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Faldu KG, Shah JS. Alzheimer's disease: a scoping review of biomarker research and development for effective disease diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:681-703. [PMID: 35855631 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as the foremost reason for neurodegeneration that prominently affects the geriatric population. Characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and neuronal degeneration that causes impairment of memory and cognition. Amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) classification is utilized for research purposes and involves amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury staging through MRI, PET scanning, and CSF protein concentration estimations. CSF sampling is invasive, and MRI and PET scanning requires sophisticated radiological facilities which limit its widespread diagnostic use. ATN classification lacks effectiveness in preclinical AD. AREAS COVERED This publication intends to collate and review the existing biomarker profile and the current research and development of a new arsenal of biomarkers for AD pathology from different biological samples, microRNA (miRNA), proteomics, metabolomics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning for AD screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of AD treatments. EXPERT OPINION It is an accepted observation that AD-related pathological changes occur over a long period of time before the first symptoms are observed providing ample opportunity for detection of biological alterations in various biological samples that can aid in early diagnosis and modify treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Govind Faldu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Samir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Al-Janahi E, Ponirakis G, Al Hamad H, Vattoth S, Elsotouhy A, Petropoulos IN, Khan A, Gad H, Chandran M, Sankaranarayanan A, Ramadan M, Elorrabi M, Gadelseed M, Tosino R, Gawhale PV, Arasn A, Alobaidi M, Khan S, Manikoth P, Hamdi Y, Osman S, Nadukkandiyil N, AlSulaiti E, Thodi N, Almuhannadi H, Mahfoud ZR, Own A, Shuaib A, Malik RA. Corneal Nerve and Brain Imaging in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1533-1543. [PMID: 32925064 PMCID: PMC7683060 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Visual rating of medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) is an accepted structural neuroimaging marker of Alzheimer’s disease. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a non-invasive ophthalmic technique that detects neuronal loss in peripheral and central neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of CCM for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia compared to medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) rating on MRI. Methods: Subjects aged 60–85 with no cognitive impairment (NCI), MCI, and dementia based on the ICD-10 criteria were recruited. Subjects underwent cognitive screening, CCM, and MTA rating on MRI. Results: 182 subjects with NCI (n = 36), MCI (n = 80), and dementia (n = 66), including AD (n = 19, 28.8%), VaD (n = 13, 19.7%), and mixed AD (n = 34, 51.5%) were studied. CCM showed a progressive reduction in corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD, fibers/mm2) (32.0±7.5 versus 24.5±9.6 and 20.8±9.3, p < 0.0001), branch density (CNBD, branches/mm2) (90.9±46.5 versus 59.3±35.7 and 53.9±38.7, p < 0.0001), and fiber length (CNFL, mm/mm2) (22.9±6.1 versus 17.2±6.5 and 15.8±7.4, p < 0.0001) in subjects with MCI and dementia compared to NCI. The area under the ROC curve (95% CI) for the diagnostic accuracy of CNFD, CNBD, CNFL compared to MTA-right and MTA-left for MCI was 78% (67–90%), 82% (72–92%), 86% (77–95%) versus 53% (36–69%) and 40% (25–55%), respectively, and for dementia it was 85% (76–94%), 84% (75–93%), 85% (76–94%) versus 86% (76–96%) and 82% (72–92%), respectively. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of CCM, a non-invasive ophthalmic biomarker of neurodegeneration, was high and comparable with MTA rating for dementia but was superior to MTA rating for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Al-Janahi
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester, UK
| | - Hanadi Al Hamad
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Surjith Vattoth
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Neuroradiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- Neuroradiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Adnan Khan
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hoda Gad
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mani Chandran
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Marwan Ramadan
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marwa Elorrabi
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Masharig Gadelseed
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rhia Tosino
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Priya V Gawhale
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anjum Arasn
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Alobaidi
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shafi Khan
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pravija Manikoth
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasmin Hamdi
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Susan Osman
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Navas Nadukkandiyil
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Essa AlSulaiti
- Geriatric & Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noushad Thodi
- MRI Unit, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamad Almuhannadi
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ziyad R Mahfoud
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Own
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Deng C, Liu H, Si S, Zhu X, Tu Q, Jin Y, Xiang J. An electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomer based on double-stranded DNA as "conductive spring". Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:239. [PMID: 32189141 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to overcome the antibody-based sensor's shortcomings, an electrochemical aptamer (Apt)-based sensor was developed for amyloid-β40 oligomer (Aβ40-O). The aptasensor was constructed by locating Apt and ferrocence (Fc) on streptavidin-modified gold (SA-gold) nanoparticles. The obtained AptFc@SA-gold nanoparticles were linked onto the Au electrode via the connection of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as a "conductive spring." The determination of Aβ40-O was performed with square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Upon bio-recognition between Apt and Aβ40-O, the conformation of Apt changed and the formed Apt/Aβ40-O complex separated from the SA-gold surface. As a result, the surface charge of SA-gold positively shifted, weakening the electrostatic attraction between the SA-gold and the positively charged Au electrode surface (at potential range of 0.1~0.5 V, corresponding to the Fc redox transformation), and stretching the dsDNA chain. Based on the exponential decay of dsDNA's electron transfer efficiency on its chain stretching, the oxidation current density from Fc decreased and displayed linear correlation to the concentration of Aβ40-O. A wide linear range of 0.100 nM to 1.00 μM with a low detection limit of 93.0 pM was obtained. The aptasensor displayed excellent selectivity toward Aβ40-O in contrast to other possible interfering analogs (Aβ40 monomer, Aβ42 monomer, and oligomer) at × 100 higher concentrations. The recoveries for Aβ40-O-spiked artificial cerebrospinal fluid and healthy human serum were 94.0~104% and 92.8~95.4%, respectively. The electrochemical aptasensor meets the demands of clinic determination of Aβ40-O, which is significant for the early diagnosis of AD. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomer based on the surface charge change induced by target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Si
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Tu
- Department of Geratology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Geratology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
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Correa-Jaraba KS, Lindín M, Díaz F. Increased Amplitude of the P3a ERP Component as a Neurocognitive Marker for Differentiating Amnestic Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:19. [PMID: 29483869 PMCID: PMC5816051 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The event-related potential (ERP) technique has been shown to be useful for evaluating changes in brain electrical activity associated with different cognitive processes, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Longitudinal studies have shown that a high proportion of people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) go on to develop AD. aMCI is divided into two subtypes according to the presence of memory impairment only (single-domain aMCI: sdaMCI) or impairment of memory and other cognitive domains (multi-domain aMCI: mdaMCI). The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of sdaMCI and mdaMCI on the P3a ERP component associated with the involuntary orientation of attention toward unattended infrequent novel auditory stimuli. Participants performed an auditory-visual distraction-attention task, in which they were asked to ignore the auditory stimuli (standard, deviant, and novel) and to attend to the visual stimuli (responding to some of them: Go stimuli). P3a was identified in the Novel minus Standard difference waveforms, and reaction times (RTs) and hits (in response to Go stimuli) were also analyzed. Participants were classified into three groups: Control, 20 adults (mean age (M): 65.8 years); sdaMCI, 19 adults (M: 67 years); and mdaMCI, 11 adults (M: 71 years). In all groups, the RTs were significantly longer when Go stimuli were preceded by novel (relative to standard) auditory stimuli, suggesting a distraction effect triggered by novel stimuli; mdaMCI participants made significantly fewer hits than control and sdaMCI participants. P3a comprised two consecutive phases in all groups: early-P3a (e-P3a), which may reflect the orienting response toward the irrelevant stimuli, and late-P3a (l-P3a), which may be a correlate of subsequent evaluation of these stimuli. The e-P3a amplitude was significantly larger in mdaMCI than in sdaMCI participants, and the l-P3a amplitude was significantly larger in mdaMCI than in sdaMCI and Control participants, indicating greater involuntary capture of attention to unattended novel auditory stimuli and allocation of more attentional resources for the subsequent evaluation of these stimuli in mdaMCI participants. The e-P3a and l-P3a components showed moderate to high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing between groups, suggesting that both may represent optimal neurocognitive markers for differentiating aMCI subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia S. Correa-Jaraba
- Laboratorio de Psicofisioloxía e Neurociencia Cognitiva, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Gispen-de Wied CC, Kritsidima M, Elferink AJA. The validity of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints in Alzheimer's disease by means of the Quantitative Surrogate Validation Level of Evidence Scheme (QSVLES). J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:376-87. [PMID: 19300886 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity of biomarkers that are currently being proposed as potential surrogate endpoints in AD clinical trials with the aid of the "Quantitative Surrogate Validation Level of Evidence Schema" (QSVLES) proposed by Lassere et.al. (1). PROCEDURE A Pubmed literature search was conducted to identify AD biomarkers with SEP potential, and the QSVLES was applied to determine the extent of the SEP validity. RESULTS MRI, PET and MRS measures attained a total validity score of 4, NAA/Cre a total score of 5, and cerebral blood flow (SPECT), Abeta , Tau and APP a total score of 2. None of these biomarkers could fall into the rank of Levels 1 or 2, reserved for SEPs, according to the QSVLES criteria. This was mainly attributed to the lack of sufficient evidence that was derived from high ranking studies (RCT, prospective observational studies). CONCLUSION Though residing on SEPs as sole determinants of the benefit/risk ratio of AD medications seems to be pretty far, there could be certain cases where the use of SEPs may be beneficial, making efficient therapies available faster when there is a major public health interest involved. However, the potential risks of relying on invalid SEPs should not be underestimated and therefore the research on SEP validation and the development of specific validation guidance should be encouraged. The QSVLES, though not devoid of criticism, may be proposed as a starting point.
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Minoshima S, Foster NL, Sima AA, Frey KA, Albin RL, Kuhl DE. Alzheimer's disease versus dementia with Lewy bodies: cerebral metabolic distinction with autopsy confirmation. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:358-65. [PMID: 11558792 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Seeking antemortem markers to distinguish Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examined brain glucose metabolism of DLB and AD. Eleven DLB patients (7 Lewy body variant of AD [LBVAD] and 4 pure diffuse Lewy body disease [DLBD]) who had antemortem position emission tomography imaging and autopsy confirmation were compared to 10 autopsy-confirmed pure AD patients. In addition, 53 patients with clinically-diagnosed probable AD, 13 of whom later fulfilled clinical diagnoses of DLB, were examined. Autopsy-confirmed AD and DLB patients showed significant metabolic reductions involving parietotemporal association, posterior cingulate, and frontal association cortices. Only DLB patients showed significant metabolic reductions in the occipital cortex, particularly in the primary visual cortex (LBVAD -23% and DLBD -29% vs AD -8%), which distinguished DLB versus AD with 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Multivariate analysis revealed that occipital metabolic changes in DLB were independent from those in the adjacent parietotemporal cortices. Analysis of clinically diagnosed probable AD patients showed a significantly higher frequency of primary visual metabolic reduction among patients who fulfilled later dinical criteria for DLB. In these patients, occipital hypometabolism preceded some clinical features of DLB. Occipital hypometabolism is a potential antemortem marker to distinguish DLB versus AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minoshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
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