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Ben Akacha R, Gdoura-Ben Amor M, Sellami H, Grosset N, Jan S, Gautier M, Gdoura R. Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria Isolated from the Dairy Farm Environment and Raw Milk in Tunisia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502798 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are well-known opportunistic foodborne pathogens. In this study, the prevalence, hemolytic activity, antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence factor genes, genetic diversity by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping, and adhesion potential were investigated in isolates from a Tunisian dairy farm environment and raw milk. A total of 200 samples, including bedding, feces, feed, liquid manure, and raw bovine milk, were examined. Based on PCR test targeting sspE gene, 59 isolates were detected. The prevalence of B. cereus group isolates in bedding, feces, liquid manure, feed, and raw milk was 48%, 37.8%, 20%, 17.1%, and 12.5%, respectively. Out of the tested strains, 81.4% showed β-hemolytic on blood agar plates. An antimicrobial resistance test against 11 antibiotics showed that more than 50% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and novobiocin, while a high sensitivity to other antibiotics tested was observed in most isolates. The distribution of enterotoxigenic genes showed that 8.5% and 67.8% of isolates carried hblABCD and nheABC, respectively. In addition, the detection rate of cytotoxin K (cytk), enterotoxin T (bceT), and ces genes was 72.9%, 64.4%, and 5.1%, respectively. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting genotype analysis allowed discriminating 40 different profiles. The adhesion potential of B. cereus group on stainless steel showed that all isolates were able to adhere at various levels, from 1.5 ± 0.3 to 5.1 ± 0.1 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/cm2 for vegetative cells and from 2.6 ± 0.4 to 5.7 ± 0.3 log CFU/cm2 for spores. An important finding of the study is useful for updating the knowledge of the contamination status of B. cereus group in Tunisia, at the dairy farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Ben Akacha
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Maroua Gdoura-Ben Amor
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Hanen Sellami
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects, Water Research and Technologies Center (CERTE), Borj-Cedria Technopark, University of Carthage, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Noël Grosset
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Jan
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Gautier
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Didouh N, Khadidja M, Campos C, Sampaio-Maia B, Boumediene MB, Araujo R. Assessment of biofilm, enzyme production and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria from milk pre- and post-pasteurization pipelines in Algeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110389. [PMID: 37708608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is a major concern of dairy industry due to its association with milk contamination and its derived products. Algerian pasteurized milk shelf-life does not exceed one day, which may reflect the high level of contamination of this product and presence of extracellular enzymes such as lipases and proteases. This work aimed to investigate the microbial biodiversity in milk-processing surfaces of a dairy plant in Algeria. Therefore, stainless steel cylinders were placed in piping system of the dairy system before and after pasteurization of the milk, being removed after 7 days, for biofilm maturation and microorganism isolation and identification by mass spectrometry. Fifty-nine Gram-positive isolates were identified, namely Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus weithenstephanensis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In addition, twenty-four Gram-negative isolates were identified, namely Acinetobacter schindleri Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Raoultella ornithinolytica. Bacterial isolates showed ability for production of extracellular enzymes, being 49 % capable of both proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Milk isolates were tested for the ability to form biofilms on stainless steel. The cell numbers recovered on plate count agar plates from stainless steel biofilms ranged from 3.52 to 6.92 log10 CFU/cm2, being the maximum number detected for Enterococcus casseliflavus. Bacterial isolates showed intermediate and/or resistant profiles to multiple antibiotics. Resistance to amoxicillin, cefoxitin and/or erythromycin was commonly found among the bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Didouh
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Medjahdi Khadidja
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Université Hassiba Benbouali Chlef, Algeria
| | - Carla Campos
- Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO) do Porto Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Moussa Boudjemaa Boumediene
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products and Production Plants. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172572. [PMID: 36076758 PMCID: PMC9455733 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of dairy products. As the microorganism is widespread in the environment, it can contaminate milk at the time of milking, but it can also reach the dairy products in each phase of production, storage and ripening. Milk pasteurization treatment is not effective in reducing contamination and can instead act as an activator of spore germination, and a potential associated risk still exists with the consumption of some processed foods. Prevalences and concentrations of B. cereus in milk and dairy products are extremely variable worldwide: in pasteurized milk, prevalences from 2% to 65.3% were reported, with concentrations of up to 3 × 105 cfu/g, whereas prevalences in cheeses ranged from 0 to 95%, with concentrations of up to 4.2 × 106 cfu/g. Bacillus cereus is also well known to produce biofilms, a serious concern for the dairy industry, with up to 90% of spores that are resistant to cleaning and are easily transferred. As the contamination of raw materials is not completely avoidable, and the application of decontamination treatments is only possible for some ingredients and is limited by both commercial and regulatory reasons, it is clear that the correct application of hygienic procedures is extremely important in order to avoid and manage the circulation of B. cereus along the dairy supply chain. Future developments in interventions must consider the synergic application of different mild technologies to prevent biofilm formation and to remove or inactivate the microorganism on the equipment.
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Lin Y, Briandet R, Kovács ÁT. Bacillus cereus sensu lato biofilm formation and its ecological importance. Biofilm 2022; 4:100070. [PMID: 35243332 PMCID: PMC8861577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a ubiquitous process of bacterial communities that enables them to survive and persist in various environmental niches. The Bacillus cereus group includes phenotypically diversified species that are widely distributed in the environment. Often, B. cereus is considered a soil inhabitant, but it is also commonly isolated from plant roots, nematodes, and food products. Biofilms differ in their architecture and developmental processes, reflecting adaptations to specific niches. Importantly, some B. cereus strains are foodborne pathogens responsible for two types of gastrointestinal diseases, diarrhea and emesis, caused by distinct toxins. Thus, the persistency of biofilms is of particular concern for the food industry, and understanding the underlying mechanisms of biofilm formation contributes to cleaning procedures. This review focuses on the genetic background underpinning the regulation of biofilm development, as well as the matrix components associated with biofilms. We also reflect on the correlation between biofilm formation and the development of highly resistant spores. Finally, advances in our understanding of the ecological importance and evolution of biofilm formation in the B. cereus group are discussed.
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile and Whole-Genome Analysis of a Strong Biofilm-Forming Bacillus Sp. B87 Strain Isolated from Food. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020252. [PMID: 35208707 PMCID: PMC8876208 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are considered to be foodborne pathogens commonly associated with diarrheal and emetic gastrointestinal syndromes. Biofilm formation is a major virulence determinant of various pathogenic bacteria, including the B. cereus strains, since it can protect the bacteria against antimicrobial agents and the host immune response. Moreover, a biofilm allows the exchange of genetic material, such as antimicrobial resistance genes, among the different bacterial strains inside the matrix. The aim of the current study was to genotypically and phenotypically characterize Bacillus sp. B87, a strain that was isolated from food and which exhibited strong biofilm-forming capacity. Based on the analysis of the phylogenetic relationship, the isolate was phylogenetically mapped close to Bacillus pacificus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the isolate was resistant to tetracycline and β-lactam antimicrobial agents, which corresponded with the genotypic characterization using the whole-genome analysis. The genome of Bacillus sp. B87 carried the three-component non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), which is a type of enterotoxin that causes diarrheal symptoms. In addition, the genome also contained several genes that participate in biofilm formation, including the pelDEADAFG operon. These findings expand our understanding of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Bacillus species based on the link between genotypic and phenotypic characterization.
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Bag S, Hasan MI, Halder D, Ghosh A. Biosorption of organic dye Acridine orange from aqueous solution using dry biomass of Bacillus cereus M 116. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3811-3823. [PMID: 33999215 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acridine orange (AO), a basic carcinogenic fluorochrome dye, is used in the industry for staining. In this study, Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus cereus M116 (MTCC 5521) dry biomass was tested as an eco-friendly, easily available, and cheap biosorbent for the AO dye removal. We obtained optimum biosorption of AO at a biomass concentration of 0.25 g/L and initial dye concentrations of 50-400 mg/L at neutral to basic pH within the 300 min contact time. Kinetics analysis of the biosorption process was best fitted with the pseudo-second-order reaction type. We also performed the isotherm analysis to predict the nature of the reaction taking place, which was found to follow the Redlich Peterson isotherm model with high determination coefficients. The maximum sorption capacity was 210.46 mg/g of dry biomass. The differential FTIR spectroscopic analysis of pristine and AO-treated Bacillus cereus M116 cells suggested the potential involvement of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and amine groups in the biosorption process. Also, the scanning electron microscopy of the cells after AO removal confirmed a gross surface alteration compared to the untreated cells. Furthermore, Response Surface Model (RSM) analysis with the three-way ANOVA test confirms statistically significant interactions between the dye concentration, pH, and temperature with the biosorption capacity (p < 0.001). Hence, the dry biomass of Bacillus cereus M116 was found to be an effective bio-remedial for the AO removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Bag
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engg, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Md Imran Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Dipankar Halder
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engg, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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Alves de Aguiar Bernardo Y, Kaic AlvesdDo Rosario D, Adam Conte-Junior C. Ultrasound on Milk Decontamination: Potential and Limitations Against Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1906696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago Alves de Aguiar Bernardo
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denes Kaic AlvesdDo Rosario
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rohith HS, Halami PM. In vitro validation studies for adhesion factor and adhesion efficiency of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514 and Bifidobacterium breve NCIM 5671 on HT-29 cell lines. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2989-2998. [PMID: 33772601 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacterial adhesion to the epithelial cell is a composite process and in vivo adhesion studies can be strengthened with the improved in vitro models for preliminary screening of potentially adherent strains. With this rationale, the study aimed is the first report to demonstrate the colonizing efficiency of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514 in comparison to Bifidobacterium breve NCIM 5671on HT-29 cell line. B. licheniformis (54.28 ± 0.99%) and Bif. breve (70.23 ± 0.85%) adhered in a higher percentage on fibronectin and mucin, respectively. However, the adhesion was higher for B. licheniformis when compared to Bif. breve. In adhesion score, B. licheniformis obtained about 138.85 ± 12.32, whereas Bif. breve got the score of 43.05 ± 9.12. The same trend continued in the adhesion percentage study, where B. licheniformis adhered 75.5 ± 5.2%, higher than Bif. breve which adhered 32.66 ± 3.2%. In invasion assay, both the bacteria significantly decreased the colonization of the pathogen Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341 about 97.32 ± 0.81% in the competitive assay, 97.87 ± 0.73% in exclusion assay and 82.19 ± 2.51% in displacement assay. The cytotoxicity effects of the test bacterial strains against HT-29 cell line through MTT assay determined no viability loss in the treated cells. Therefore, the data obtained from the in vitro studies showed that both B. licheniformis and Bif. breve had shown significantly good invasion on pathogen and adhesion capacity on HT-29 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Rohith
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Motiram Halami
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India.
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10
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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Kakagianni M, Chatzitzika C, Koutsoumanis KP, Valdramidis VP. The impact of high power ultrasound for controlling spoilage by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris: A population and a single spore assessment. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fan L, Hou F, Muhammad AI, Ruiling L, Watharkar RB, Guo M, Ding T, Liu D. Synergistic inactivation and mechanism of thermal and ultrasound treatments against Bacillus subtilis spores. Food Res Int 2019; 116:1094-1102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Alzubeidi YS, Udompijitkul P, Talukdar PK, Sarker MR. Inactivation of Clostridium perfringens spores adhered onto stainless steel surface by agents used in a clean-in-place procedure. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 277:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jindal S, Anand S. Comparison of adhesion characteristics of common dairy sporeformers and their spores on unmodified and modified stainless steel contact surfaces. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5799-5808. [PMID: 29605327 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and their spores to the surfaces of dairy processing equipment leads to biofilm formation. Although sporeformers may differ in the degree of attachment, various surface modifications are being studied in order to develop a surface that is least vulnerable to attachment. This study was conducted to compare the extent of adhesion of spores and vegetative cells of the thermotolerant sporeformer Bacillus licheniformis and the high-heat-resistant sporeformers Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus sporothermodurans on both native and modified stainless steel surfaces. We studied the effect of contact surface and cell surface properties (including surface energy, surface hydrophobicity, cell surface hydrophobicity, and zeta potential) on the adhesion tendency of both types of sporeformers and their spores. Attachment to native and modified (Ni-P-polytetrafluoroethylene, Ni-P-PTFE) stainless steel surfaces was determined by allowing interaction between the respective contact surface and vegetative cells or spores for 1 h at ambient temperature. The hydrophobicity of vegetative cells and spores of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was determined using the hexadecane assay, and zeta potential was determined using the Zeta sizer Nano series instrument (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). The results indicated a higher adhesion tendency of spores over vegetative cells for both thermotolerant and high-heat-resistant sporeformers. On comparing the sporeformers, B. sporothermodurans demonstrated the highest adhesion tendency followed by G. stearothermophilus; B. licheniformis exhibited minimal attachment on both surfaces. The tendency to adhere varied with cell surface properties, decreasing with lower cell surface hydrophobicity and higher cell surface charge. On the other hand, modifying contact surface properties for higher surface hydrophobicity and lower surface energy decreased attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Jindal
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - Sanjeev Anand
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007.
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Fink R, Oder M, Stražar E, Filip S. Efficacy of cleaning methods for the removal of Bacillus cereus biofilm from polyurethane conveyor belts in bakeries. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Xu S, Yang N, Zheng S, Yan F, Jiang C, Yu Y, Guo J, Chai Y, Chen Y. The spo0A-sinI-sinR Regulatory Circuit Plays an Essential Role in Biofilm Formation, Nematicidal Activities, and Plant Protection in Bacillus cereus AR156. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:603-619. [PMID: 28430084 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0042-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere bacterium Bacillus cereus AR156 is capable of forming biofilms, killing nematodes, and protecting plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these processes are not well understood. In this study, we found that the isogenic mutants ΔBcspo0A and ΔBcsinI have significantly reduced colonization and nematicidal activity in vitro and biological control efficacy on the tomato plant under greenhouse conditions. We further investigated the role of the spo0A-sinI-sinR regulatory circuit in biofilm formation, killing against nematodes, and biological control in AR156. Results from mutagenesis of those regulatory genes in AR156 and their heterologous expression in B. subtilis suggested that the spo0A-sinI-sinR genetic circuit is not only essential for biofilm formation and cell differentiation in AR156 but also able to functionally replace their counterparts in B. subtilis in a nearly indistinguishable fashion. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling in the wild type and the ΔBcspo0A and ΔBcsinI mutants further revealed hundreds of differentially expressed genes, likely positively regulated by both Spo0A and SinI (via SinR) in AR156. Among them, 29 genes are predicted to be directly controlled by SinR, whose counterpart in B. subtilis is a biofilm master repressor. Collectively, our studies demonstrated the essential role of the spo0A-sinI-sinR regulatory circuit in biofilm formation, cell differentiation, and bacteria-host interactions in B. cereus AR156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunde Xu
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Yang
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiyu Zheng
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Yan
- 2 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, U.S.A.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunhao Jiang
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiyang Yu
- 2 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, U.S.A.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- 2 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yun Chen
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Kwon M, Hussain MS, Oh DH. Biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus under food-processing-related conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1103-1111. [PMID: 30263642 PMCID: PMC6049562 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to understand the biofilm formation abilities of eight Bacillus cereus strains under food-industry-related conditions. Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or brain heart infusion (BHI) at 30 °C for 24 or 48 h and quantified via the crystal violet assay. A significantly larger of biofilm was formed in TSB than in BHI after 48 h. Selected strains were used to test biofilm formation under food-related conditions produced by different surfaces (e.g., stainless steel, plastic, or glass), temperatures (25 or 30 °C), carbon sources, (glucose or glycerol) and NaCl. Biofilm formation appeared to be affected by surface properties, temperature, and carbon sources. A larger biofilm was formed on stainless steel at 30 °C compared to plastic and glass surfaces at 25 and 30 °C. Moreover, addition of glucose in combination with NaCl in TSB produced significantly larger biofilm than glucose, glycerol and/or NaCl. These results indicate that food-industry-related conditions could promote B. cereus biofilm formation, which is relevant to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyeong Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Korea
| | - Mohammad Shakhawat Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Korea
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18
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19
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Atmospheric pressure plasma jet inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on stainless steel surfaces. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Huang K, McLandsborough LA, Goddard JM. Adhesion and removal kinetics of Bacillus cereus biofilms on Ni-PTFE modified stainless steel. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:523-533. [PMID: 27020838 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1160284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm control remains a challenge to food safety. A well-studied non-fouling coating involves codeposition of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) during electroless plating. This coating has been reported to reduce foulant build-up during pasteurization, but opportunities remain in demonstrating its efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation. Herein, the initial adhesion, biofilm formation, and removal kinetics of Bacillus cereus on Ni-PTFE-modified stainless steel (SS) are characterized. Coatings lowered the surface energy of SS and reduced biofilm formation by > 2 log CFU cm(-2). Characterization of the kinetics of biofilm removal during cleaning demonstrated improved cleanability on the Ni-PTFE coated steel. There was no evidence of biofilm after cleaning by either solution on the Ni-PTFE coated steel, whereas more than 3 log and 1 log CFU cm(-2) of bacteria remained on the native steel after cleaning with water and an alkaline cleaner, respectively. This work demonstrates the potential application of Ni-PTFE non-fouling coatings on SS to improve food safety by reducing biofilm formation and improving the cleaning efficiency of food processing equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Huang
- a Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA , USA
| | | | - Julie M Goddard
- a Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA , USA
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21
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Ryang JH, Kim NH, Lee BS, Kim CT, Lee SH, Hwang IG, Rhee MS. Inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores in a tsuyu sauce using continuous ohmic heating with five sequential elbow-type electrodes. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:175-84. [PMID: 26497155 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The effect of ohmic heating (OH) in a pilot plant system which had a zig-zag shaped (elbow-type) ohmic heater with five sequential voltage electrodes was investigated on Bacillus cereus spores in a commercial tsuyu sauce. METHODS AND RESULTS The electrical field was fixed at 26·7 V cm(-1) with an alternating current frequency of 25 kHz. Raw tsuyu sauce (50 l) inoculated with B. cereus spores was submitted in a 4 × 3 factorial design to the OH system and heated at 95, 105, 115, and 125°C each for 30, 60, and 90 s. Survival of B. cereus spores and colour change in the commercial tsuyu sauce were both measured before and after treatment. As the treatment temperature and time increased, the number of surviving B. cereus spores decreased. The OH treatment in a bath-type process at 105°C for more than 30 s resulted in the total inactivation of the inoculated B. cereus spores (average 5·4 log reductions to undetectable levels after treatment). The OH protocol of heating at 105°C for 60 s which ensure complete eradication of the inoculated spores without compromising product quality was chosen and investigated for its suitability for commercial application on bulk quantities of samples (500 l). Reliable and reproducible reductions in B. cereus spore counts of 4·7-5·5 log CFU ml(-1) (mean ± standard deviation = 5·1 ± 0·3 CFU ml(-1) ) were achieved by the selected protocol of the continuous OH treatment (105°C for 60 s). CONCLUSION This study suggests that OH treatment with five sequential elbow-type electrodes has great potential as an industrial sterilizing method for liquid food contaminated with B. cereus spores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This procedure will enhance the microbiological quality of liquid foods while minimizing quality deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ryang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Food Safety Research Institute, NONGSHIM Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - N H Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - B S Lee
- Food Safety Research Institute, NONGSHIM Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - C T Kim
- Food Safety Research Institute, NONGSHIM Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Lee
- Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, North Chungcheong Province, Korea
| | - I G Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, North Chungcheong Province, Korea
| | - M S Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Tsilia V, Uyttendaele M, Kerckhof FM, Rajkovic A, Heyndrickx M, Van de Wiele T. Bacillus cereusAdhesion to Simulated Intestinal Mucus Is Determined by Its Growth on Mucin, Rather Than Intestinal Environmental Parameters. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:904-13. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Tsilia
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Venkatesan PN, Dharmalingam S. Effect of cation transport of SPEEK – Rutile TiO2 electrolyte on microbial fuel cell performance. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Berthold-Pluta A, Pluta A, Garbowska M. The effect of selected factors on the survival of Bacillus cereus in the human gastrointestinal tract. Microb Pathog 2015; 82:7-14. [PMID: 25794697 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive bacterium widely distributed in soil and vegetation. This bacterial species can also contaminate raw or processed foods. Pathogenic B. cereus strains can cause a range of infections in humans, as well as food poisoning of an emetic (intoxication) or diarrheal type (toxico-infection). Toxico-infections are due to the action of the Hbl toxin, Nhe toxin, and cytotoxin K produced by the microorganism in the gastrointestinal tract. This occurs once the spores or vegetative B. cereus cells survive the pH barrier of the stomach and reach the small intestine where they produce toxins in sufficient amounts. This article discusses the effect of various factors on the survival of B. cereus in the gastrointestinal tract, including low pH and the presence of digestive enzymes in the stomach, bile salts in the small intestine, and indigenous microflora in the lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Additional aspects also reported to affect B. cereus survival and virulence in the gastrointestinal tract include the interaction of the spores and vegetative cells with enterocytes. In vitro studies revealed that both vegetative B. cereus and spores can survive in the gastrointestinal tract suggesting that the biological form of the microorganism may have less influence on the occurrence of the symptoms of infection than was once believed. It is most likely the interaction between the pathogen and enterocytes that is necessary for the diarrheal form of B. cereus food poisoning to develop. The adhesion of B. cereus to the intestinal epithelium allows the bacterium to grow and produce enterotoxins in the proximity of the epithelium. Recent studies suggest that the human intestinal microbiota inhibits the growth of vegetative B. cereus cells considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berthold-Pluta
- Division of Milk Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C St, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Antoni Pluta
- Division of Milk Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C St, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Garbowska
- Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Inter-Department Problem Group for Dairy Industries, Rakowiecka St 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Thermosonication versus thermal processing of skim milk and beef slurry: Modeling the inactivation kinetics of psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus spores. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Pechook S, Sudakov K, Polishchuk I, Ostrov I, Zakin V, Pokroy B, Shemesh M. Bioinspired passive anti-biofouling surfaces preventing biofilm formation. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1371-1378. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our bioinspired, superhydrophobic surfaces show exceptional ability to passively inhibit the biofilm formation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria over a 7 day period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Pechook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology
- 32000 Haifa
- Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
| | - Kobi Sudakov
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)
- The Volcani Center
- 50250 Bet-Dagan
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology
- 32000 Haifa
- Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
| | - Ievgeniia Ostrov
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)
- The Volcani Center
- 50250 Bet-Dagan
| | - Varda Zakin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)
- The Volcani Center
- 50250 Bet-Dagan
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology
- 32000 Haifa
- Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)
- The Volcani Center
- 50250 Bet-Dagan
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27
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Characterization of the cell surface properties of drinking water pathogens by microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 118:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Hamadi F, Asserne F, Elabed S, Bensouda S, Mabrouki M, Latrache H. Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel treated with three types of milk. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Caballero Gómez N, Grande MJ, Pérez Pulido R, Abriouel H, Gálvez A. Effect of enterocin AS-48 singly or in combination with biocides on planktonic and sessile B. cereus. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Nafion coated stainless steel for anti-biofilm application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 111:252-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Adhesion of B. subtilis spores and vegetative cells onto stainless steel – DLVO theories and AFM spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 405:233-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Tarifa MC, Brugnoni LI, Lozano JE. Role of hydrophobicity in adhesion of wild yeast isolated from the ultrafiltration membranes of an apple juice processing plant. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:841-853. [PMID: 23837866 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.808628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of cell surface hydrophobicity in the adhesion to stainless steel (SS) of 11 wild yeast strains isolated from the ultrafiltration membranes of an apple juice processing plant was investigated. The isolated yeasts belonged to four species: Candida krusei (5 isolates), Candida tropicalis (2 isolates), Kluyveromyces marxianus (3 isolates) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (1 isolate). Surface hydrophobicity was measured by the microbial adhesion to solvents method. Yeast cells and surfaces were incubated in apple juice and temporal measurements of the numbers of adherent cells were made. Ten isolates showed moderate to high hydrophobicity and 1 strain was hydrophilic. The hydrophobicity expressed by the yeast surfaces correlated positively with the rate of adhesion of each strain. These results indicated that cell surface hydrophobicity governs the initial attachment of the studied yeast strains to SS surfaces common to apple juice processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara Tarifa
- Pilot Plant of Chemical Engineering (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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33
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Williams G, Linley E, Nicholas R, Baillie L. The role of the exosporium in the environmental distribution of anthrax. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 114:396-403. [PMID: 23039141 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the contribution of the exosporium, the outer layer of the Bacillus anthracis spore, to soil attachment. Persistence of spores in soil and their ability to infect animals has been linked to a range of factors which include the presence of organic material and calcium (OMC), pH > 6.0, temperatures above 15.5°C and cycles of local flooding which are thought to transport buried spores to the surface. METHODS AND RESULTS The ability of wild type (exosporium +ve) and sonicated (exosporium -ve) spores to bind to soils which differed in their composition was determined using a flow-through soil column-based method. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the binding of wild type spores was observed with spores adhering more firmly to the soil with the highest OMC content. We also found that the removal of the exosporium increased the ability of the spore to adhere to both soil types. CONCLUSION Structures within the exosporium affected the ability of B. anthracis spores to bind to different soil types. Not surprisingly, wild type spores adhered to soil which has been shown to favour the persistence of the pathogen. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The ability to persist in and colonise the soil surface is a key requirement of a pathogen which infects grazing animals. By characterising the process involved, we will be better placed to develop strategies to disrupt the infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Williams
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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34
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Survival and retention of the probiotic properties of Bacillus sp. strains under marine stress starvation conditions and their potential use as a probiotic in Artemia culture. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Pagedar A, Singh J. Influence of physiological cell stages on biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus of dairy origin. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Marchand S, De Block J, De Jonghe V, Coorevits A, Heyndrickx M, Herman L. Biofilm Formation in Milk Production and Processing Environments; Influence on Milk Quality and Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Mendes RA, Coelho AÍM, de Azeredo RMC. [Contamination by Bacillus cereus on equipment and utensil surfaces in a food and nutrition service unit]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2012; 16:3933-8. [PMID: 21987337 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011001000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The confirmation that Bacillus cereus is a microorganism that represents a special problem in food processing plants, such as university cafeterias, inspired this work, the scope of which was to evaluate the risks consumers are exposed to by identifying the contamination points from whence the microorganism can be transferred on to food. The presence of B. cereus was detected in 38.3% of the equipment and utensils studied. Counts of up to 5.7 x 10 ² CFU/cm² were found, with the highest values being found in samples from distribution sectors, indicating the importance of these areas as potential sources of microorganism transmission on to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Aparecida Mendes
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
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38
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Development of a predictive model for the reduction of Escherichia coli on the surface of materials as a function of concentration and treatment time with ethanol. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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39
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Rieder A, Ladnorg T, Wöll C, Obst U, Fischer R, Schwartz T. The impact of recombinant fusion-hydrophobin coated surfaces on E. coli and natural mixed culture biofilm formation. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:1073-1085. [PMID: 22047093 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.631168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of increased surface hydrophobicity on biofilms regarding retardation, repulsion, or attraction was studied with hydrophobin modified glass substrata. Recombinantly produced fungal hydrophobins forming self-assembled monolayers were used as the surface coating. The adsorption dynamics of hydrophobins were analysed with a quartz crystal microbalance which showed the surface coating to be rapid and stable. The change of surface wettability was determined by water contact angle measurements and demonstrated an increase in hydrophobicity in range of 60-62°. The homogeneity of the monolayers was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Atomic force microscopy was applied to visualise the uniform texture of the coated materials. The hydrophobin coatings had no impact on different biofilms in terms of spatial distribution, cell numbers, and population composition. In consequence, hydrophobicity might not represent an important parameter for biofilm formation. Nevertheless, recombinant hydrophobins are suitable for large scale surface modification and functionalization with bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Rieder
- Microbiology of Natural and Technical Interfaces Department, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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40
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Baek SB, Kim SW, Ha SD. Reduction of Escherichia coli on surfaces of utensils and development of a predictive model as a function of concentration and exposure time of chlorine. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 9:1-6. [PMID: 21861704 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-contamination to fruit and vegetables can readily occur through contaminated surfaces; thus, there is a need to develop methods to inactivate microorganisms on the surfaces of various materials. The aim of this study was to develop methods to reduce the levels of Escherichia coli on the surfaces of various materials and to develop a predictive model as a function of chlorine concentration and exposure time. The reduction of E. coli on the surfaces of stainless steel, plastic, wood, rubber, glass, and ceramic at various chlorine concentrations (0-200 ppm) after a 0-5-min exposure was evaluated. The surface treatment at the maximum chlorine concentration (200 ppm) over a 5-min exposure reduced the E. coli contamination levels to 5.30, 5.18, 3.34, 4.69, 5.05, and 5.53 log CFU/cm(2) on the surfaces of stainless steel, plastic, wood, rubber, glass, and ceramic, respectively. Using these results, predictive models for the reduction of E. coli on surfaces of various materials using chlorine treatment were developed. Each model was significant (p<0.05) and defined as fit by the lack of fit and probability of normal residuals. It has measured the R(2) value to 0.9746. Therefore, the models presented in this study could be used to determine the minimum concentrations of chlorine and exposure times needed to control E. coli on the surfaces of various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bum Baek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, South Korea
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41
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Nguyen VT, Turner MS, Dykes GA. Influence of cell surface hydrophobicity on attachment of Campylobacter to abiotic surfaces. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:942-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Levy C, Bornard I, Carlin F. Deposition of Bacillus subtilis spores using an airbrush-spray or spots to study surface decontamination by pulsed light. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 84:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Heyndrickx M. Dispersal of Aerobic Endospore-forming Bacteria from Soil and Agricultural Activities to Food and Feed. SOIL BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19577-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Salustiano V, Andrade N, Ribeiro Junior J, Fernandes P, Lopes J, Bernardes P, Portugal J. Controlling Bacillus cereus adherence to stainless steel with different cleaning and sanitizing procedures used in dairy plants. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus adherence to stainless steel used to milk contact surfaces was observed, depending on the cleaning and sanitizing procedures applied and the physicochemical properties of the surfaces. Numbers of surviving B. cereus after hygiene procedures were affected by temperature, the concentrations of both alkaline and acid washes, and the pH of the chlorine solution. The adhesion of B. cereus to the stainless steel was not thermodynamically favorable, and the adherence of this microorganism occurred in lower number, in accordance to the thermodynamic aspect of adhesion.
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Removability of bacterial spores made adherent to solid surfaces from suspension with and without drying. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Greenberg DL, Busch JD, Keim P, Wagner DM. Identifying experimental surrogates for Bacillus anthracis spores: a review. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2010; 1:4. [PMID: 21092338 PMCID: PMC2988482 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a proven biological weapon. In order to study this threat, a number of experimental surrogates have been used over the past 70 years. However, not all surrogates are appropriate for B. anthracis, especially when investigating transport, fate and survival. Although B. atrophaeus has been widely used as a B. anthracis surrogate, the two species do not always behave identically in transport and survival models. Therefore, we devised a scheme to identify a more appropriate surrogate for B. anthracis. Our selection criteria included risk of use (pathogenicity), phylogenetic relationship, morphology and comparative survivability when challenged with biocides. Although our knowledge of certain parameters remains incomplete, especially with regards to comparisons of spore longevity under natural conditions, we found that B. thuringiensis provided the best overall fit as a non-pathogenic surrogate for B. anthracis. Thus, we suggest focusing on this surrogate in future experiments of spore fate and transport modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Greenberg
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | - Joseph D Busch
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | | | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
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Palmer JS, Flint SH, Schmid J, Brooks JD. The role of surface charge and hydrophobicity in the attachment of Anoxybacillus flavithermus isolated from milk powder. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:1111-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jan S, Brunet N, Techer C, Le Maréchal C, Koné AZ, Grosset N, Cochet MF, Gillard A, Gautier M, Puterflam J, Baron F. Biodiversity of psychrotrophic bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group collected on farm and in egg product industry. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:261-5. [PMID: 21315982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was (i) to type, by genotypic and phenotypic methods, a collection of psychrotrophic bacteria belonging to the Bacillus cereus group collected in a farm and in 6 egg breaking industries during a period covering a warm and a cold season, and (ii) to characterize the egg product spoilage (growth in liquid whole egg) and the sanitary risk potential (cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells and adhesion on stainless steel) of each isolate of the collection. The investigation of specific psychrotrophic and mesophilic signatures together with the study of ability to grow at 6 °C and/or at 43 °C on optimal agar medium allowed highlighting twelve profiles, the major one corresponding to the species Bacillus weihenstephanensis (46.2% of the collection). The diversity of the profiles depended on the season and on the origin of the isolates. In terms of food spoilage, all the isolates were able to grow at the same level in liquid whole egg and in optimal medium, even at low temperature. Under the same conditions, the cytotoxic activity depended on the isolate, the medium and the temperature. At 10 °C, no isolate was cytotoxic at 10 °C in liquid whole egg and only one, belonging to the Bacillus weihenstephansensis species, in the optimal medium. All the isolates were able to adhere on stainless steel at various levels, from 2.6±0.2 log cfu/cm(2) to 4.9±0.1 log cfu/cm(2). A large majority (80.8%) was strongly adhering and could lead to the formation of biofilms in industrial equipments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jan
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Andrews JS, Rolfe SA, Huang WE, Scholes JD, Banwart SA. Biofilm formation in environmental bacteria is influenced by different macromolecules depending on genus and species. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2496-507. [PMID: 20406292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilms by diverse bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and groundwater on model substrata with different surface properties was assessed in a multifactorial screen. Diverse attachment phenotypes were observed as measured by crystal violet dye retention and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bulk measurements of cell hydrophobicity had little predictive ability in determining whether biofilms would develop on hydrophobic or hydrophilic substrata. Therefore selected pairs of bacteria from the genera Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas that exhibited different attachment phenotypes were examined in more detail using CLSM and the lipophilic dye, Nile Red. The association of Rhodococcus sp. cell membranes with lipids was shown to influence the attachment properties of these cells, but this approach was not informative for Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas sp. Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy of Rhodococcus biofilms confirmed the importance of lipids in their formation and indicated that in Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas biofilms, nucleic acids and proteins, respectively, were important in identifying the differences in attachment phenotypes of the selected strains. Treatment of biofilms with DNase I confirmed a determining role for nucleic acids as predicted for Pseudomonas. This work demonstrates that the attachment phenotypes of microbes from environmental samples to different substrata varies markedly, a diverse range of macromolecules may be involved and that these differ significantly between genera. A combination of CLSM and Raman spectroscopy distinguished between phenotypes and could be used to identify the key macromolecules involved in cell attachment to surfaces for the specific cases studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Andrews
- The Cell-Mineral Research Centre, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
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HASSAN G, AL-ASHMAWY M, MESHREF A, AFIFY S. STUDIES ON ENTEROTOXIGENIC BACILLUS CEREUSIN RAW MILK AND SOME DAIRY PRODUCTS. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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