Epstein-barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP1) induces specific NFkappaB complexes in human T-lymphoid cells

Involvement of human herpesvirus-6 variant B in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma via DR7 oncoprotein

PURPOSE

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is associated with the presence of EBV in Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in ∼40% of cases. Here, we studied the presence of human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) variant B in RS cells of HL patients and correlated results with clinical parameters. We then examined the implication of HHV-6 DR7B protein in cell deregulation.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

HHV-6 DR7B protein was produced in a Semliki Forest virus system. Polyclonal antibodies were then generated and used for immunochemical HHV-6 localization in HL biopsies. Binding between DR7B and p53 was studied using a double-hybrid system. Transactivation of NFκB was observed after transient transfection using reporter gene assays. We looked for Id2 factor expression after stable transfection of the BJAB cell line by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

HHV-6 was more common in nodular sclerosis subtype HL, and DR7B oncoprotein was detected in RS cells for 73.7% of EBV-negative patients. Colocalization of EBV and HHV-6 was observed in RS cells of doubly infected patients. DR7B protein bound to human p53 protein. p105-p50/p65 mRNA expression and activation of the NFκB complex were increased when DR7B was expressed. Stable expression of DR7B exhibited a strong and uniform expression of Id2. A slightly higher percentage of remission was observed in patients with RS cells testing positive for DR7B than in those testing negative.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these data provide evidence for the implication of a novel agent, HHV-6, in cases of nodular sclerosis HL.

Nuclear factor kappa B-dependent activation of the antiapoptotic bfl-1 gene by the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 and activated CD40 receptor

Suppression of the cellular apoptotic program by the oncogenic herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is central to both the establishment of latent infection and the development of EBV-associated malignancies. We have previously shown that expression of the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines leads to increased mRNA levels from the cellular antiapoptotic bfl-1 gene (also known as A1). Furthermore, ectopic expression of Bfl-1 in an EBV-positive cell line exhibiting a latency type 1 infection protects against apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation (B. N. D'Souza, M. Rowe, and D. Walls, J. Virol. 74:6652-6658, 2000). We now report that LMP1 drives bfl-1 promoter activity through interactions with components of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)/CD40 signaling pathway. We present evidence that this process is NF-kappa B dependent, involves the recruitment of TNFR-associated factor 2, and is mediated to a greater extent by the carboxyl-terminal activating region 2 (CTAR2) relative to the CTAR1 domain of LMP1. Activation of CD40 receptor also led to increased bfl-1 mRNA levels and an NF-kappa B-dependent increase in bfl-1 promoter activity in Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell lines. We have delineated a 95-bp region of the promoter that functions as an LMP1-dependent transcriptional enhancer in this cellular context. This sequence contains a novel NF-kappa B-like binding motif that is essential for transactivation of bfl-1 by LMP1, CD40, and the NF-kappa B subunit protein p65. These findings highlight the role of LMP1 as a mediator of EBV-host cell interactions and may indicate an important route by which it exerts its cellular growth transforming properties.

Transcriptional Activation of Gammaherpesviral Oncogene Promoters by the Hepatitis B Viral X Protein (HBx)

The latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), saimiri transformation protein (STP) of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), and K1 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are potent gammaherpesvirus oncogenes. To study the possible effects of double viral infection, we investigated the effects of oncogenic early proteins of DNA viruses E1A and E1B (adenovirus-5), E6 and E7 (human papillomavirus-16), HBx (hepatitis B virus), Tag (SV40), and gammaherpesviral oncogene during co-infection in human B-lymphoma (Ramos) and human T-cell leukemia (Jurkat) cell lines. HBx transactivated the promoters of LMP1, STP, and K1 the most, by about six-, three-, and twofold, respectively. Analyses of site-directed mutation and the heterologous promoter system showed that HBx activated the promoter activity of these genes via the NF-kappaB site. These results suggest that HBV (HBx) infection of cells previously infected by gammaherpesviruses transactivates their oncogenes, resulting in possible virus-related disease pathogenesis.