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Rumination, automatic thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes, and thought suppression as transdiagnostic factors in depression and anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lee SW, Kim E, Jang TY, Choi H, Kim S, Song H, Hwang MJ, Chang Y, Lee SJ. Alterations of Power Spectral Density in Salience Network during Thought-action Fusion Induction Paradigm in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:415-426. [PMID: 35879026 PMCID: PMC9329118 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Yang Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Heajung Choi
- Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seungho Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Huijin Song
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Pakkan C, Ikier S, Mortan Sevi O. Effects of anxiety level on directed forgetting of emotional information and related metacognitive judgments. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35259047 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2044816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated intentional forgetting of emotional information in low vs. high anxiety groups, by using a directed forgetting paradigm. The groups were formed based on their scores on measures of state and trait anxiety. Participants were provided with positive, negative, and neutral photographs with either remember or forget instructions and further provided metacognitive judgments of learning for each photograph, indicating how likely they are to recognize the photograph in a subsequent recognition test. In the recognition test, they identified the photographs that they had seen in the learning session, irrespective of instruction. The results showed that directed forgetting was only observed in the high anxiety group. Furthermore, higher anxiety scores negatively correlated with the recognition of negative to-be-forgotten information, indicating that high anxiety is associated with a better ability to forget negative information. Metacognitive judgments showed awareness of the forget instructions and the valence of the photographs, but they were not affected by anxiety level. The results suggest that the effects of anxiety on cognitive control may be different between participants with higher vs. lower anxiety levels in a non-clinical sample. The results are discussed within several theoretical frameworks which claim that anxiety may lead to the inhibition and avoidance of negatively valenced mental content.
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Caudate hyperactivation during the processing of happy faces in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108086. [PMID: 34774878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysfunction and anhedonia are main problems in borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated neural activation during the processing of happy faces and its correlates with habitual emotion acceptance in patients with BPD. METHODS 22 women with BPD and 26 female healthy controls watched movie clips of happy and neutral faces during fMRI without any instruction of emotion regulation. To associate neural activation with habitual emotion acceptance, we included individual scores of the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ) as a covariate in brain data analysis. RESULTS All participants showed amygdala, temporal and occipital activation during the processing of happy compared to neutral faces. Compared with healthy controls, patients with BPD showed significantly more activation within the bilateral caudate. We did not find significant correlations with emotion acceptance. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate caudate hyperactivation in patients with BPD during the processing of happy faces. Although patients reported significantly less emotion acceptance of positive emotions, an association with neural activation was not detectable.
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Validating the Diathesis–Stress Model Based Case Conceptualization Procedure in Cognitive Behavioral Therapies: The LIBET (Life Themes and Semi-Adaptive Plans—Implications of Biased Beliefs, Elicitation and Treatment) Procedure. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-021-00421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches use case formulation procedures based on the diathesis–stress conceptualization model, arranged in two dimensions: emotional vulnerability (present in a patient’s consciousness in terms of core beliefs) and coping strategies. Nevertheless, despite its pivotal role, there are a limited number of validation studies for this model. Life themes and semi-adaptive plans: Implications of biased beliefs, elicitation and treatment (LIBET) is a CBT case formulation method grounded on the CBT diathesis–stress model that aims to help validate the CBT case formulation model, and, in particular, its bidimensional arrangement. In LIBET, the two classic CBT dimensions are called “life themes,” which are mental states of focused attention to emotional sensitivities represented as core beliefs in consciousness, and “semi-adaptive plans,” which are the rigid management strategies of “life themes” implemented by adopting coping strategies such as anxious safety behaviors, compulsive controls and aggressive or rewarding strategies. The study uses quantitative textual analysis to validate the LIBET procedure in a clinical sample. The investigation discusses the extent to which the results can be considered a validation of the arrangement of the general CBT diathesis–stress model in the two dimensions of core beliefs and coping strategies.
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Lu FY, Yang WJ, Zhang QL, Qiu J. The Ability to Control One's Thoughts Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Negative Life Events on Depression. J Cogn Psychother 2021; 35:JCPSY-D-20-00032. [PMID: 34285137 DOI: 10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although negative life events are a risk factor for developing depression, cognitive control can help maintain one's mental health. However, whether thought-control ability (TCA) can alleviate the adverse effects of negative life events on depression is unclear. Therefore, two studies were conducted to test if it does, by having participant's complete measures of negative life events, TCA, and depression. Study 1, which included 140 healthy young adults, showed TCA mediated the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms, and that TCA also moderated the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms. Study 2 recruited patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) to test whether the findings could be generalized to individuals with MDD. Study 2 found TCA also mediated the relationship between negative life events and symptoms of MDD. Suggesting that improving the ability to control negative thoughts in daily life help maintain mental health and prevent depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ying Lu
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi, China
| | | | | | - Jiang Qiu
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Rassin E. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) focuses on failing suppression attempts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have produced evidence to suggest that suppressing unwanted thoughts paradoxically results in even more unwanted thoughts. Therefore, suppression is considered to be an inadequate control strategy. Wegner and Zanakos (1994; Journal of Personality, 62, 615–640) introduced the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) as a measure to identify people who chronically tend to suppress unwanted thoughts. However, recent studies suggest that the WBSI does not exclusively measure thought suppression, but also addresses the experience of intrusive thoughts. Hence, the WBSI does not seem to measure suppression per se, but rather failing suppression. Three studies elaborate on this idea. In study 1, factor analysis of 674 non‐clinical WBSI scores is found to support the hypothesis that the WBSI addresses both suppression and intrusion. By and large, study 2 replicates these findings in a clinical sample (N=106). In study 3, an alternative suppression questionnaire is introduced, focusing on suppression and intrusions, but also on successful suppression. It is concluded that the WBSI, and thought suppression research in general, is biased toward failing suppression attempts, and has ignored the possibility of successful suppression. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Normann N, Esbjørn BH. How do anxious children attempt to regulate worry? Results from a qualitative study with an experimental manipulation. Psychol Psychother 2020; 93:207-222. [PMID: 30506874 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore how anxiety-disordered children attempt to regulate their worry. DESIGN An experimental manipulation was applied, followed by a qualitative interview. METHODS Thirty children aged 7-13 were enrolled in this study. Each child was presented with a black mystery box, was told that shortly he/she would have to feel what was inside the box, and was then left alone for 4 min, prior to commencing the task. The purpose of the experimental manipulation was to induce slight levels of worry in the child, so that he/she could better report on worry regulation strategies. Afterwards, an interview about how the child had regulated worry during the experimental manipulation and in everyday life was undertaken. The interviews were coded using thematic analysis. RESULTS Five main themes were uncovered. These were (1) internal regulation of worry, for example, thinking about something else and self-reassurance talk, (2) external regulation of worry, for example, behavioural avoidance and distraction, (3) perceived effect of strategies, (4) shifting between strategies, and (5) absence of a strategy. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that anxious children use a variety of behavioural and cognitive strategies to regulate worry. They use these strategies in combination, they generally perceive them as ineffective, and they sometimes do not report any strategy for attempting to regulate their worry. These results indicate that clinicians should be curious about which strategies anxious children use to regulate their worry, how these strategies interact with each other, and how they are implemented by the child. PRACTITIONER POINTS Using an experimental manipulation followed by an interview, this study sought to investigate how anxious children seek to regulate their worries. Anxious children attempt to regulate their worry with use of behavioural regulation strategies, such as avoidance and distraction, and with use of cognitive regulation strategies, including thinking about something else, self-reassurance talk, and thought suppression. Sometimes, however, anxious children are not able to report a regulation strategy for a specific worry episode, suggesting that they may not always have a strategy or that they lack the introspective ability to report what they did. Clinicians should be aware that anxious children may use internal (cognitive) regulation strategies while at the same time using behavioural regulation strategies, such as avoidance.
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Fuente JDL, Mañas I, Franco C, Cangas AJ, Soriano E. Differential Effect of Level of Self-Regulation and Mindfulness Training on Coping Strategies Used by University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102230. [PMID: 30314383 PMCID: PMC6210926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to verify, in a group of psychology students, whether mindfulness training in conjunction with the individual’s level of self-regulation behavior would produce a change in the use of coping strategies. A total of 38 students participated in this study, with one experimental group and one control group, in a randomized controlled trial. Observation of the experimental group revealed a significant decrease in specific emotion-focused, negative coping strategies (preparing for the worst, resigned acceptance, emotional venting, and isolation), and a significant increase in specific problem-focused, positive coping (positive reappraisal and firmness, self-talk, help for action), in combination with students’ existing low-medium-high level of self-regulation. The importance and usefulness of mindfulness techniques in Higher Education is discussed, in conjunction with differences in university students’ level of self-regulation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús de la Fuente
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Campus Universitario s/n. 31009 Pamplona, Spain.
- School of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia, 425, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Israel Mañas
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Cañada de San Urbano s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain.
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clemente Franco
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Cañada de San Urbano s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Adolfo J Cangas
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Cañada de San Urbano s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Soriano
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Cañada de San Urbano s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Gaudiano BA, Davis CH, Epstein-Lubow G, Johnson JE, Mueser KT, Miller IW. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Inpatients with Psychosis (the REACH Study): Protocol for Treatment Development and Pilot Testing. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E23. [PMID: 28475123 PMCID: PMC5492026 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders frequently require treatment at inpatient hospitals during periods of acute illness for crisis management and stabilization. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a "third wave" cognitive-behavioral intervention that employs innovative mindfulness-based strategies, has shown initial efficacy in randomized controlled trials for improving acute and post-discharge outcomes in patients with psychosis when studied in acute-care psychiatric hospitals in the U.S. However, the intervention has not been widely adopted in its current form because of its use of an individual-only format and delivery by doctoral-level research therapists with extensive prior experience using ACT. The aim of the Researching the Effectiveness of Acceptance-based Coping during Hospitalization (REACH) Study is to adapt a promising acute-care psychosocial treatment for inpatients with psychosis, and to pilot test its effectiveness in a routine inpatient setting. More specifically, we describe our plans to: (a) further develop and refine the treatment and training protocols, (b) conduct an open trial and make further modifications based on the experience gained, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Gaudiano
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | | | - Gary Epstein-Lubow
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Johnson
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI 48502, USA.
| | - Kim T Mueser
- Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Ivan W Miller
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Aso T, Nishimura K, Kiyonaka T, Aoki T, Inagawa M, Matsuhashi M, Tobinaga Y, Fukuyama H. Dynamic interactions of the cortical networks during thought suppression. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00503. [PMID: 27547504 PMCID: PMC4980473 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thought suppression has spurred extensive research in clinical and preclinical fields, particularly with regard to the paradoxical aspects of this behavior. However, the involvement of the brain's inhibitory system in the dynamics underlying the continuous effort to suppress thoughts has yet to be clarified. This study aims to provide a unified perspective for the volitional suppression of internal events incorporating the current understanding of the brain's inhibitory system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed thought suppression blocks alternating with visual imagery blocks. The whole dataset was decomposed by group-independent component analysis into 30 components. After discarding noise components, the 20 valid components were subjected to further analysis of their temporal properties including task-relatedness and between-component residual correlation. RESULTS Combining a long task period and a data-driven approach, we observed a right-side-dominant, lateral frontoparietal network to be strongly suppression related. This network exhibited increased fluctuation during suppression, which is compatible with the well-known difficulty of suppression maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Between-network correlation provided further insight into the coordinated engagement of the executive control and dorsal attention networks, as well as the reciprocal activation of imagery-related components, thus revealing neural substrates associated with the rivalry between intrusive thoughts and the suppression process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Aso
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | | | - Takashi Kiyonaka
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takaaki Aoki
- Institute of Economic ResearchKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | | | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
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Oulton JM, Strange D, Takarangi MK. False Memories for an Analogue Trauma: Does Thought Suppression Help or Hinder Memory Accuracy? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deryn Strange
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice; CUNY; New York USA
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Ahern C, Kyrios M, Moulding R. Self-Based Concepts and Obsessive-Compulsive Phenomena. Psychopathology 2015; 48:287-92. [PMID: 26368320 DOI: 10.1159/000437333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Using a cognitive framework, this paper examined self-perceptions as a vulnerability to phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Specifically, Guidano and Liotti's model of self-ambivalence (from 1983) and the notion of self-worth contingent upon moral standards were investigated as possible mechanisms to explain how individuals come to notice their unwanted intrusions. METHOD Using an analogue framework, participants were first-year undergraduate psychology students (95 females, mean age = 22.49 years, SD = 7.96, and 25 males, mean age = 21.64 years, SD = 7.26) who were administered a battery of self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Results indicated that self-ambivalence moderated the relationship between high moral standards and obsessive-compulsive (OC) phenomena; individuals who had high moral standards and high self-ambivalence showed increased OC vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that ambivalence about moral self-worth may constitute a particular vulnerability to OC symptoms. Directions for future research are discussed and implications of the findings explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ahern
- Swinburne University of Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Ólafsson RP, Snorrason Í, Bjarnason RK, Emmelkamp PMG, Ólason DÞ, Kristjánsson Á. Replacing intrusive thoughts: investigating thought control in relation to OCD symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2014; 45:506-15. [PMID: 25137216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Control of obsessive thoughts in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves both avoidance and removal of undesirable intrusive thoughts. Thought suppression tasks tap both of these processes but experimental results have been inconsistent. Experimental tasks allowing more focused study of the processes involved in controlling intrusive thoughts may be needed. In two experiments, control over neutral, standardized intrusive and personal intrusive thoughts was investigated as participants attempted to replace them with neutral thoughts. METHODS Non-selected university students (Experiment 1: N = 61) and university students scoring high and low on self-report measure of OC symptoms (Experiment 2: N = 40) performed a computerized thought replacement task. RESULTS In experiment 1 replacing personal intrusive thoughts took longer than replacing neutral thoughts. Self-reports showed that intrusive thoughts were rated more difficult to replace and were associated with greater thought reoccurrence during replacement, larger emotional reaction and more discomfort. These results were largely replicated in experiment 2. Furthermore, the high OC symptom group experienced greater overall difficulty controlling thoughts on the replacement task, experienced more reoccurrences of personal intrusive thoughts, larger emotional reactions and discomfort associated with them, and felt a greater urge to remove them. LIMITATIONS All participants were non-clinical university students, and older adults with OCD should be tested. CONCLUSIONS The findings are in line with cognitive behavioural theories of OCD. They support the usefulness of thought replacement as a research paradigm to study thought control in OCD and possibly other psychological conditions characterized by repetitive thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar P Ólafsson
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | | | | | - Paul M G Emmelkamp
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Árni Kristjánsson
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
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Nicholson EL, Bryant RA, Felmingham KL. Interaction of noradrenaline and cortisol predicts negative intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 112:204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Self-report may underestimate trauma intrusions. Conscious Cogn 2014; 27:297-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yong HH, Borland R, Thrasher JF, Thompson ME, Nagelhout GE, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM. Mediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts. Health Psychol 2014; 33:1410-20. [PMID: 24977309 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test and develop, using structural equation modeling, a robust model of the mediational pathways through which health warning labels exert their influence on smokers' subsequent quitting behavior. METHOD Data come from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey, a longitudinal cohort study conducted in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Waves 5-6 data (n = 4,988) were used to calibrate the hypothesized model of warning label impact on subsequent quit attempts via a set of policy-specific and general psychosocial mediators. The finalized model was validated using Waves 6-7 data (n = 5065). RESULTS As hypothesized, warning label salience was positively associated with thoughts about risks of smoking stimulated by the warnings (β = .58, p < .001), which in turn were positively related to increased worry about negative outcomes of smoking (β = .52, p < .001); increased worry in turn predicted stronger intention to quit (β = .39, p < .001), which was a strong predictor of subsequent quit attempts (β = .39, p < .001). This calibrated model was successfully replicated using Waves 6-7 data. CONCLUSION Health warning labels seem to influence future quitting attempts primarily through their ability to stimulate thoughts about the risks of smoking, which in turn help to raise smoking-related health concerns, which lead to stronger intentions to quit, a known key predictor of future quit attempts for smokers. By making warning labels more salient and engaging, they should have a greater chance to change behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hie Yong
- VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Ron Borland
- VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina
| | - Mary E Thompson
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo
| | | | | | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo
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Sauer-Zavala S, Barlow DH. The case for borderline personality disorder as an emotional disorder: Implications for treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Structural Validity and Reliability of the Spanish Version of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) in a Sample of the General Spanish Population. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600004650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces the validation of the Spanish adaptation of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) by Wegner and Zanakos (1994). A sample of 833 people from the general population completed the WBSI along with other questionnaires. The exploratory factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor solution accounting for 51.8% of the cumulative variance. This structure is comprised of the two following factors: unwanted intrusive thoughts (α = .87, r = .70) and actions of distraction and suppression of thoughts (α = .80, r = .60). Both internal consistency reliability (α = .89) and test-retest reliability (r = .71) showed adequate homogeneity, sound consistency, and stability over time. The results are discussed bearing in mind both isolated factors and the possible relationships of the suppression factor with automatic negative thoughts and insomnia.
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Konkan R, Erkuş GH, Güçlü O, Şenormanci Ö, Aydin E, Ülgen MC, Sungur MZ. Coping Strategies in Patients Who Had Suicide Attempts. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:46-51. [PMID: 28360594 DOI: 10.4274/npa.y6578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate coping strategies suggested to be a determinant of suicide attempt and to compare them with coping strategies of healthy volunteers. METHODS This study was conducted on 50 patients who had suicide attempts within the past two months and 52 healthy volunteers who did not have any suicide attempt. They were evaluated with the Turkish version of COPE inventory. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows. RESULTS In the suicide attempt group, 'active coping', 'planning', 'positive reinterpretation and growth' scores were found to be lower than that in the control group. On the other hand, 'restraint coping', 'acceptance', 'focus on and venting of emotions', 'behavioral disengagement', 'substance use' and nonfunctional coping total points were significantly higher in the suicide attempt group. The patients with depression in the suicide group were found less of the 'positive reinterpretation and growth' but more of the 'substance use' compared to the healthy group. Subjects who attempted suicide more than once tended to 'substance use' rather than 'active coping'. 'Focus on and venting of emotions' scores in suicide attempters were higher in women than in males. CONCLUSION We observed that individuals who attempted suicide have fewer functional coping strategies and more nonfunctional coping strategies than who do not attempt suicide. It was determined that under stressful situations, individuals with depression tended to alcohol and substance abuse instead of positive reinterpretation and growth. In subjects who had recurrent suicidal attempts, alcohol and substance abuse was more common than active coping. Women were using focusing on and venting of emotions techniques much more than men. We assume that to monitor, and in case of necessity, to change the coping strategies in suicide attempters are vitally important for preventing suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Konkan
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Hanzade Erkuş
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Güçlü
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şenormanci
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Aydin
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Cansu Ülgen
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Z Sungur
- Department of Psychiatry, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Spinhoven P, Bamelis L, Haringsma R, Molendijk M, Arntz A. Consistency of reporting sexual and physical abuse during psychological treatment of personality disorder: an explorative study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2012. [PMID: 23200431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of decreasing, consistent and increasing reports of sexual and physical abuse after 12 months of long-term psychological treatment of personality disorders, to investigate demographic and clinical characteristics predictive of inconsistency of reporting abuse, and to explore whether autobiographical memory may account for this inconsistency. In 229 clinical participants with an SCID II diagnosed personality disorder, 180 (78.6%) reported the same instances of invasive sexual and/or physical abuse on a trauma questionnaire (SPAQ) at baseline and follow-up, 25 (10.9%) decreased and 24 (10.4%) increased their abuse reports. Consistency of reporting abuse did not differ between schema-focused therapy, clarification-oriented psychotherapy and treatment-as-usual. Current depressive episode (SCID-I) and decreased capacity to produce specific negative memories on the Autobiographical Memory Test were characteristic of decreasing abuse reporters, while increasing abuse reporters showed higher levels of Cluster A personality pathology (in particular schizotypal traits) on the Assessment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders (ADP-IV). These results suggest that even in treatment procedures directed at exploring someone's personal past with abuse-related imagery consistency of reporting abuse is quite stable. However, certain clinical characteristics may make some persons more likely to change their trauma reports. Moreover, reduced negative memory specificity may represent an avoidant strategy associated with no longer reporting instances of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Meiser-Stedman R, Dalgleish T, Yule W, Smith P. Intrusive memories and depression following recent non-traumatic negative life events in adolescents. J Affect Disord 2012; 137:70-8. [PMID: 22244376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in adults suggests that intrusive memories are not just found in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet there is little evidence concerning the phenomenology of intrusive memories in children and adolescents. The present study investigated the frequency of intrusive memories following a recent negative event in an adolescent school sample, and considered the application of cognitive theory to understanding the maintenance of intrusive memories of recent negative events, and their role in maintaining depression. METHODS High school students (aged 11-18 years; n=231) completed questionnaires concerning affect experienced during a recent negative event, the frequency of subsequent intrusive memories, memory quality, thought suppression, post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Most participants had experienced at least one intrusive memory in the previous week, at similar rates for traumatic events and life events. In non-trauma exposed youth, peri-event affect and memory quality accounted for unique variance in a regression model of intrusive memory frequency, while peri-event affect, memory quality, and intrusive memory frequency accounted for unique variance in a regression model of depression. LIMITATIONS The study needs replication in younger children. Interview methods may be required to ensure that intrusive memories are being assessed and not intrusive thoughts or ruminations. CONCLUSIONS Intrusive memories are common reaction to negative events in adolescents, and may be involved in maintaining subsequent depressed mood. The nature of event memories may have a role in the maintenance of such psychopathology, and may be a target for psychological interventions in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Broadbent JC, Nixon RD. Maladaptive Beliefs and Suppression of Negative Autobiographical Memories. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/bech.24.3.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study sought to investigate whether an individual difference in beliefs regarding the importance of controlling intrusive thoughts influenced the effect of suppressing negative autobiographical memories. In Phase I of the study, 165 undergraduate students completed the control-subscale of the Interpretations of Intrusions Inventory (III-31). Students with scores in the top (strong beliefs) and bottom (weak beliefs) 30% of the III-31 were selected to participate in Phase II. In Phase II an equal number of students with these ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ beliefs (N = 60) were randomised to either a thought suppression or control condition. As expected, instructions to suppress resulted in a rebound effect; however, contrary to predictions, differences in beliefs regarding the importance of controlling intrusive thoughts did not influence thought suppression ability. The implications of the findings for understanding the influence of metacognition on thought suppression are discussed.
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Magee JC, Harden KP, Teachman BA. Psychopathology and thought suppression: a quantitative review. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:189-201. [PMID: 22388007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent theories of psychopathology have suggested that thought suppression intensifies the persistence of intrusive thoughts, and proposed that difficulty with thought suppression may differ between groups with and without psychopathology. The current meta-analytic review evaluates empirical evidence for difficulty with thought suppression as a function of the presence and specific type of psychopathology. Based on theoretical proposals from the psychopathology literature, diagnosed and analogue samples were expected to show greater recurrence of intrusive thoughts during thought suppression attempts than non-clinical samples. However, results showed no overall differences in the recurrence of thoughts due to thought suppression between groups with and without psychopathology. There was, nevertheless, variation in the recurrence of thoughts across different forms of psychopathology, including relatively less recurrence during thought suppression for samples with symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, compared to non-clinical samples. However, these differences were typically small and provided only mixed support for existing theories. Implications for cognitive theories of intrusive thoughts are discussed, including proposed mechanisms underlying thought suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Magee
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, the Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Cognitive-behavioral coping strategies associated with combat-related PTSD in treatment-seeking OEF-OIF Veterans. Psychiatry Res 2011; 189:251-8. [PMID: 21813184 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with intrusive trauma-related thoughts and avoidance behaviors that contribute to its severity and chronicity. This study examined thought control and avoidance coping strategies associated with both a probable diagnosis and symptom severity of combat-related PTSD in a sample of 167 treatment-seeking Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF) Veterans. Within one year of returning from deployment, Veterans completed a survey containing measures of combat exposure, coping strategies, psychopathology, and postdeployment social support. Veterans with a positive screen for PTSD scored higher than Veterans without a positive screen for PTSD on measures of worry, self-punishment, social control, behavioral distraction, and avoidance coping strategies. Worry and social avoidance coping were positively related to PTSD symptoms, and greater perceptions of understanding from others were negatively related to these symptoms. A structural equation model revealed that scores on a measure of postdeployment social support were negatively associated with scores on measures of maladaptive cognitive coping (i.e., worry, self-punishment) and avoidance coping (social and non-social avoidance coping) strategies, which were positively associated with combat-related PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that maladaptive thought control and avoidance coping may partially mediate the relation between postdeployment social support and combat-related PTSD symptoms in treatment-seeking OEF-OIF Veterans. Consistent with cognitive therapy models, these findings suggest that interventions that target maladaptive coping strategies such as worry, self-punishment, and social avoidance, and that bolster social support, most notably understanding from others, may help reduce combat-related PTSD symptoms in this population.
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26
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Cognitive control of a simple mental image in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Brain Cogn 2011; 76:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nixon RD, Wilksch SR, Hosking J. Intrusive Memory: What Factors Differentiate Successful from Unsuccessful Suppressors? Int J Cogn Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Raymaekers L, Smeets T, Peters MJV, Merckelbach H. Autobiographical memory specificity among people with recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2010; 41:338-44. [PMID: 20378099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who report to have recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) almost by definition believe that these memories were previously inaccessible for them. We examined whether poor autobiographical memory specificity for all kinds of events (i.e., events not necessarily related to CSA) may underlie such impressions of amnesia. Thus, we examined whether people who report recovered memories of CSA (n=44) would exhibit more difficulty retrieving specific autobiographical memories compared to people who never forgot their abuse experiences (continuous memory group; n=42) and people without a history of abuse (controls; n=26). The standard Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) was administered to these 3 groups along with measures of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Controls were significantly better at retrieving specific autobiographical memories relative to individuals with continuous and recovered CSA memories, who did not differ from each other. Thus, reduced autobiographical memory specificity was not particularly pronounced in people with recovered memories of CSA. Poor autobiographical memory specificity is unlikely to explain the impression of amnesia reported by this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey Raymaekers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Reducing teachers' psychological distress through a mindfulness training program. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 13:655-66. [PMID: 20977015 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Teachers constitute one of the professional collectives most affected by psychological problems. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study is to examine the efficacy of a mindfulness training programme to reduce psychological distress in a group of teachers. The sample comprised 68 teachers of Secondary School Education, from various public schools; half of them formed the experimental group, and the another half the control group. The levels of psychological distress were measured, in both groups, by the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) before and after the application of the programme. Statistical analysis shows the significant reduction of three general measures of psychological distress (Global Severity Index, Positive Symptom Distress Index, and Positive Symptom Total), as well in all its dimensions (somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensibility, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism), in the experimental group compared with the control group. Follow-up measures show that these results were maintained for four months after termination of the intervention in the experimental group.
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30
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Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behav Res Ther 2010; 48:974-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Less food for thought. Impact of attentional instructions on intrusive thoughts about snack foods. Appetite 2010; 55:279-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:217-37. [PMID: 20015584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3009] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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33
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The potential application of obsessions to reduce compulsions in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:216-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Nixon RDV, Cain N, Nehmy T, Seymour M. The influence of thought suppression and cognitive load on intrusions and memory processes following an analogue stressor. Behav Ther 2009; 40:368-79. [PMID: 19892082 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ironic Process Theory and the role of thought suppression have been used in part to explain the phenomenon of intrusive memories in various disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder. How thought suppression interacts with other cognitive processes believed to be instrumental in the development of traumatic intrusive memory is unclear. In an analogue study, thought suppression and cognitive processing was manipulated in 4 experimental groups after participants (n=80) viewed a trauma film. The impact of suppression was examined in relation to self-reported intrusive experiences as well as via more objective methods (word stem and dot probe tasks) to assess potential preferential encoding of negative material. Cognitive load appeared to undermine thought suppression ability, with these participants experiencing more intrusions over the week relative to participants in all other conditions. This group also showed greater priming to negative film-related words, and both suppression groups demonstrated enhanced memory for film-related content on recognition testing. Thought suppression mediated the relationship between negative interpretations of initial intrusions and later intrusions experienced over the week. The findings are discussed in the context of ironic process theory and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald D V Nixon
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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35
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36
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Clark DA, Purdon C. Mental Control of Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts: A Phenomenological Study of Nonclinical Individuals. Int J Cogn Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Koçak OM, Çiçek M, Yağmurlu B, Atbaşoğlu C. How is Cognitive Control of a Simple Mental Image Achieved? An fMRI Study. Int J Neurosci 2009; 118:1781-96. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802328482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Wegner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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39
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Yap AJ, Tong EMW. The Appraisal Rebound Effect: Cognitive Appraisals on the Rebound. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2009; 35:1208-19. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167209338073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been many demonstrations of ironic thought processes, no demonstration to date has examined the effect of suppressing appraisals. Ironic phenomena in this domain have tremendous theoretical and practical importance to person perception, trait attribution, and social cognition in general. The authors propose the appraisal rebound hypothesis, which states that the suppression of an appraisal paradoxically activates it. Appraisal rebound was demonstrated across three studies with three different appraisals: unfairness, agency-others, and perceived control. The appraisal rebound effect was also found to be specific only to the suppressed appraisal. These results add to the growing literature on the many ways in which ironic mental processes affect daily thinking and feeling. Specifically, the findings are discussed with regard to emotion regulation, normal chronic emotionality, and psychopathology.
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41
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Grisham JR, Williams AD. Cognitive control of obsessional thoughts. Behav Res Ther 2009; 47:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Nixon RDV, Cain N, Nehmy T, Seymour M. Does post-event cognitive load undermine thought suppression and increase intrusive memories after exposure to an analogue stressor? Memory 2009; 17:245-55. [DOI: 10.1080/09658210802592353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Altın M, Gençöz T. Psychopathological Correlates and Psychometric Properties of the White Bear Suppression Inventory in a Turkish Sample. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.25.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) in a sample of 273 Turkish undergraduate students. The WBSI assesses people’s tendency toward thought suppression. The reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the scale indicated that the WBSI had adequate psychometric properties in a Turkish sample. Internal consistency, and split-half and test-retest reliability coefficients were satisfactory. Consistent with the original WBSI, factor analysis of the scale identified a single component that accounted for 43.3% of the total variance. Concurrent validity of the Turkish version indicated that the scale exhibited significantly positive correlations with obsessive-compulsive, depression, and trait anxiety symptoms, as well as with responsibility attitudes, and thought-action fusion biases. All these findings supported the cross-cultural validity of WBSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müjgan Altın
- Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tülin Gençöz
- Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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44
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Nixon R, Menne A, Kling L, Steele A, Barnes J, Dohnt H, Ball SA, Tyler H. Metacognition, working memory, and thought suppression in acute stress disorder. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530701867813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Nixon
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Annemarie Menne
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leonard Kling
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Steele
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Barnes
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hayley Dohnt
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley-Anne Ball
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hanna Tyler
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Sexton KA, Dugas MJ. The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: validation of the English translation. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22:355-70. [PMID: 17544253 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ; Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., & Pelletier, O. (2002). Le Questionnaire d'évitement cognitif (QEC): Développement et validation auprès d'adultes et d'adolescents [The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ): Development and validation among adult and adolescent samples]. Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 12, 24-37) English translation. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 456 (65.3% female; mean age=23.13 years, S.D.=5.18 years) undergraduate students at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. The CAQ assesses five worry-related cognitive avoidance strategies, namely Thought Suppression, Thought Substitution, Distraction, Avoidance of Threatening Stimuli, and the Transformation of Images into Thoughts. The CAQ scale and subscales showed good to excellent internal consistency and good stability over a 5-week period. A confirmatory factor analysis found support for the proposed subscales, though the overall goodness-of-fit was lower than expected. Preliminary evidence of convergent and divergent validity was found with measures of worry, thought suppression, and dispositional coping styles. The relationship between the CAQ and specific dispositional coping styles, however, was dependent on the context of the situation in which the information-seeking and information-avoidant coping strategies were employed. Specifically, the CAQ was negatively correlated with vigilance in controllable situations and positively correlated with both information-avoidance in controllable situations and information-seeking in uncontrollable situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Sexton
- Concordia University, Department of Psychology, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, L-PY-170, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6.
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Geraerts E, McNally RJ. Forgetting unwanted memories: directed forgetting and thought suppression methods. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2008; 127:614-22. [PMID: 18164273 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental psychopathologists have tested hypotheses regarding mechanisms that ought to be operative if victims possess skills for forgetting material related to trauma. In this article, we review research on directed forgetting and thought suppression paradigms, concentrating on laboratory studies involving attempts by individuals reporting trauma histories to forget emotionally negative material. Most studies have shown that trauma survivors, especially those with post-traumatic stress disorder, are characterized by a breakdown in the ability to forget disturbing material. Studies on individuals reporting repressed or recovered memories of trauma have not confirmed predictions regarding heightened forgetting skills for trauma-related words. However, recent research on suppressing disturbing autobiographical memories suggests that people who report spontaneously recalling childhood abuse outside of psychotherapy may, indeed, possess skills for not thinking about disturbing material.
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Magee JC, Zinbarg RE. Suppressing and focusing on a negative memory in social anxiety: Effects on unwanted thoughts and mood. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:2836-49. [PMID: 17572381 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have hypothesized that thought suppression contributes to the large volume of unwanted thoughts in anxiety disorders. However, comparisons to both non-suppression and non-anxious groups are necessary for studies on thought suppression in high anxiety. Participants completed a series of thought verbalization periods and a social interaction. During one period, participants were randomly assigned to focus upon a negative social memory, suppress it, or think freely while monitoring the memory. Results indicated that thought suppression and focusing caused a greater rise and subsequent decline in unwanted thoughts than monitoring instructions for both high and low social anxiety groups. Importantly, highly socially anxious participants had more unwanted thoughts overall, but did not respond significantly differently to thinking instructions when compared to the less anxious group. Interestingly, highly socially anxious participants did report more thought suppression attempts in their everyday life. They also appeared to benefit by experiencing less shyness after suppression when compared to focusing, a pattern not evident for the low social anxiety group.
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Lin YJ, Wicker FW. A comparison of the effects of thought suppression, distraction and concentration. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:2924-37. [PMID: 17897619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of suppression, focused-distraction, and concentration on controlling unwanted distressing thoughts, and examined how anxiety levels were associated with the use of each thought-control technique. In the study, college students were told to suppress thoughts about a distressing story, to suppress the same thoughts by focusing on an alternative distraction task, to simply concentrate on that alternative task, or to think about anything without restrictions for 6minutes. This initial period was followed by a "free-thinking" period to assess the delayed effect of thought-control techniques. The results indicated that focused-distraction and concentration led to fewer intrusions of target thoughts than suppression, and concentration in turn resulted in fewer target intrusions than focused-distraction during the initial period. Participants in the focused-distraction and concentration condition also tended to report lower anxiety during the initial period than those who were told to suppress thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Lin
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 11 Pu-tzu Lane, Taichung 406, Taiwan.
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Nixon RDV, Nehmy T, Seymour M. The effect of cognitive load and hyperarousal on negative intrusive memories. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:2652-63. [PMID: 17666185 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical theories of post-traumatic stress suggest that encoding processes at the time of a trauma are critical in determining whether intrusive memories will develop. Potential mechanisms that might influence the development of intrusive memories were studied, as was objective memory performance. In an analogue design, 65 participants were randomised to three conditions (cognitive load, hyperventilation, and control), and then watched a film of traumatic content. Intrusive memories were recorded during the experimental phase and at 1-week follow-up. Support was found for the prediction that verbal cognitive load and hyperventilation would facilitate intrusion development immediately following exposure to the trauma film; however, this was not maintained at follow-up. Consistent with cognitive models of post-traumatic stress, thought suppression and the distress associated with intrusive experiences mediated the relationship between distress caused by the film and intrusions at 1-week follow-up. Objective memory testing indicated that the three experimental groups showed similar recall and recognition performance for the content of the film; however, relative to the control group, individuals in the cognitive load condition were significantly less able to place film scenes in the correct order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald D V Nixon
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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