1
|
Bello-Rivero I, Garcia-Vega Y, Duncan-Roberts Y, Vazquez-Blomquistc D, Santana-Milian H, Besada-Perez V, Rios-Cabrera M. HeberFERON, a new formulation of IFNs with improved pharmacodynamics: Perspective for cancer treatment. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:27-33. [PMID: 30318081 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rational combination of recombinant IFN-α2b and IFN-γ resulted in a new formulation of interferons (HeberFERON) with improved pharmacodynamics. In basal cell carcinomas HeberFERON produces a more rapid antitumor effect and results in a larger number of complete responses. In patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the administration of HeberFERON after surgery and radiotherapy results in an estimated overall survival of 19 months. Patients with stage III or IV renal cell carcinoma also appear to benefit from the intravenous administration of HeberFERON, with prolongation of survival and good quality of live. HeberFERON offers a promising alternative formulation of interferons for the treatment of cancer with a very favorable safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iraldo Bello-Rivero
- Clinical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | | | | | | | - Hector Santana-Milian
- Formulation Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada-Perez
- Proteomic Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Argyropoulos CP, Chen SS, Ng YH, Roumelioti ME, Shaffi K, Singh PP, Tzamaloukas AH. Rediscovering Beta-2 Microglobulin As a Biomarker across the Spectrum of Kidney Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:73. [PMID: 28664159 PMCID: PMC5471312 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently an unmet need for better biomarkers across the spectrum of renal diseases. In this paper, we revisit the role of beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) as a biomarker in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Prior to reviewing the numerous clinical studies in the area, we describe the basic biology of β2M, focusing in particular on its role in maintaining the serum albumin levels and reclaiming the albumin in tubular fluid through the actions of the neonatal Fc receptor. Disorders of abnormal β2M function arise as a result of altered binding of β2M to its protein cofactors and the clinical manifestations are exemplified by rare human genetic conditions and mice knockouts. We highlight the utility of β2M as a predictor of renal function and clinical outcomes in recent large database studies against predictions made by recently developed whole body population kinetic models. Furthermore, we discuss recent animal data suggesting that contrary to textbook dogma urinary β2M may be a marker for glomerular rather than tubular pathology. We review the existing literature about β2M as a biomarker in patients receiving renal replacement therapy, with particular emphasis on large outcome trials. We note emerging proteomic data suggesting that β2M is a promising marker of chronic allograft nephropathy. Finally, we present data about the role of β2M as a biomarker in a number of non-renal diseases. The goal of this comprehensive review is to direct attention to the multifaceted role of β2M as a biomarker, and its exciting biology in order to propose the next steps required to bring this recently rediscovered biomarker into the twenty-first century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos P Argyropoulos
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Shan Shan Chen
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Maria-Eleni Roumelioti
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kamran Shaffi
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Pooja P Singh
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Antonios H Tzamaloukas
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sever L, Vo NTK, Lumsden J, Bols NC, Dixon B. Induction of rainbow trout MH class I and accessory proteins by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:154-62. [PMID: 24607971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility (MH) class I receptors are glycoproteins which play a critical role during responses to intracellular pathogens by presenting endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes (CD8+). To date, little is known about MH class I regulation at the protein level during viral infections in fish. In this study, we characterised the MH class I pathway response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and upon infection with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVa using the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage cell line RTS11. A 14-day challenge with VHSV IVa at 14°C demonstrated enhanced expression of the class I heavy chain, β2 microglobulin (β2M) and tapasin, while the expression of other accessory molecules ERp57 and calreticulin remained unchanged. However, when infection occurred at 2°C no change in expression levels of any of these molecules was observed. β2M accumulated in the media of RTS11 over time, however the β2M concentrations were 2 fold higher in cultures infected with VHSV 14 days post infection. Strikingly, when cells were maintained at 2°C the secretion of β2M was significantly reduced in both infected and non-infected cultures. These results indicate that VHSV infection alters the kinetics of β2M release as well as the expression of MH class I and suggests that cellular immunity against VHSV can be compromised at low temperatures which may increase host susceptibility to this virus during the winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lital Sever
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John Lumsden
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Libetta C, Sepe V, Dal Canton A. Bio-incompatibility and Th2 polarization during regular dialysis treatment. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:608-25. [PMID: 21073329 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.522282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term hemodialysis treatment results in chronic monocyte activation with cytokine release. It generates Treg induction with potential immune dysfunction and associated clinical complications. Recent immunological data and preliminary clinical evidence suggest that synthetic polymers and vitamin E coated membranes are associated with a significant improvement in hemodialysis tolerance when compared to cellulose membranes. The aim of this review is to update cytokine release, T-cell polarization, and its clinical impact in patients under extracorporeal hemodialysis comparing traditional cellulose to synthetic/vitamin E coated membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Libetta
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy, and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarantino G, Conca P, Tarantino M, Di Minno MND, Grimaldi E, Chianese D, Riccio A, Scopacasa F, Capone D. Does spleen volume play a role in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 22:1009-17. [PMID: 20074464 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As the lymphotropism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has already been ascertained, and in the light of the fact that the immune defense system is an organized network composed of functionally interrelated tissues, this study was carried out to verify the possible involvement of spleen in HCV-related chronic hepatitis. In this cross-sectional study we measured spleen longitudinal diameter by ultrasound, beta2-microglobulin serum levels and splenic artery resistivity index (SARI) by Doppler in 51 patients treated with standard combined (Peg-Interferon plus Ribavirin) antiviral therapy. Thirty-three patients (17 females) completed the regimen and were compared to 31 controls (16 females). The mean basal values of spleen longitudinal diameter were higher in patients with chronic hepatitis than in controls, i.e., 116 mm (9.4) versus 102.7 mm (9.3), P = 0.0001. In the same patients a significant trend towards increased spleen longitudinal diameter was found after antiviral therapy, independently of the stage of HCV-related chronic hepatitis. The median values of the beta2-microglobulin concentrations were not significantly higher in the patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis compared to controls, i.e., 1.3 (0.5-2.6) versus 1 (0.6-1.4), P = 0.16, although during the course of therapy they were significantly increased. SARI values of HCV-related chronic hepatitis patients were different from those of controls, but were unvaried compared to values at the end of treatment. Neither spleen measurements nor serum beta2-microglobulin levels were able to predict therapeutic response to antiviral therapy. A stimulation/expansion of lymphoid tissue was found in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. Such evidence raises the question whether physicians should continue to prescribe antiviral therapy in non-responders and supports the use of a new scheme (SLD plus beta2-MG) to diagnose this ongoing, apparently reversible, but nevertheless dangerous immunologic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Tarantino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Renal osteodystrophy is the major cause of skeletal morbidity in dialysis patients. It is characterized by beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M) amyloid deposition at the osteoarticular sites and a destructive arthropathy. beta(2)M is present on the surface of all nucleated cells as the small extracellular subunit of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule and actively participates in the immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that beta(2)M plays a key role in the development of renal osteodystrophy through a T cell-mediated inflammatory immune mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Balint
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Increased shedding of beta-2 microglobulin (B2m, 11.8 kDa), a component of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I), by tumor cells has significance with regard to escape from immune-surveillance, cellular proliferation, and tumor development and progression. Aberrant expression of MHC I is known to occur in prostate cancer (PCa) but not in benign prostatic hyperplasia. We have determined B2m released by PCa cells in culture and in the urine of 101 patients with advanced PCa by Western blotting and radioimmunoassay. B2m levels in the conditioned medium of human PCa cell lines and primary cultures derived from distant metastasis as well as in the urine of patients with bone and visceral metastasis were higher than normal and also higher than those from patients with local/regional extensions of the disease. In the group of patients with bone metastasis (66 patients), high urine B2m was associated with significantly shortened survival. In addition to the 11.8 kDa B2m, a high molecular weight B2m immunoreactivity of approximately 38 kDa was found in highly tumorigenic PC-3 cell line, but not in the relatively indolent DU-145 and LNCaP human PCa cell lines. The approximately 38 kDa B2m was found in the urine of several PCa patients but not of healthy controls examined by Western analysis. The conditioned medium of a prostatic small cell carcinoma cell line, NCI-H660, had high levels of chromogranin A and B2m, but prostate specific antigen was absent. In conclusion, increased B2m shedding was associated with distant metastasis of PCa and an abnormal B2m immunoreactivity was found in PCa.
Collapse
|
8
|
Vraetz T, Ittel TH, van Mackelenbergh MG, Heinrich PC, Sieberth HG, Graeve L. Regulation of beta2-microglobulin expression in different human cell lines by proinflammatory cytokines. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:2137-43. [PMID: 10489222 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/14.9.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proinflammatory monocytic cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of elevated beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) serum concentrations in patients undergoing haemodialysis with so-called bioincompatible dialyser membranes. However, neither the source of the elevated serum beta2M nor the precise role of monocytic cytokines in the expression of the beta2M gene have been elucidated conclusively. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether monocytic cytokines, and in particular IL-6, are regulators of beta2M gene expression in human hepatoma cells, T-lymphocytes and monocytes. METHODS HepG2 and HuH7 human hepatoma cells, Jurkat T-cells, monocytic MonoMac6 cells, primary human monocytes and synoviocytes were stimulated with IL-1beta, IL-6, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-gamma or conditioned media from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated monocytes. Expression of beta2M mRNA was analysed by Northern blotting, beta2M protein synthesis was determined by metabolic labelling and immunoprecipitation, and beta2M secretion was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In all cell types tested, IFN-gamma and, to a lesser extent, IFN-alpha stimulated gene expression of beta2M resulting in an increased synthesis and secretion of beta2M protein. Neither IL-1beta and IL-6 nor supernatants from LPS-treated monocytes were capable of inducing beta2M gene expression, with the exception of a small increase in HuH7 hepatoma cells upon IL-1beta treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that interferons are important regulators of beta2M expression. It also shows that proinflammatory monocytic cytokines do not modulate directly the expression of beta2M in cells of hepatic, monocytic and T-lymphocytic origin. Whether they influence beta2M synthesis and secretion indirectly by modulating interferon synthesis needs to be elucidated.
Collapse
|
9
|
Höbarth K, Hallas A, Steiner G, Gomahr A, Aulitzky W, Marberger M. Circulating immune markers in advanced renal cell carcinoma during immunotherapy with interferon gamma. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1996; 24:101-6. [PMID: 8740979 DOI: 10.1007/bf00431087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Circulating immune markers sICAM-1, sELAM-1, sMHC-I, beta 2-MG, sCD4 and sCD8 were evaluated prior to and during immunotherapy with biologically active doses of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in 16 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) over a period of 12 months. Compared to 20 healthy controls, significantly (P < 0.01) elevated baseline levels of circulating adhesion molecules sICAM-1 (mean 1166 vs 230 ng/ml) and sELAM-1 (70 vs 17 ng/ml) were found in all patients. Compared to responders (n = 2) or patients with stable disease (n = 2), progressive disease during therapy (n = 12) was associated with significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean concentrations of sICAM-1 (1574 vs 962 ng/ml) and sELAM-1 (86 vs 46 ng/ml). Pretherapeutic and intratherapeutic levels of sMHC-I among the RCC patients were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than among the controls (0.41 vs 0.8 ng/ml). sCD4 levels clearly showed the same tendency (24 vs 33 U/l). sCD8 baseline levels, by contrast, were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated (564 vs 336 U/l), reflecting either activation of the NK-cell subset or increased synthesis of CD8+ T-suppressor cells. Again, significantly (P < 0.05) higher intratherapeutic sCD8 concentrations were observable with progressive disease than with response to therapy or stable disease (721 vs 355 U/l). Interestingly, although the biologically active dose of IFN-gamma was defined by an increase in beta 2-MG release of at least 30% within 48 h after injection, none of the other markers showed any significant alteration following IFN-gamma administration, suggesting that IFN-gamma in vivo does not produce changes in circulating markers of activation that might be expected on the basis of its effects in vitro. The finding of significantly elevated concentrations of sICAM-1, sELAM-1 and sCD8 in the presence of low sCD4 and sMHC-I levels might be of clinical significance for indicating ongoing tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Höbarth
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) forms the small invariable light chain subunit of class I HLA antigens on the cell membrane of all nucleated cells. During the continuous turnover of the HLA molecules, B2M is shed from the cell membrane into blood. Lymphocytes are the main source of serum free B2M. Serum B2M concentration is increased in renal diseases, various malignant diseases and some inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In lymphatic malignancies serum B2M has significant prognostic value. Interferons (IFNs) have the ability to enhance the expression of class I and II histocompatibility antigens. Accordingly, IFNs cause a rise in formation and release of B2M. Currently, treatment with IFN alpha is used in diseases, like multiple myeloma, where serum B2M measurements are used to assess tumor burden. We have measured serum B2M levels during IFN alpha treatment in patients with both multiple myeloma and chronic myeloproliferative diseases, and IFN alpha caused a significant increase in serum B2M. It can be concluded that use of IFN alpha abolishes the value of serum B2M as an indicator of disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Remes
- Department of Medicine, Turku University of Central Hospital, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Libetta C, De Nicola L, Rampino T, De Simone W, Memoli B. Inflammatory effects of peritoneal dialysis: evidence of systemic monocyte activation. Kidney Int 1996; 49:506-11. [PMID: 8821837 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated in peritonitis-free patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) the release of both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2m) by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as the levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), that is, the main hepatic acute phase protein during inflammation. The same measurements were obtained in hemodialysis (HD) patients, uremic non-dialyzed patients (ESRD) and healthy controls (CON). In CAPD, IL-6 production from PBMC was markedly increased in comparison to the control value (600.7 +/- 104.3 vs. 14.2 +/- 3.6 pg/3 x 10(6) PBMC/24 hr, P < 0.005). Similarly, a striking enhancement of the PBMC release of beta 2m was detected in CAPD with respect to CON (10.1 +/- 2.6 vs. 0.063 +/- 0.013 micrograms/3 x 10(6) PBMC/24 hr, P < 0.001). Also, the SAA levels were significantly greater in CAPD patients (21.3 +/- 8.7 micrograms/dl) than in controls (3.14 +/- 0.17 micrograms/dl, P < 0.05). Analogous increases of both IL-6 and beta 2m cell releases, as well as of SAA levels, were observed in HD patients. No difference concerning the three parameters was detected between CON and ESRD. In conclusion, CAPD induces per se PBMC activation with an enhanced release of both IL-6 and beta 2m; this is associated to higher levels of SAA. These systemic inflammatory effects are comparable to those observed in HD patients indicating that CAPD is similar to HD in terms of biocompatibility of the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Libetta
- Department of Nephrology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Diez-Ruiz A, Norkrans G, Wejstal R, Weiland O, Tilz GP, Wachter H, Fuchs D. Activated Cellular Immunity in Chronic Hepatitis C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 1:75-8. [PMID: 27406302 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1996.11746288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of local immune mechanisms in the development of chronic hepatitis C and its relation with systemic immune disorders is becoming clear and suggests a more generalized involvement of the immune response in this disease. For this reason, we have investigated the serum concentrations of the soluble immune activation markers neopterin, β2-microglobulin and interferon-γ in 28 patients with hepatitis C virus related chronic active hepatitis (n=20) or chronic persistent hepatitis (n=8). Increased levels of neopterin, β2-microglobulin and interferon-γ were found in a subgroup of the patients. Serum β2-microglobulin and neopterin concentrations were strongly related. Patients with chronic active hepatitis had higher β2-microglobulin levels than those with chronic persistent hepatitis. There were no significant differences in neopterin and interferon-γ levels between chronic active hepatitis and chronic persistent hepatitis. A strong association was found between older age and higher β2-microglobulin levels. Because patients with chronic active hepatitis were older than patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, older age may have at least partly contributed to the difference in β2-microglobulin. Because of the known association between cell-mediated immune activation and the production of interferon-γ, neopterin and β32-microglobulin, our results imply that a Th1-type immune response is stimulated in chronic hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Diez-Ruiz
- a Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.,e Dr. Diez-Ruiz is supported by "Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias" , Ministry of Health , Spain
| | - G Norkrans
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Östra Hospital, University of Göteborg , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - R Wejstal
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Östra Hospital, University of Göteborg , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - O Weiland
- c Department of Infectious Diseases 173, Huddinge Hospital and Karolinska Institute , Huddinge, Sweden
| | - G P Tilz
- d Department of Internal Medicine , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - H Wachter
- a Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - D Fuchs
- a Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- S M Sprague
- Section of Nephrology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
beta 2 microglobulin is a potentially amyloidogenic low molecular weight protein. Increased serum levels are seen in renal diseases that decrease glomerular filtration and/or tubular reabsorption, dialysis patients, chronic inflammatory diseases, and certain malignancies. Various aspects of beta 2 microglobulin metabolism and its accumulation in the kidney are addressed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tilg H, Vogel W, Tratkiewicz J, Aulitzky WE, Herold M, Gruber M, Geissler D, Umlauft F, Judmaier G, Schwulera U. Pilot study of natural human interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. J Hepatol 1993; 19:259-67. [PMID: 8301059 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ten patients with chronic hepatitis B received increasing doses of nIL-2 (30,000 U, 100,000 U, 300,000 U, 1.0 million U) subcutaneously in a phase I trial. Each dose was applied once per week over 3 weeks. Serum samples were taken before and 2, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the first application of each dose level. Serum concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, interferon-alfa (IFN-alpha), IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and GM-CSF as well as the cytokine-dependent serum components neopterin, beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), C-reactive protein (CPR), soluble IL-2-receptor (sIL-2R) and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5 OA) were assayed using ELISAs and RIAs. None of the samples tested contained measurable cytokine levels other than IL-2. A low and non-toxic dose of 300,000 U nIL-2 was already biologically active with induction of neopterin, B2M and sIL-2R. Dose-dependent changes peaked 24-48 h after application. The same patients were then enrolled in a phase II trial. Treatment in five of the patients was continued twice per week for 3 months with a biologically active dose of 300,000 U nIL-2 subcutaneously. Two of these patients as well as another five patients from the original group were treated with 1.0 million U nIL-2 subcutaneously, twice weekly for 3 months. Neither a biologically active but non-toxic dose of 300,000 U nIL-2, nor a toxic dose of 1.0 million U resulted in permanent clearance of hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck University, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Remes K, Tienhaara A, Pelliniemi TT. Alpha interferon raises serum beta-2-microglobulin in patients treated for thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 1993; 84:353-5. [PMID: 8398845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Serum beta-2-microglobulin (b2m) levels were studied in 10 patients treated with alpha interferon (IFN) for thrombocythaemia associated with chronic myeloproliferative diseases. In eight patients the IFN treatment decreased the blood platelet level to < 600 x 10(9)/l. Serum b2m levels rose significantly and dose-dependently immediately after the onset of treatment, by a median maximal increase of 72% with IFN 3 MU every other day, and 95% with 3 MU daily. The b2m rise caused by IFN abolishes the value of serum b2m in states where b2m is used as an indicator of disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Remes
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsukada K, Katoh H, Suzuki T, Takenoshita S, Nagamachi Y. Correlations of peritoneal interleukin-6, serum beta-2 microglobulin and urinary beta-2 microglobulin after elective abdominal surgery. APMIS 1993; 101:409-12. [PMID: 8329203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1993.tb00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative peritoneal interleukin-6 (P-IL-6), serum beta-2 microglobulin (SBMG) and urinary beta-2 microglobulin (UBMG) concentrations were examined in 33 patients who underwent various types of abdominal surgery. Similar time-dependent changes in SBMG and UBMG were observed in five other patients who underwent abdominal surgery. SBMG decreased the first day after the operation (1POD), then increased and reached the preoperative level by the third day after the operation (3POD). UBMG started to increase 1POD, reached the maximum 3POD, then decreased. The 1POD SBMG concentration was significantly correlated with P-IL-6, and 3POD UBMG was also significantly correlated with P-IL-6. These findings indicate that serum and urinary beta-2 microglobulin concentrations are closely correlated with P-IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tsukada
- First Department of Surgery, Gunma University, School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koch
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wejstål R, Norkrans G, Weiland O, Schvarcz R, Fuchs D, Wachter H, Fryden A, Glaumann H. Lymphocyte subsets and beta 2-microglobulin expression in chronic hepatitis C/non-A, non-B. Effects of interferon-alpha treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:340-5. [PMID: 1544220 PMCID: PMC1554332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb02999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-three patients with chronic hepatitis C/non-A, non-B were included in a randomized controlled study of interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-alpha 2b) treatment, 3 x 10(6) U three times weekly for 36 weeks. Using an immunoperoxidase technique, frozen liver biopsy specimens were examined with MoAbs for the presence of T helper cells (CD4), T suppressor/cytotoxic cells (CD8), total T cells (CD2) and B cells (CD22) before and after treatment. beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) expression on hepatocytes was semiquantified using a scoring system on sections from paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. Serum levels of beta 2-MG were analysed with a radioimmunoassay technique. Intralobular T helper and T suppressor/cytotoxic cells declined significantly in the treated patients but not in the controls. The portal CD4/CD8 ratio did not change. Before treatment, serum beta 2-MG levels and hepatocyte beta 2-MG expression were significantly higher in patients with chronic active hepatitis compared to patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. Serum beta 2-MG levels increased significantly in responders during IFN treatment, with a maximum after 12 weeks. However, in the liver, the hepatocyte beta 2-MG expression was significantly decreased after treatment. Thus, IFN-alpha treatment does not seem to induce an increased HLA class I antigen hepatocyte expression in chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis, which favours the hypothesis that its anti-viral effects are more important in modulating the disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wejstål
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ostra Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tienhaara A, Remes K, Pelliniemi TT. Alpha interferon raises serum beta-2-microglobulin in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1991; 77:335-8. [PMID: 2012758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) levels were followed in eight patients with multiple myeloma who were treated with leucocyte alpha interferon (alpha IFN) 6 x 10(6) IU daily for 1-2 weeks before chemotherapy. Serial measurements of serum beta 2m were carried out regularly during the first week on alpha IFN. A rise in beta 2m was observed in all patients. with maximum increments ranging from 29% to 185% (mean 109%). The increase in beta 2m was most marked in patients with elevated pretreatment levels of serum beta 2m and creatinine. In six patients the peak value was reached between the third and the fifth day, after which the levels decreased. In two patients serum beta 2m remained elevated for 3 and 4 months, respectively. A marked increase in serum beta 2m can be induced by alpha IFN in myeloma, which should be taken into consideration when using beta 2m for the assessment of tumour response during alpha IFN therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tienhaara
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Turku University Central Hospital, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Giannella G, Pelosi-Testa E, Carlini P, Habetswallner D, Montesoro E, Camagna A, Calzini V, Ruggeri EM, Arena MG, Masciulli R. Fluctuations of plasma beta 2-microglobulin, soluble interleukin 2 receptor and interferon-gamma concentrations after adoptive immunotherapy with high-dose interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Immunobiology 1989; 178:305-15. [PMID: 2497064 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(89)80054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the serum levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL2R), beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in patients undergoing adoptive immunotherapy with rIL2 and lymphocyte-activated killer (LAK) cells. Our results indicate that rIL2 induced a marked increase of the serum concentration of these markers, although this increase varied considerably for different individuals. Parallel studies with the same patients also showed a marked rise in the number of IL2R+ lymphocytes: the IL2Rs expressed on these cells were mainly of the "low affinity" type. We suggest that evaluation of these markers may allow the monitoring of immune system activation induced by rIL2 in patients undergoing adoptive rIL2 and LAK cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Giannella
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aulitzky W, Gastl G, Aulitzky WE, Nachbaur K, Lanske B, Kemmler G, Flener R, Frick J, Huber C. Interferon-gamma for the treatment of metastatic renal cancer: dose-dependent stimulation and downregulation of beta-2 microglobulin and neopterin responses. Immunobiology 1987; 176:85-95. [PMID: 3129362 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(87)80102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering rIFN-gamma as a potent biological response modifier (BRM), we started an open phase II trial with rIFN-gamma in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). For optimization of the dose and schedule of rIFN-gamma, two biochemical serum markers, neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin, were chosen to monitor the biological response. In order to test the magnitude and kinetics of rIFN-gamma-induced neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin release in the serum, rIFN-gamma was administered thrice at three different dose levels in a randomly assigned order (0.01; 0.1; 0.5 mg). Neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin were assessed by means of commercially available radioimmunoassays. The results revealed: 1) strong, reproducible and dose-dependent increments of both markers after the first injection 2) downregulation of the magnitude of neopterin responses with repeated injections at each of the three dose levels tested, and 3) a dose-dependent downregulation of the magnitude of beta-2 microglobulin responses and of serum baseline values at the highest dose level tested. From these data, we conclude that both the dose and schedule might be of importance for optimization of biological responses to exogenously applied rIFN-gamma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Aulitzky
- Department of Urology, General Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|