.6% of the total isolates, respectively. These two genotypes were also found at multiple locations within a bin. All nine genotypes belonged to the phylogenetic group A0 of E. coli, suggesting an animal origin. The finding that the trimmings carried very few E. coli indicates an overall effective control over contamination of beef with E. coli at this processing plant. The lack of strain diversity of the E. coli on trimmings suggests that most E. coli isolates may have come from common sources, most likely equipment used in the fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyachchandran Visvalingam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Hui Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Mohamed K Youssef
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1; Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Julia Devos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Colin O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
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Corbellini LG, Júnior AB, de Freitas Costa E, Duarte ASR, Albuquerque ER, Kich JD, Cardoso M, Nauta M. Effect of slaughterhouse and day of sample on the probability of a pig carcass being Salmonella-positive according to the Enterobacteriaceae count in the largest Brazilian pork production region. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 228:58-66. [PMID: 27107299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sources of contamination of carcasses during slaughter include infected pigs as well as environmentally related sources. There are many microbial indicators that can be used in the processing of food to assess food hygiene and the safety of food processing. The presence of some microbial indicators can be viewed as a result of direct or indirect contamination of a food with fecal material. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae is often used as a hygiene indicator, as they are found both in the environment and in the intestine of warm-blooded animals. An association between Salmonella isolation and Enterobacteriaceae count (EC) on pre-chill carcasses has been described, however the impact of slaughterhouse and the day of sampling on the occurrence of Salmonella has not been previously investigated. To this end, mixed logistic regressions (MLRs) with random effects and fixed slopes were performed to assess the change in EC and its correlation with Salmonella occurrence using two data sets. The first describes the EC and Salmonella isolation in 60 pork carcasses in one slaughterhouse sampled at 11 different slaughter steps, including the carcass as a random effect. The second describes the EC and Salmonella isolation on 1150 pre-chill carcasses sampled in 13 slaughterhouses over 230 sampling days, and the model combined two random intercepts, slaughterhouse and date of sampling nested with slaughterhouse (day/slaughterhouse). Statistically significant associations (p<0.0001) between the log of the EC and Salmonella occurrence were found in all models. Nevertheless, although a strong association was found between Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella contamination in pork carcasses, this association was not constant, given that there was a high variation in the probability of a carcass being positive for Salmonella according to the EC mainly between days of samples. The effect of the day of sampling on Salmonella prevalence was so large that the predictive value of the EC count for Salmonella isolation on a daily basis was compromised. It is possible that on some days batches with a high prevalence of Salmonella carriers shedding a high number of Salmonella were slaughtered. On these days, the potential for contamination/cross-contamination of carcasses will be so large that even hygienic slaughter, confirmed by the low EC on carcasses, will not be able to prevent the presence of Salmonella on some carcasses. The results of this study demonstrate that, despite the statistically significant association found, it may be difficult to predict when hygiene failure measured via EC actually indicates Salmonella contamination, and neither the inverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gustavo Corbellini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | | | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte
- Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | | | - Marisa Cardoso
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maarten Nauta
- Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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Liu Y, Youssef MK, Yang X. Effects of Dry Chilling on the Microflora on Beef Carcasses at a Canadian Beef Packing Plant. J Food Prot 2016; 79:538-43. [PMID: 27052856 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the course of effects on the microflora on beef carcasses of a commercial dry chilling process in which carcasses were dry chilled for 3 days. Groups of 25 carcasses selected at random were sampled when the chilling process commenced and after the carcasses were chilled for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 67 h for determination of the numbers of aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The temperatures of the surfaces and the thickest part of the hip (deep leg) of carcasses, as well as the ambient air conditions, including air temperature, velocity, and relative humidity (RH), were monitored throughout the chilling process. The chiller was operated at 0°C with an off-coil RH of 88%. The air velocity was 1.65 m/s when the chiller was loaded. The initial RH levels of the air in the vicinity of carcasses varied with the locations of carcasses in the chiller and decreased rapidly during the first hour of chilling. The average times for shoulder surfaces, rump surfaces, and the deep leg of carcasses to reach 7°C were 13.6 ± 3.1, 16.0 ± 2.4 and 32.4 ± 3.2 h, respectively. The numbers of aerobes, coliforms, and E. coli on carcasses before chilling were 5.33 ± 0.42, 1.95 ± 0.77, 1.42 ± 0.78 log CFU/4,000 cm(2), respectively. The number of aerobes on carcasses was reduced by 1 log unit each in the first hour of chilling and in the subsequent 23 h of chilling. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the numbers of aerobes recovered from carcasses after 24 and 67 h of chilling. The total numbers (log CFU/100,000 cm(2)) on carcasses before chilling and after the first hour of chilling were 3.86 and 2.24 for coliforms and 3.30 and 2.04 for E. coli. The subsequent 23 h of chilling reduced the numbers of both groups of organisms by a further log unit. No coliforms or E. coli were recovered after 67 h of chilling. The findings show that the chilling regime investigated in this study resulted in significant reductions of all three groups of indicator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - M K Youssef
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1; Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - X Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
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Trends in the microbial contamination of bovine, ovine and swine carcasses in three small-scale abattoirs in central Italy: A four-year monitoring. Meat Sci 2016; 111:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Yang X, Tran F, Youssef MK, Gill CO. Determination of Sources of Escherichia coli on Beef by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1296-302. [PMID: 26197280 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The possible origin of Escherichia coli found on cuts and trimmings in the breaking facility of a beef packing plant was examined using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Coliforms and E. coli were enumerated in samples obtained from 160 carcasses that would enter the breaking facility when work commenced and after each of the three production breaks throughout the day, from the conveyor belt before work and after each break, and from cuts and trimmings when work commenced and after each break. Most samples yielded no E. coli, irrespective of the surface types. E. coli was recovered from 7 (<5%) carcasses, at numbers mostly ≤1.0 log CFU/160,000 cm(2). The log total numbers of E. coli recovered from the conveyor belt, cuts, and trimmings were mostly between 1 and 2 log CFU/80,000 cm(2). A total of 554 E. coli isolates were recovered. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of 327 selected isolates identified 80 distinct genotypes, with 37 (46%) each containing one isolate. However, 28% of the isolates were of genotypes that were recovered from more than one sampling day. Of the 80 genotypes, 65 and 2% were found in one or all four sampling periods throughout the day. However, they represented 23 and 14% of the isolates, respectively. Of the genotypes identified for each surface type, at least one contained ≥9 isolates. No unique genotypes were associated with carcasses, but 10, 17, and 19 were uniquely associated with cuts, trimmings, and the belt, respectively. Of the isolates recovered from cuts, 49, 3, and 19% were of genotypes that were found among isolates recovered from the belt, carcasses, or both the belt and carcasses, respectively. A similar composition was found for isolates recovered from trimmings. These findings show that the E. coli found on cuts and trimmings at this beef packing plant mainly originated from the conveyor belt and that small number of E. coli strains survived the daily cleaning and sanitation process, thus persisting in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
| | - Frances Tran
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Mohamed K Youssef
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Colin O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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33
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Zweifel C, Althaus D, Stephan R. Effects of slaughter operations on the microbiological contamination of broiler carcasses in three abattoirs. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Yang X, Badoni M, Tran F, Gill CO. Microbiological effects of a routine treatment for decontaminating hide-on carcasses at a large beef packing plant. J Food Prot 2015; 78:256-63. [PMID: 25710139 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the microbiological effects of a hide-on carcass decontaminating treatment recently implemented at a beef packing plant, carcasses undergoing routine processing at the plant were sampled during successive periods in January/February, April/May, and September/October. During each period, samples were collected from carcasses before and after the decontamination of hide-on carcasses, after skinning, before decontamination of the skinned carcasses, and at the end of the carcass dressing process. At each stage of processing during each period, samples were obtained by swabbing an area of 1,000 cm(2) on each of 25 carcasses. Aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated. In most samples, coliforms were predominantly E. coli. In all three periods, the log mean numbers of aerobes and E. coli recovered from hides before decontamination were between 6.6 and 6.8 and between 5.3 and 5.9 log CFU/1,000 cm(2), respectively. The log mean numbers of aerobes recovered from decontaminated hides were 6.6 log CFU/1,000 cm(2) in January/February and April/May but 5.4 log CFU/1,000 cm(2) in September/October. The log total numbers of E. coli recovered from decontaminated hides in January/February and April/May were 2.4 and 3.8 log CFU/25,000 cm(2), respectively, but no E. coli was recovered from such carcasses in September/October. Log total numbers of aerobes and E. coli recovered from skinned or dressed carcasses were mostly >4 and between 1 and 2 log CFU/25,000 cm(2), respectively. Typing of 480 E. coli isolates by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) identified 218 MLVA types. Most isolates recovered from carcasses in different periods or at different stages of processing were of different MLVA types. However, small numbers of MLVA types were recovered in more than one period or from both hides before and after decontamination and skinned or dressed carcasses. The findings show that the hide-decontaminating treatment disrupted the usual transfer of E. coli from hides to meat surfaces during carcass skinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
| | - Madhu Badoni
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Frances Tran
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Colin O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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35
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Microbiological contamination of cattle carcasses at different stages of slaughter in two abattoirs. Meat Sci 2014; 98:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Milios KT, Drosinos EH, Zoiopoulos PE. Food Safety Management System validation and verification in meat industry: Carcass sampling methods for microbiological hygiene criteria – A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Microbial assessment of an upward and downward dehiding technique in a commercial beef processing plant. Meat Sci 2014; 97:486-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Ma F, Yao J, Xie T, Liu C, Chen W, Chen C, Zheng L. Multispectral imaging for rapid and non-destructive determination of aerobic plate count (APC) in cooked pork sausages. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Masanganise KE, Matope G, Pfukenyi DM. A survey on auditing, quality assurance systems and legal frameworks in five selected slaughterhouses in Bulawayo, south-western Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2014; 80:575. [PMID: 24396908 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the audits, quality assurance (QA) programmes and legal frameworks used in selected abattoirs in Zimbabwe and slaughterhouse workers' perceptions on their effectiveness. Data on slaughterhouse workers was gathered through a self-completed questionnaire and additional information was obtained from slaughterhouse and government records. External auditing was conducted mainly by the Department of Veterinary Public Health with little contribution from third parties. Internal auditing was restricted to export abattoirs. The checklist used on auditing lacked objective assessment criteria and respondents cited several faults in the current audit system. Most respondents (> 50.0%) knew the purposes and benefits of audit and QA inspections. All export abattoirs had QA programmes such as hazard analysis critical control point and ISO 9001 (a standard used to certify businesses' quality management systems) but their implementation varied from minimal to nil. The main regulatory defect observed was lack of requirements for a QA programme. Audit and quality assurance communications to the selected abattoirs revealed a variety of non-compliances with most respondents revealing that corrective actions to audit (84.3%) and quality assurance (92.3%) shortfalls were not done. A high percentage of respondents indicated that training on quality (76.8%) and regulations (69.8%) was critical. Thus, it is imperative that these abattoirs develop a food safety management system comprising of QA programmes, a microbial assessment scheme, regulatory compliance, standard operating procedures, internal and external auditing and training of workers.
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40
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van der Merwe M, Jooste PJ, Hoffman LC, Calitz FJ. Two sampling techniques for game meat. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2013; 84:E1-6. [PMID: 23718896 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to compare the excision sampling technique used by the export market and the sampling technique preferred by European countries, namely the biotrace cattle and swine test. The measuring unit for the excision sampling was grams (g) and square centimetres (cm2) for the swabbing technique. The two techniques were compared after a pilot test was conducted on spiked approved beef carcasses (n = 12) that statistically proved the two measuring units correlated. The two sampling techniques were conducted on the same game carcasses (n = 13) and analyses performed for aerobic plate count (APC), Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, for both techniques. A more representative result was obtained by swabbing and no damage was caused to the carcass. Conversely, the excision technique yielded fewer organisms and caused minor damage to the carcass. The recovery ratio from the sampling technique improved 5.4 times for APC, 108.0 times for E. coli and 3.4 times for S. aureus over the results obtained from the excision technique. It was concluded that the sampling methods of excision and swabbing can be used to obtain bacterial profiles from both export and local carcasses and could be used to indicate whether game carcasses intended for the local market are possibly on par with game carcasses intended for the export market and therefore safe for human consumption.
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41
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Van der Merwe M, Hoffman LC, Jooste PJ, Calitz FJ. The hygiene practices of three systems of game meat production in South Africa in terms of animal class and health compliance. Meat Sci 2013; 94:145-52. [PMID: 23416626 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three game meat production systems used on game ranches in South Africa are reported on. System one is applied in the game export market and conforms to the hygiene requirements of the European Union (EU). System two and three entail game meat available on the local market not subjected to any regulation. System 2 however, implemented basic meat hygiene values. Measurements of pH, temperature, Aerobic Plate Count (APC), E. coli, Salmonella and S. aureus were subjected to a 3×2 factorial analysis of variance with factors that involve 3 system compliances in 2 classes of game animals in a completely randomised design. The measured bacteriological and quality differences between the three systems do not justify EU standards application on the local market but results indicated a significant compliance×class interaction.
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42
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Magwedere K, Shilangale R, Mbulu RS, Hemberger Y, Hoffman LC, Dziva F. Microbiological quality and potential public health risks of export meat from springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) in Namibia. Meat Sci 2012; 93:73-8. [PMID: 22944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the microbiological quality and safety of export game meat; i) a total of 80 pooled meat samples for aerobic plate count (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae ii) water used in harvesting and processing for microbiological quality and iii) meat and rectal contents for Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin Escherichia coli (STEC) were evaluated in 2009 and 2010. No differences (p>0.05) in the APCs were observed between the years, but the mean Enterobacteriaceae count for 2009 was 1.33 ± 0.69 log(10)cfu/cm(2) compared to 2.93 ± 1.50 log(10)cfu/cm(2) for 2010. Insignificant Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) levels were detected in 9/23 field water samples, while fecal bacterial (coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and enterococci) were absent in all samples. No Salmonella spp. was isolated and all E. coli isolates from meat were negative for STEC virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA), suggesting a negligible role by springbok in the epidemiology of STEC and Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Magwedere
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Maitland 7602, South Africa.
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43
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Effects of spray volume, type of surface tissue and inoculum level on the survival of Escherichia coli on beef sprayed with 5% lactic acid. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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ZHANG QIUQIN, YE KEPING, XU XINGLIAN, ZHOU GUANGHONG, CAO JINXUAN. COMPARISON OF EXCISION, SWABBING AND RINSING SAMPLING METHODS TO DETERMINE THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF BROILER CARCASSES. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) and other pathogenic bacteria in seeds and sprouted seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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46
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A concurrent diagnosis of microbiological food safety output and food safety management system performance: Cases from meat processing industries. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Binter C, Straver JM, Häggblom P, Bruggeman G, Lindqvist PA, Zentek J, Andersson MG. Transmission and control of Salmonella in the pig feed chain: A conceptual model. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 145 Suppl 1:S7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Schmidt JW, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Inoculation of beef with low concentrations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and examination of factors that interfere with its detection by culture isolation and rapid methods. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2180-8. [PMID: 21219734 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently used industry testing programs require the ability to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in samples of beef trim or ground beef at levels as low as 1 CFU/375 g. We present a reliable protocol for generating a control inoculum for verification testing at this low concentration and evaluate its use. Results show that half of all samples received no cells when 1 CFU was the target concentration and that targets greater than 3 CFU were much more reliable. Detection by culture isolation and two commercial assays, Qualicon BAX-MP and BioControl GDS, detected 94% ± 11%, 92% ± 10%, and 92% ± 7% of samples inoculated with 5.4 CFU (range 1 to 9 CFU), respectively. We also examined the effect of background aerobic plate count (APC) bacteria and fat content effects on the detection of E. coli O157:H7. At APC concentrations below 6 log CFU/g, the rapid methods detected all beef trim samples inoculated with 26 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per 65 g. At an APC of 6.7 log CFU/g, culture, BAX-MP, and GDS detected 100, 75, and 13%, respectively, of inoculated samples. Neither commercial method detected E. coli O157:H7 in the samples when APC was 7.7 log CFU/g, whereas culture was able to detect 63% of E. coli O157:H7 in the samples when APC was at this concentration. Increased fat content correlated with decreasing recovery of immunomagnetic separation beads, but this was not observed to interfere with detection of E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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49
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Gill CO, Badoni M. Effects of experience with swabbing procedures on the numbers of bacteria recovered from carcasses by swabbing with sponges. J Food Prot 2010; 73:747-51. [PMID: 20377966 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Each carcass in groups of 25 pig, cattle, or bison carcasses was sampled by five people: two or three people experienced with carcass sampling and two or three without previous experience. Each person sampled a different randomly selected site on a dressed carcass side by swabbing an undelimited area of approximately 100 cm(2) with a moistened synthetic sponge. The numbers of aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli recovered from each sample were determined. The mean log and log mean values were calculated for each set of 25 counts for each group of bacteria from pig carcasses and each set of 25 aerobic counts from cattle and bison carcasses from the samples obtained by each person. Values for the log of the total number recovered were calculated for all the sets of counts from samples obtained by each person. Most of the corresponding statistics for each set of counts of the same type for samples obtained by five people from the same group of carcasses differed by less than 0.5 log unit. These findings indicate that the numbers of bacteria recovered from carcasses by swabbing with sponges are unlikely to differ substantially as a result of samples being collected by different people using the same procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
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50
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Barbut S, Moza L, Nattress F, Dilts B, Gill C. The microbiological conditions of air- or water-chilled carcasses produced at the same poultry packing plant. J APPL POULTRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2008-00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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