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Piacentino F, Coppola A, Zaghetto A, Macchi E, De Marchi G, Ossola C, Zorzetto G, Beneventi A, Casamassima N, Tagliaferri C, Tozzi M, Piffaretti G, Fontana F, Genovese EA. Vacuum-assisted mechanical thrombectomy in extensively occlusive thrombosis of dialysis arteriovenous grafts with indigo system. J Vasc Access 2020; 21:673-679. [PMID: 31928304 DOI: 10.1177/1129729819899264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a selected series of extensively occlusive thrombosis of arteriovenous graft treated with the Penumbra's Indigo System. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten patients with acute (within 72 h) extensively occlusive thrombosis of arteriovenous graft (mean extension = 30.1 (range = 15-45) cm) were treated at our institution with the Indigo System. Of the 10 cases, thrombosis was extended to venous outflow in 7 cases and to both arterial inflow and venous outflow in 3 cases. RESULTS Both anatomic and clinical success were achieved in 8 of the 10 procedures (80.0%). In the 2 cases of technical failure, the patients underwent surgical thrombectomy with the finding of arteriovenous graft exhaustion, which was then replaced. The 6-month primary patency, primary-assisted patency, and secondary patency rates were 37.5% (3/8), 50.0% (4/8), and 62.5% (5/8). We reported 2 complications (one minor and one major adverse event). CONCLUSION Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy aspiration with Indigo System is a relatively safe and effective procedure and can be used even in extensively thrombosed arteriovenous graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Piacentino
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppola
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Zaghetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Edoardo Macchi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Marchi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Christian Ossola
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Giada Zorzetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Beneventi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Casamassima
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Chiara Tagliaferri
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Tozzi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriele Piffaretti
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Fontana
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Eugenio Annibale Genovese
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
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Abstract
For the over 400,000 patients in the United States dependent on hemodialysis, arteriovenous (AV) access thrombosis may lead to missed dialysis sessions, inpatient admissions and the need for placement of temporary dialysis catheters. It is also the leading cause of permanent access loss. Percutaneous declotting is generally preferred over surgical thrombectomy. Various percutaneous approaches can be employed including the lyse-and-wait technique, thromboaspiration, pulse spray aided pharmacomechanical thrombolysis, and use of mechanical thrombectomy device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Bertram Quencer
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Ischemic stroke due to retrograde thromboembolism during arteriovenous graft thrombectomy. J Vasc Access 2017; 19:201-202. [PMID: 28777414 DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Novel approach to percutaneous thrombolysis in large caliber clotted vascular access using ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis. J Vasc Access 2015; 16:403-6. [PMID: 26349870 DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE End-stage renal disease has a high cost burden to the public. Surgical procedures such as hemodialysis (HD) access creation and transplant have high rates of vascular access complications, infections, and readmissions. Cost of HD care has increased to $19.4 billion in 2011; 30-day readmission rates are as high as 36%. There is a continuing need to preserve the route of vascular access for patients, given frequent thrombosis at a rate of 0.8 episodes per patient year at risk. We describe a novel method of thrombolysis using ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis (USAT) technology for large caliber clotted vascular access. METHODS Consecutive patients with thrombosis of their dialysis vascular access that involved large caliber conduits or those that extended into large and/or central veins (axillary, subclavian, innominate) were chosen to undergo catheter-directed thrombolysis with the EKOS EndoWave system. RESULTS Twelve patients underwent a total of 14 procedures. Complete thrombolysis was achieved after seven procedures at the time of repeat fistulogram. Four patients required percutaneous balloon thombectomy to resolve remaining clot at the arterial anastomosis, and three required rheolytic thrombectomy in the aneurysmal segment of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). All patients had an associated procedure (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and/or stent placement) to treat the cause of thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS USAT is a safe and effective percutaneous method of thrombolysis in patients who have large clot burden.
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Paradoxical embolus following percutaneous thrombectomy of hemodialysis reliable outflow graft. J Vasc Access 2012; 16:533-6. [PMID: 26515536 DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous interventions to maintain or re-establish patent vascular access are common and often necessary for patients on hemodialysis. This case illustrates an extremely rare but potentially devastating complication of one of these procedures: cerebrovascular insult due to paradoxical embolism in the setting of a patent foramen ovale.
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Cerebrovascular accident secondary to paradoxical embolism following arteriovenous graft thrombectomy. Case Rep Nephrol 2012; 2012:183730. [PMID: 24533201 PMCID: PMC3914183 DOI: 10.1155/2012/183730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombectomy is a common procedure performed to declot thrombosed dialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft (AVG). Complications associated with access thrombectomy like pulmonary embolism have been reported, but paradoxical embolism is extremely rare. We report a case of a 74-year-old black man with past medical history significant for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation with warfarin, who presented to our hospital with lethargy, aphasia, and right-sided hemiparesis following thrombectomy of a clotted AVG. Computed tomography (CT) scan of brain showed a hypodensity within the left posterior parietal lobe. INR was 2.0 on admission. Echocardiogram revealed a normal sized left atrium with no intracardiac thrombus, and bubble study showed the presence of right-to-left shunting. These findings suggest that the stroke occurred as a result of an embolus originating from the AVG. Paradoxical cerebral embolism is uncommon but can occur after thrombectomy of clotted vascular access in ESRD patients. Clinicians and patients should be aware of this serious and potentially fatal complication of vascular access procedure.
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Wu S, Ahmad I, Qayyum S, Wicky S, Kalva SP. Paradoxical embolism after declotting of hemodialysis fistulae/grafts in patients with patent foramen ovale. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6:1333-6. [PMID: 21551024 PMCID: PMC3109929 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.09851110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The safety of percutaneous endovascular declotting procedures for thrombosed hemodialysis fistulae/grafts is well described in the general population; however, its safety in the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is not known. The objective of this study is to assess the incidence of symptomatic paradoxical embolic events associated with declotting procedure of thrombosed arteriovenous (AV) graft or fistula in patients with documented PFO. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This was a retrospective study in a hospital-based, academic practice. It included 23 patients (10 men; mean age, 65) with PFO and thrombosed hemodialysis graft/fistula who underwent a standardized declotting procedure with 2 mg of Alteplase and balloon thrombectomy. Twenty patients (87%) had AV grafts, and three (13%) had AV fistulae. The PFO shunt was right to left in two (9%), left to right in eight (34%), and bidirectional in ten (44%). The shunt direction was not specified in three patients (13%). The technical success of the declotting procedure and the frequency of clinically manifested paradoxical embolic events in this patient population were calculated. RESULTS Fifty declotting procedures were performed on 23 patients with a technical success rate of 96% (48 of 50, 96%). No symptomatic paradoxical embolic events were found in any of the 23 patients with PFO. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic paradoxical embolic events after percutaneous endovascular declotting procedures of thrombosed AV grafts and fistulae in patients with documented PFO are rare. This procedure appears to be safe in patients with a PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Wu
- Section of Interventional Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Bentaarit B, Duval AM, Maraval A, Dahmane D, Dahan K, Amara B, Lang P, Sahali D. Paradoxical embolism following thromboaspiration of an arteriovenous fistula thrombosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010; 4:345. [PMID: 21029407 PMCID: PMC2987959 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paradoxical embolism is an increasingly reported cause of arterial embolism. Several embolic sources have been described, but thrombosis of an arteriovenous fistula as a paradoxical emboligenic source has not, to the best of our knowledge, been reported. Case presentation A 50-year-old Caucasian woman received a renal graft for primary hyperoxaluria. After transplantation, she was maintained on daily hemodialysis. Thrombosis of her arteriovenous fistula occurred two weeks post-transplantation and was treated by thromboaspiration, which was partially successful. During a hemodialysis session immediately following thromboaspiration, she developed a coma with tetraplegia requiring intensive cardiorespiratory resuscitation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed various hyperdense areas in the vertebrobasilar territory resulting from bilateral occlusion of posterior cerebral arteries. Transesophageal echocardiographic examination showed a patent foramen ovale, while pulse echography of the arteriovenous fistula revealed the persistence of extensive clots that were probably the embolic source. A paradoxical embolus through a patent foramen ovale was suggested because of the proximity of the neurological event to the thrombectomy procedure. Conclusions The risk of paradoxical embolism in a hemodialyzed patient with a patent foramen ovale deserves consideration and requires careful evaluation in situations of arteriovenous fistula thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouteina Bentaarit
- Service de Néphrologie, AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Créteil, F-94010 France.
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Miyayama S, Yamashiro M, Yoshie Y, Okuda M, Nakashima Y, Ikeno H, Orito N, Ueda N, Kato T, Ushiogi Y, Matsui O. Technical success rates and long-term patency of endovascular treatment for occluded native hemodialysis fistulas: comparison between thrombotic occlusion and nonthrombotic occlusion. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28:512-9. [PMID: 20799016 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-010-0458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the technical success and long-term patency of endovascular treatment for occluded native hemodialysis fistulas caused by thrombotic occlusion (TO) and nonthrombotic occlusion (NTO). MATERIALS AND METHODS This cohort included 96 consecutive occlusions (70 TOs and 26 NTOs) at the forearm. Clinical success and patency rates of endovascular treatment were calculated and compared between the TO and NTO groups. RESULTS Overall clinical success rate was 91.6%; and primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 49.6%, 30.7%, and 28.3%, respectively; 73.8%, 48.3%, and 48.3%, respectively; and 80.7%, 72.3%, and 66.2%, respectively. Clinical success rates of the TO and NTO groups were 91.4% and 92.3%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates of the TO group were 54.4%, 29.3%, and 25.6%, respectively; 70.7%, 49.4%, and 49.4%, respectively, and 78%, 68.8%, and 64,2%, respectively. Those of the NTO group were 38.9%, 32.4%, and 32.4%, respectively; 81.2%, 47.3%, and 40.6%, respectively; and 87%, 80.3%, and 70.2%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the clinical success and patency rates of the two groups. CONCLUSION Occluded native hemodialysis fistulas were restored with high frequency, without significant differences between clinical success and patency in the TO and NTO groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Miyayama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Fukuiken Saiseikai Hospital, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui, Japan.
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Kakkos SK, Haddad GK, Haddad J, Scully MM. Percutaneous Rheolytic Thrombectomy for Thrombosed Autogenous Fistulae and Prosthetic Arteriovenous Grafts:Outcome After Aggressive Surveillance and Endovascular Management. J Endovasc Ther 2008; 15:91-102. [DOI: 10.1583/07-2239.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kakkos SK, Haddad R, Haddad GK, Reddy DJ, Nypaver TJ, Lin JC, Shepard AD. Results of aggressive graft surveillance and endovascular treatment on secondary patency rates of Vectra Vascular Access Grafts. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:974-80. [PMID: 17466789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an aggressive graft surveillance and endovascular treatment protocol on secondary patency rates of a polyetherurethaneurea vascular access graft, specially designed to provide early access and rapid hemostasis. METHODS One hundred and ninety Vectra Vascular Access Grafts (C. R. Bard, Inc, Murray Hill, NJ) were placed in 176 patients (78 females and 98 males, mean age 61.7 years). There were 41 forearm grafts, 145 upper arm grafts and four thigh grafts. Graft surveillance was performed by using clinical and hemodialysis parameters to detect a failing/failed graft and followed by endovascular treatment, rheolytic thrombectomy (AngioJet, Possis Medical Inc, Minneapolis, Minn) and/or angioplasty +/- stenting of the anatomical lesion (arterial anastomosis, graft, venous outflow, draining or central veins). RESULTS Hemodialysis started after a median of 15.5 days, as soon as from the day of the operation in some cases. Bleeding complications occurred in six patients (3.2%), venous hypertension in seven (3.7%), steal syndrome in two (1.1%), neurological complications in two (1.1%), while late infection (range 2.7-14.6 months) was seen in six patients (3.2%). Thrombectomy and angioplasty (median number of sessions 1, interquartile range 1-2) was performed in 43 grafts. Isolated angioplasty, not associated with thrombosis (median number of sessions 1, interquartile range 1-2), was performed in 50 grafts. These interventions increased primary assisted patency from 69% and 63% at 12 and 18 months, respectively to a secondary patency rate of 86%. Taking into account grafts removed for late infection, functional secondary patency rate dropped to 83% and 81%, at 12 and 18 months, respectively. Arterial anastomosis angioplasty was performed more frequently in thrombosed grafts (28.6%) than failing grafts (6.7%), P < .001 and had a significant negative predictive value on secondary patency rates at 12 and 18 months, which were 60.5% compared with 89% for grafts that had no interventions performed (P = .007) and 90.9% for grafts that had any intra-graft, venous outflow, or draining or central vein stenosis treated with angioplasty at any stage (P = .002). Multivariate analysis identified the presence of arterial anastomosis stenosis as the single predictor of secondary patency (relative risk 0.247, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Aggressive graft surveillance and endovascular treatment increases significantly secondary patency rates of Vectra Vascular Access Grafts. Longer follow-up will determine the effectiveness of this policy. The role of inflow stenosis on graft longevity and alternative treatment options warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros K Kakkos
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich., USA
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Dolmatch B. Pulmonary Emboli Due to Shunt Declotting: We Care! J Vasc Access 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/112972980500600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dolmatch
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX - USA
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Sofocleous CT, Schur I, Koh E, Hinrichs C, Cooper SG, Welber A, Brountzos E, Kelekis D. Percutaneous treatment of complications occurring during hemodialysis graft recanalization. Eur J Radiol 2003; 47:237-46. [PMID: 12927669 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(02)00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE To describe and evaluate percutaneous treatment methods of complications occurring during recanalization of thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective review of 579 thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts revealed 48 complications occurring during urokinase thrombolysis (512) or mechanical thrombectomy (67). These include 12 venous or venous anastomotic ruptures not controlled by balloon tamponade, eight arterial emboli, 12 graft extravasations, seven small hematomas, four intragraft pseudointimal 'dissections', two incidents of pulmonary edema, one episode of intestinal angina, one procedural death, and one distant hematoma. RESULTS Twelve cases of post angioplasty ruptures were treated with uncovered stents of which 10 resulted in graft salvage allowing successful hemodialysis. All arterial emboli were retrieved by Fogarty or embolectomy balloons. The 10/12 graft extravasations were successfully treated by digital compression while the procedure was completed and the graft flow was restored. Dissections were treated with prolonged Percutaneous Trasluminal Angioplasty (PTA) balloon inflation. Overall technical success was 39/48 (81%). Kaplan-Meier Primary and secondary patency rates were 72 and 78% at 30, 62 and 73% at 90 and 36 and 67% at 180 days, respectively. Secondary patency rates remained over 50% at 1 year. There were no additional complications caused by these maneuvers. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION The majority of complications occurring during percutaneous thrombolysis/thrombectomy of thrombosed access grafts, can be treated at the same sitting allowing completion of the recanalization procedure and usage of the same access for hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos T Sofocleous
- Department of Radiology Vascular and Interventional, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, University Hospital, C320 150 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103-2406, USA.
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Abstract
Percutaneous catheter-based thrombolysis is commonly used in association with angioplasty to treat thrombosed hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts. Although major complications of these percutaneous procedures are relatively uncommon, they can result in several potentially serious complications, including pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, arterial embolism, bleeding with perigraft hematoma or hemorrhage, and vein rupture. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical significance, and management of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Weng
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Surlan M, Popovic P. The role of interventional radiology in management of patients with end-stage renal disease. Eur J Radiol 2003; 46:96-114. [PMID: 12714226 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(03)00074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to review the role of interventional radiology in the management of hemodialysis vascular access and complications in renal transplantation. The evaluation of patients with hemodialysis vascular access is complex. It includes the radiology/ultrasound (US) evaluation of the peripheral veins of the upper extremities with venous mapping and the evaluation of the central vein prior to the access placement and radiological detection and treatment of the stenosis and thrombosis in misfunctional dialysis fistulas. Preoperative screening enables the identification of a suitable vessel to create a hemodynamically-sound dialysis fistula. Clinical and radiological detection of the hemodynamically significant stenosis or occlusion demands fistulography and endovascular treatment. Endovascular prophylactic dilatation of stenosis greater than 50% with associated clinical abnormalities such as flow-rate reduction is warranted to prolong access patency. The technical success rates are over 90% for dilatation. One-year primary patency rate in forearm fistula is 51%, versus graft 40%. Stents are placed only in selected cases; routinely in central vein after dilatation, in ruptured vein and elastic recoil. Thrombosed fistula and grafts can be declotted by purely mechanical methods or in combination with a lytic drug. The success rate of the technique is 89-90%. Primary patency rate is 8-26% per year and secondary 75% per year. The most frequently radiologically evaluated and treated complications in renal transplantation are perirenal and renal fluid collection and abnormalities of the vasculature and collecting system. US is often the method of choice for the diagnostic evaluation and management of the percutaneous therapeutic procedures in early and late transplantation complications. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance are valuable alternatives when US is inconclusive. Renal and perirenal fluid collection are usually treated successfully with percutaneous drainage. Doppler US, magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography have a principle role in the evaluation of vascular complications of renal transplantation and management of the endovascular therapy. Stenosis, the most common vascular complication, occurs in 1-12% of transplanted renal arteries and represents a potentially curable cause of hypertension following transplantation and/or renal dysfunction. Treatment with percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) or PTRA with stent has been technically successful in 82-92% of the cases, and graft salvage rate has ranged from 80 to 100%. Restenosis occurs in up to 20% of cases, but are usually amenable to repeated PTRA. Complications such as arterial and vein thrombosis are uncommon. Intrarenal A/V fistulas and pseudoaneurysms are occasionally seen after biopsy, the treatment requires superselective embolisation. Urologic complications are relatively uncommon, predominantly they consist of the urinary leaks and urethral obstruction. Interventional treatment consists of percutaneous nephrostomy, balloon dilation, insertion of the double J stents, metallic stent placement and external drainage of the extrarenal collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Surlan
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital, Zaloska 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Turmel-Rodrigues LA. Underestimated drawbacks of combined simple dilation and thrombolytics for restoration of thrombosed brescia-cimino dialysis fistulas. Radiology 2003; 226:925; author reply 926-7. [PMID: 12616027 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2263020938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Cooper
- ProHEALTH Care Associates, Dialysis Access Repair, Lake Success, NY, USA
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Turmel-Rodrigues L. Vascular access care and interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:519-20. [PMID: 11865107 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.3.519-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Droste DW, Kühne K, Schaefer RM, Ringelstein EB. Detection of microemboli in the subclavian vein of patients undergoing haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration using pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:462-6. [PMID: 11865093 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.3.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology leading to pulmonary side effects during haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration is not yet fully understood. Chronic microembolization, which can be demonstrated by pulsed Doppler ultrasound, may be one cause. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 24 long-term dialysis patients undergoing haemodialysis (n=21) and online-haemodiafiltration (n=3), respectively. The subclavian vein downstream to the venous access was investigated during different phases of the procedure using a 2-MHz pulsed ultrasound device. RESULTS In all periods investigated (connection, dialysis, disconnection), numerous microembolic signals (MES) were found in the subclavian vein. The numbers of MES detected during haemodiafiltration (314-709 MES per 10 min) were higher than during haemodialysis (0-81 MES per 10 min). CONCLUSIONS The composition (gaseous or solid) and origin (pump, tubing system or shunt) of the microemboli detected remains unclear. Chronic microembolization may be one cause of pulmonary complications of haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration. The detection method described in this article will help us to better understand this process and to determine what role microemboli might play in pulmonary and central nervous system disorders. It may also help to optimize the devices and techniques used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Droste
- Department of Neurology and. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Turmel-Rodrigues L, Raynaud A, Louail B, Beyssen B, Sapoval M. Manual catheter-directed aspiration and other thrombectomy techniques for declotting native fistulas for hemodialysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12:1365-71. [PMID: 11742008 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent articles reported excellent results in the percutaneous declotting of native fistulas for hemodialysis with use of thromboaspiration, mechanical devices, or thrombolytic drugs, with success rates ranging from 76% to 100%. These results challenge the surgical approach, the effectiveness of which is not supported by comparable publications. Although it is more difficult to declot forearm native fistulas than grafts, declotting of fistulas is more rewarding because it achieves better long-term patency (1-year primary rates as high as 50% and secondary rates of 80%). The results reported from declotting of fistulas in the upper arm are not as good. The unmasking of stenoses in close to 100% of cases warrants stenosis detection programs similar to those used for grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Turmel-Rodrigues
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Clinique St-Gatien, Tours, France.
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Sherman RA. Briefly Noted. Semin Dial 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2000.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Petronis JD, Regan F, Briefel G, Simpson PM, Hess JM, Contoreggi CS. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphic evaluation of pulmonary clot burden after percutaneous thrombolysis of clotted hemodialysis access grafts. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34:207-11. [PMID: 10430963 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(99)70344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine, by using rigorous methods, if pulmonary perfusion defects were detectable by ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy after percutaneous thrombolysis of clotted hemodialysis access grafts. Thirteen patients were studied. Four patients underwent pharmacomechanical thrombolysis with urokinase and the remainder had mechanical thrombolysis alone. Pre- and postthrombolysis scintigraphic studies were performed on all patients. Perfusion defects were described as vascular (well-defined borders confined to segmental boundaries) or nonvascular. Vascular defects were graded by severity (0 to 3) and area (0 to 3) for each involved segment. Nonvascular defects were graded by severity (0 to 1) and area (0 to 1). Two experienced readers evaluated the scans blinded to each other's results and all other clinical data, including thrombolysis outcomes. Twelve patients did not have any significant worsening of their perfusion defect scores postthrombolysis. In only one patient did a study show a new nonvascular perfusion defect with a matching ventilation abnormality. The defect was believed to be caused by mucus plugging. The patient had no evidence of pulmonary embolism. Our study suggests emboli that resulted from the pharmacomechanical or mechanical thrombolysis procedure were either small, underwent lysis before impacting the lung, or were below the limit of detection of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Petronis
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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