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Rhew SY, Park SM, Li Q, An JH, Chae HK, Lee JH, Ahn JO, Song WJ, Youn HY. Efficacy and safety of allogenic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:592-600. [PMID: 33551441 PMCID: PMC8111340 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and
can control the immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction. Stem-cell
transplantation could thus manage insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in dogs. In
this pilot study, we aimed to assess canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs)
transplantation as a treatment for canine diabetes mellitus. This study included four dogs
with over a year of insulin treatment for IDDM, following diagnosis at the Veterinary
Medicine Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. Allogenic cAT-MSCs were infused
intravenously three or five times monthly to dogs with IDDM. Blood and urine samples were
obtained monthly. General clinical symptoms, including changes in body weight, vitality,
appetite, and water intake were assessed. Three of the four owners observed improvement of
vitality after stem cell treatment. Two of the four dogs showed improvement in appetite
and body weight, polyuria, and polydipsia. C-peptide has increased by about 5–15% in three
of the cases, and fructosamine and HbA1c levels have improved in two of the cases.
Hyperlipidemia was resolved in two of the dogs, and there was no concurrent bacterial
cystitis in any of the dogs. C-peptide secretion and lipid metabolism are associated with
diabetic complications. Improvement in these parameters following the treatment suggests
that cAT-MSC transplantation in dogs with IDDM might help to improve their insulin
secretory capacity and prevent diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Rhew
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, YanBian University, YanJi, JiLin, 133000, China
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Er Shen Wan extract alleviates polyuria and regulates AQP 2 and AVPR 2 in a rat model of spleen-kidney Yang deficiency-induced diarrhea. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:302-311. [PMID: 30522016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Er Shen Wan (ESW), has been empirically used for treating spleen-kidney Yang deficiency (SKYD) syndrome in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries and shows a variety of activities. The medicinal formula is a mixture of two component herbs, Psoraleae Fructus (PF, Bu-Gu-Zhi in Chinese) and Myristicae Semen (MS, Rou-Dou-Kou in Chinese). The current study was designed to evaluate ESWP antidiuretic treatment of polyuria and to explore potential mechanisms of renal water metabolism in the rat model of SKYD-induced diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS An animal model of 'SKYD-induced diarrhea syndrome' has been established to evaluate the therapeutic effect and action mechanism according to the clinical syndrome and symptoms. The optimal dose (3.5 g/kg) of ESWP was given to rats by gavage for two weeks. Urinary volumes after 24 h were recorded. After the end of the trial, macroscopic morphological and histological examination of the kidney were conducted. Serum levels of Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone (ALD) were also measured. Additionally, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed to clarify the regulation of aquaporin 2 (AQP 2) and arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor (AVPR 2) in the kidney at the gene and tissue expression levels respectively. RESULTS After the administration of ESWP, urinary output volume after 24 h was found to be significantly decreased in rats. Elevated plasma levels of AVP and ALD were detected. Histological kidney damage appeared to be impeded, and histological disease scores were reduced. In addition, the expression levels of AQP 2 and AVPR 2 were significantly increased. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ESWP may elicit significant effects on the treatment of polyuria. Potential mechanisms at least partially involve hormone regulation, and alleviating renal pathological damage. Simultaneously, ESWP may alter renal water absorption by increasing AQP 2 and AVPR 2 expression levels. Thus, the in vivo experimental evidence indicates that ESWP has a therapeutic effect on the SKYD syndrome, which is consistent with its traditional usage.
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Grahofer A, Wiedemar N, Gurtner C, Drögemüller C, Nathues H. Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus observed in Swiss Duroc boars. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:22. [PMID: 26832361 PMCID: PMC4734855 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disease in humans and animals, which is caused by the lack of production, malfunction or dysfunction of the distal nephron to the antidiuretic effect of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Diagnosis requires a thorough medical history, clinical examination and further laboratory confirmation. This case report describes the appearance of DI in five Duroc boars in Switzerland. CASE PRESENTATION Two purebred intact Duroc boars at the age of 8 months and 1.5 years, respectively, with a history of polyuric and polydipsic symptoms had been referred to the Swine Clinic in Berne. Based on the case history, the results of clinical examination and the analysis of blood and urine, a tentative diagnosis of DI was concluded. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed by findings from a modified water deprivation test, macroscopic examinations and histopathology. Following the diagnosis, three genes known to be involved in inherited DI in humans were analyzed in order to explore a possible genetic background of the affected boars. CONCLUSION The etiology of DI in pigs is supposed to be the same as in humans, although this disease has never been described in pigs before. Thus, although occurring only on rare occasions, DI should be considered as a differential diagnosis in pigs with polyuria and polydipsia. It seems that a modified water deprivation test may be a helpful tool for confirming a diagnosis in pigs. Since hereditary forms of DI have been described in humans, the occurrence of DI in pigs should be considered in breeding programs although we were not able to identify a disease associated mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grahofer
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Long CT, Williams M, Savage M, Fogle J, Meeker R, Hudson L. Probable primary polydipsia in a domestic shorthair cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915615370. [PMID: 28491395 PMCID: PMC5362011 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915615370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 10-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented with a 4 month history of polyuria and polydipsia. After a thorough diagnostic work-up the only abnormal findings were hyposthenuria and an elevated random plasma osmolality level. Trial therapy with the oral and ophthalmic forms of desmopressin failed to concentrate urine. A modified water deprivation test confirmed the ability to concentrate urine above a urine specific gravity (USG) of 1.035. After transitioning the cat to a higher sodium diet and instituting several enrichment changes to the cat’s environment, average water consumption and urine output levels decreased to almost normal levels and USG increased from 1.006 to 1.022. These findings provide strong evidence that primary polydipsia was the underlying etiology of the cat’s condition. Relevance and novel information This case report exemplifies the challenges faced when a cat presents for polyuria and polydipsia without an obvious cause identified on routine diagnostics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of primary polydipsia in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Tyler Long
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Morika Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mason Savage
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Fogle
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rick Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lola Hudson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Bonfrate L, Procino G, Wang DQH, Svelto M, Portincasa P. A novel therapeutic effect of statins on nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:265-82. [PMID: 25594563 PMCID: PMC4407600 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins competitively inhibit hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, resulting in reduced plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Recently, it has been shown that statins exert additional ‘pleiotropic’ effects by increasing expression levels of the membrane water channels aquaporin 2 (AQP2). AQP2 is localized mainly in the kidney and plays a critical role in determining cellular water content. This additional effect is independent of cholesterol homoeostasis, and depends on depletion of mevalonate-derived intermediates of sterol synthetic pathways, i.e. farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate. By up-regulating the expression levels of AQP2, statins increase water reabsorption by the kidney, thus opening up a new avenue in treating patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), a hereditary disease that yet lacks high-powered and limited side effects therapy. Aspects related to water balance determined by AQP2 in the kidney, as well as standard and novel therapeutic strategies of NDI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine, University Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Radin MJ, Yu MJ, Stoedkilde L, Miller RL, Hoffert JD, Frokiaer J, Pisitkun T, Knepper MA. Aquaporin-2 regulation in health and disease. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:455-70. [PMID: 23130944 PMCID: PMC3562700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-2 (AQP2), the vasopressin-regulated water channel of the renal collecting duct, is dysregulated in numerous disorders of water balance in people and animals, including those associated with polyuria (urinary tract obstruction, hypokalemia, inflammation, and lithium toxicity) and with dilutional hyponatremia (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis). Normal regulation of AQP2 by vasopressin involves 2 independent regulatory mechanisms: (1) short-term regulation of AQP2 trafficking to and from the apical plasma membrane, and (2) long-term regulation of the total abundance of the AQP2 protein in the cells. Most disorders of water balance are the result of dysregulation of processes that regulate the total abundance of AQP2 in collecting duct cells. In general, the level of AQP2 in a collecting duct cell is determined by a balance between production via translation of AQP2 mRNA and removal via degradation or secretion into the urine in exosomes. AQP2 abundance increases in response to vasopressin chiefly due to increased translation subsequent to increases in AQP2 mRNA. Vasopressin-mediated regulation of AQP2 gene transcription is poorly understood, although several transcription factor-binding elements in the 5' flanking region of the AQP2 gene have been identified, and candidate transcription factors corresponding to these elements have been discovered in proteomics studies. Here, we review progress in this area and discuss elements of vasopressin signaling in the collecting duct that may impinge on regulation of AQP2 in health and in the context of examples of polyuric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Judith Radin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ming-Jiun Yu
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Lene Stoedkilde
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 C, Denmark
| | - R. Lance Miller
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason D. Hoffert
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jorgen Frokiaer
- The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 C, Denmark
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A. Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disorder of horses characterized by profound polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD), which can be caused by loss of production of arginine vasopressin (AVP). This condition is termed neurogenic or central DI. DI may also develop with absence or loss of AVP receptors or activity on the basolateral membrane of collecting-duct epithelial cells. This condition is termed nephrogenic DI. Equine clinicians may differentiate true DI from more common causes of PU/PD by a systematic diagnostic approach. DI may not be a correctable disorder, and supportive care of affected horses requires an adequate water source.
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Nobe K, Yamazaki T, Tsumita N, Hashimoto T, Honda K. Glucose-dependent enhancement of diabetic bladder contraction is associated with a rho kinase-regulated protein kinase C pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:940-50. [PMID: 19050171 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.144907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder dysfunction, which is one of the most common diabetic complications, is associated with alteration of bladder smooth muscle contraction. However, details regarding the responses under high-glucose (HG) conditions in diabetes are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify a relationship between extracellular glucose level and bladder smooth muscle contraction in diabetes. Bladder smooth muscle tissues were isolated from spontaneously type II diabetic (ob/ob mouse; 16-20 weeks of age, male) and age-matched control (C57BL mouse) mice. Carbachol (CCh) induced time- and dose-dependent contractions in ob/ob and C57BL mice; however, maximal responses differed significantly (14.34 +/- 0.32 and 12.69 +/- 0.22 mN/mm(2) after 30 microM CCh treatment, respectively; n = 5-8). Pretreatment of bladders under HG conditions (22.2 mM glucose; concentration is twice that of normal glucose for 30 min) led to enhancement of CCh-induced contraction solely in diabetic mice (15.9 +/- 0.26 mN/mm(2); n = 5). Basal extracellular glucose-dependent enhancement of bladder contraction in diabetes was documented initially in this study. The correlation between intracellular calcium concentration and contraction was enhanced only in the ob/ob mouse. This enhancement of contraction and total protein kinase C (PKC) activity were inhibited by pretreatment with not only a PKC inhibitor (rottlerin) but also with a rho kinase inhibitor, fasudil [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine HCl]. These reagents also suppressed the differences between ob/ob and C57BL mouse bladder contractions under HG conditions. The data indicated that glucose-dependent enhancement of contraction in diabetic bladder is involved in the activation of the rho kinase and calcium-independent PKC pathways. This dysfunction may contribute to bladder complications such as detrusor overactivity and reduced bladder capacity in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nobe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Polyuria and polydipsia provide a diagnostic challenge for the equine clinician. This article describes the various known causes of polyuria and polydipsia in horses and provides a description of a systematic diagnostic approach for assessing horses with polyuria and polydipsia to delineate the underlying cause. Treatment and management strategies for addressing polyuria and polydipsia in horses are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C McKenzie
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Zanolari P, Botteron C, Jaggy A, Meylan M. Chromophobe Adenocarcinoma of the Pituitary Gland in a Ram. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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