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Lutter C, Gräber S, Jones G, Groß J, Tadda L, Tischer T. Epidemiology of Acute and Overuse Injuries in Underwater Rugby. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231181582. [PMID: 37667810 PMCID: PMC10475234 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231181582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Underwater rugby (UWR) is a team sport. Athletes require a high degree of strength, endurance, speed, and coordination involving intense physical contact. Currently, a paucity of literature exists regarding injury occurrence in UWR. Purpose To examine the nature and prevalence of acute and overuse injuries in UWR. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Between November 2020 and March 2021, a total of 720 German UWR athletes were invited to take an online survey developed by orthopaedic specialists with UWR athletes. Data were recorded regarding general and health-related information, training habits, acute injuries that necessitated an interruption in training and/or doctor consultation, as well as overuse injuries. Overuse injuries were evaluated using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included t tests or rank sum tests depending on normality of distribution. A nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance on ranks was used for nonnormally distributed data among several groups. Results This study included 161 active athletes (mean ± SD, 36.1 ± 11.9 years old; 75.3% male) for analysis, of whom 90.1% were competing regularly. The performance-level distribution was as follows: first German national league (n = 73), second German national league (n = 46), state league (n = 17), district league (n = 1), and no league (n = 24). The mean ± SD sport-specific training workload was 5.6 ± 3.0 h/wk, including UWR training, additional swimming (n = 71; 44.1%), strength (n = 70; 43.5%), and/or endurance training (n = 102; 63.4%). Acute injuries were recorded in 78.9% of all athletes. The most typical locations for acute injuries were hand/finger (42.4%), head/face (concussion, ruptured eardrum; 18.1%), wrist (5.5%), or spine (5.0%). Overuse injuries were reported by 42.9% of the participants. The predominant locations for overuse injuries were hand/finger (18.8%), shoulder/clavicle (14.1%), spine and wrist (10.7% each), head/face (8.7%), and ankle joint and knee (6.7% each). Conclusion In the current study, 3 of 4 athletes reported at least 1 acute injury, and 2 of 5 athletes reported at least 1 overuse injury. Leading injury regions were the hand/finger, head/ear, wrist, and spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lutter
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Sina Gräber
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gareth Jones
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Justus Groß
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lukas Tadda
- Sozialstiftung Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Malteser Waldkrankenhaus St Marien, Erlangen, Germany
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Hill L, Mountjoy M, Miller J. Non-shoulder Injuries in Swimming: A Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:256-264. [PMID: 33852442 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The shoulder is the most common injury in swimming, followed by the knee and spine. The repetitive nature of swimming training may predispose a swimmer to injury. Several risk factors have been previously identified, but the level of evidence and level of certainty that these risk factors predispose a swimmer to injury risk has yet to be evaluated critically in a systematic review. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained through PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The database search was limited to articles that were published between January 1980 and December 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Level I, II, and III studies were included in this review. All studies must have been conducted in swimmers or swimming, a description of the specific pathology and provide at least one identified risk factor with an association (P < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 19 critically appraised articles identified 28 potential risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in swimmers. The risk factors were grouped by the anatomical region: neck and back, pelvis and hip, and the knee. Only 2 risk factors were appraised at a moderate level of certainty, both occurring in the knee. The remaining 26 identified risk factors were appraised at a low level of certainty. There is a clear lack of research surrounding nonshoulder injuries in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Federation International de Natation (aquatics) (FINA) Sports Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Miller
- Federation International de Natation (aquatics) (FINA) Sports Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
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Kreulen RT, Spiker AM, Heinlein SA, Cosgarea AJ. Evidence-Based Musculoskeletal Care for Swimmers: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev 2022; 10:01874474-202204000-00002. [PMID: 35385413 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.21.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
» Swimming is a popular activity with numerous health benefits. » Swimming involves complex biomechanical movements that, especially if performed incorrectly, can lead to musculoskeletal injuries. » The shoulder is the most commonly affected joint, although lower-extremity and spine injuries have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Kreulen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea M Spiker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Andrew J Cosgarea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Seehafer L, Morrison S, Severin R, Ness BM. A Multi-Systems Approach to Human Movement after ACL Reconstruction: The Cardiopulmonary System. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 17:60-73. [PMID: 35024206 PMCID: PMC8720251 DOI: 10.26603/001c.29451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary system plays a pivotal role in athletic and rehabilitative activities following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, along with serving as an important support for the functioning of other physiologic systems including the integumentary, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems. Many competitive sports impose high demands upon the cardiorespiratory system, which requires careful attention and planning from rehabilitation specialists to ensure athletes are adequately prepared to return to sport. Cardiopulmonary function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can be assessed using a variety of methods, depending on stage of healing, training of the clinician, and equipment availability. Reductions in cardiovascular function may influence the selection and dosage of interventions that are not only aimed to address cardiopulmonary impairments, but also deficits experienced in other systems that ultimately work together to achieve goal-directed movement. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present cardiopulmonary system considerations within a multi-physiologic systems approach to human movement after ACLR, including a clinically relevant review of the cardiopulmonary system, assessment strategies, and modes of cardiopulmonary training to promote effective, efficient movement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scot Morrison
- PhysioPraxis PLLC; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona
| | - Rich Severin
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Baylor University; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois
| | - Brandon M Ness
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Tufts University School of Medicine
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Trinidad A, González-Garcia H, López-Valenciano A. An Updated Review of the Epidemiology of Swimming Injuries. PM R 2020; 13:1005-1020. [PMID: 33010194 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a systematic review to update the scientific evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injuries in the swimming discipline, as well as the location, type, and mechanism of the injuries, and to assess whether studies are meeting methodological recommendations for data collection and injury surveillance. TYPE: Analytical-Systematic review. LITERATURE SURVEY The databases of PubMed and Sportdiscus were used to search for studies that describe the epidemiology of injuries in adult swimmers between 2010 and March 2020. METHODOLOGY Of the 864 articles identified, 14 studies were finally included in this review. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. SYNTHESIS The results showed a high prevalence of shoulder, knee, and lower back injuries among swimmers due to overuse. These injuries were mainly short-term tendon muscles; there were reported data differences between genders. CONCLUSIONS Despite the publication of an injury surveillance single and multisport events document and a consensus on data collection and injury surveillance in swimming, there are huge methodological limitations that do not allow firm conclusions. As such, more epidemiological studies following guidelines for data collection and injury surveillance are needed to establish differences by gender, age group, and swimming stroke.
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Norberto MS, Puggina EF. Relações entre flexibilidade de membros inferiores e índice de lesões em modalidades de resistência. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Prien A, Mountjoy M, Miller J, Boyd K, van den Hoogenband C, Gerrard D, Cherif MY, Lu Y, Nanousis K, Ortiz Liscano EI, Shahpar FM, Junge A. Injury and illness in aquatic sport: how high is the risk? A comparison of results from three FINA World Championships. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:277-282. [PMID: 27313172 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological information on injury/illness is required to develop effective injury prevention strategies. AIM To assess the frequency and characteristics of injuries/illnesses (1) in the 4 weeks prior to and (2) during the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Championships 2015 compared with 2013 and 2009. METHOD (1) Athletes answered a retrospective questionnaire, and (2) the medical staff reported injuries/illnesses prospectively during the championships. RESULTS (1) A quarter of responding athletes reported symptoms in the 4 weeks prior to the championships. More than half of all affected athletes presented with substantial severity, 80% took medication, 70% had overuse injuries and 30% did not modify their training regime despite symptoms. At the start of the championships, 70% of affected participants were still symptomatic. (2) During the championships, injury and illness incidence was 12.9 per 100 athletes. The most common injuries were shoulder sprains (5.7%) and muscle cramps of the lower back (5.7%). The most common illnesses were infections of the respiratory (33.9%) and gastrointestinal tract (23.5%). Risk factors included discipline and age, but not gender. Incidence was highest in athletes competing in high diving (HD), water polo (WP) and diving (DIV) for injuries, and WP and swimming (SW) for illnesses. The significantly higher incidence of injuries and illnesses at the FINA World Championships 2015 compared with 2013 and 2009 was most probably due to a similarly improved response rate of the medical staff. CONCLUSIONS In aquatic sports, surveillance and health promotion should focus on prevention of out-of-competition overuse injuries and athlete education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,International Olympic Committee (IOC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jim Miller
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Medicine Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin Boyd
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cees van den Hoogenband
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gerrard
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Yahia Cherif
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Lu
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyriakos Nanousis
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Farhad Moradi Shahpar
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany.,FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Zurich, Switzerland.,Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
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Capaci K, Ozcaldiran B, Durmaz B. Musculoskeletal pain in elite competitive male swimmers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1163/156856902320761432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Magno e Silva M, Bilzon J, Duarte E, Gorla J, Vital R. Sport injuries in elite paralympic swimmers with visual impairment. J Athl Train 2013; 48:493-8. [PMID: 23768122 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visually impaired athletes sustain overuse injuries in the lower limbs, but the pattern of injuries may vary according to the sport. The characteristics of sports injuries in visually impaired swimmers are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the characteristics and epidemiologic measures (prevalence, clinical incidence, and incidence rate) of sports injuries in visually impaired elite national swimmers and to assess differences among visual classes and between sexes. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING International Paralympic competitions held between 2004 and 2008. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight elite, visually impaired swimmers (19 males, 9 females) from the Brazilian Paralympic Team participated in this study. Twelve were visual class S11 (blind swimmers), 12 were S12 (low-vision swimmers), and 4 were S13 (low-vision swimmers). INTERVENTION(S) A standardized report form was used to collect data during 5 competitions. This was endorsed by 2 Brazilian sports governing bodies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The characteristics, prevalence, clinical incidence, and incidence rate of injuries were calculated. RESULTS Eighteen athletes reported 41 sports injuries, with a prevalence of 64%, clinical incidence of 1.5 injuries per athlete, and an incidence rate of 0.3 injuries per athlete per competition. Overuse injuries (80%) were more frequent than traumatic injuries (20%). The clinical incidence and prevalence varied according to sex and visual class, but no statistical differences were observed (P > .05). The highest proportion of injuries was in the trunk (46.34%), followed by the upper limbs (34.15%). The shoulders (29.27%) were most affected, followed by the thoracic (21.95%) and lumbar spine (17.07%). Spasm (36.59%) was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by tendinopathy (26.83%). CONCLUSIONS Visually impaired swimmers had a relatively high proportion of overuse injuries, predominantly associated with muscle spasm in the spine and tendinopathy in the shoulders. No differences were apparent in injury prevalence and clinical incidence among visual classes or between sexes.
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Venâncio BO, Tacani PM, Deliberato PCP. Prevalência de dor nos nadadores de São Vaetano do Sul. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922012000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: A natação é um esporte que vem se destacando nos últimos anos, sendo reconhecido que requer um elevado nível de treinamento e que gera sobrecarga musculoesquelética, a qual predispõe os nadadores a lesões. OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência e as regiões corporais com dor, correlacionando com o estilo principal e o tempo de prática nos nadadores do SERC em São Caetano do Sul. Método: Aplicação de um questionário com 19 perguntas em 71 atletas, sendo 30 do sexo feminino e 41 do masculino, nas categorias petiz (10 a 12 anos), infantil (12 a 14 anos), juvenil (14 a 16 anos), júnior (16 a 18 anos) e sênior (a partir dos 18 anos). As variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste de igualdade de duas proporções e Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de dor foi de 74,6% (n = 53; p < 0,001), sendo 39,6% (n = 21) no ombro e 22,6% (n = 12; p = 0,059) na coxa e o nado costas foi o único estilo que não apresentou correlação com a dor (p = 1,000), bem como com o tempo de prática (p = 0,075). CONCLUSION: Na população estudada houve alta prevalência de dor, sendo as regiões do ombro e da coxa as mais acometidas, não tendo correlação nem com o nado costas e tampouco com o tempo de prática esportiva.
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Wanivenhaus F, Fox AJS, Chaudhury S, Rodeo SA. Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers. Sports Health 2012; 4:246-51. [PMID: 23016094 PMCID: PMC3435931 DOI: 10.1177/1941738112442132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Competitive swimmers are predisposed to musculoskeletal injuries of the upper limb, knee, and spine. This review discusses the epidemiology of these injuries, in addition to prevention strategies that may assist the physician in formulating rehabilitation programs for the swimmer following an injury. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search was performed by a review of Google Scholar, OVID, and PubMed articles published from 1972 to 2011. Results: This study highlights the epidemiology of injuries common to competitive swimmers and provides prevention strategies for the sports health professional. Conclusions: An understanding of swimming biomechanics and typical injuries in swimming aids in early recognition of injury, initiation of treatment, and design of optimal prevention and rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wanivenhaus
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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Aguiar PRCD, Bastos FDN, Netto Júnior J, Vanderlei LCM, Pastre CM. Lesões desportivas na natação. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922010000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O estudo objetivou analisar a ocorrência de lesões em nadadores, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta. Fizeram parte desse estudo 215 atletas, de ambos os sexos, participantes dos principais campeonatos promovidos pela Federação Aquática Paulista. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de Inquérito de Morbidade Referida, constituído por perguntas relacionadas ao atleta, modalidade e referentes ao tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão. A análise entre variáveis antropométricas e presença de lesão foi realizada pelo teste t de Student ou pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney. Para relação entre as especificidades e o tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão, utilizou-se o teste de Goodman. Resultados significantes foram obtidos entre os atletas lesionados com mais idade e anos de treinamento. Segundo o mecanismo da lesão, o volume dos treinos é a principal causa de ocorrências de lesões e as tendinopatias são as lesões mais comuns. O ombro é o local mais acometido pelas diferentes especialidades, com exceção dos nadadores de peito que referiram a virilha. Conclui-se a partir dos achados que a exposição dos nadadores a prática esportiva associada ao volume de treinamento estão relacionadas com as frequentes lesões nestes atletas.
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Osteointegration of soft tissue grafts within the bone tunnels in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be enhanced. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18:1038-51. [PMID: 19779894 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-009-0910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a soft tissue autograft (hamstring autograft) has grown in popularity in the last 10 years. However, the issues of a relatively long healing time and an inferior histological healing result in terms of Sharpey-like fibers connection in soft tissue grafts are still unsolved. To obtain a promising outcome in the long run, prompt osteointegration of the tendon graft within the bone tunnel is essential. In recent decades, numerous methods have been reported to enhance osteointegration of soft tissue graft in the bone tunnel. In this article, we review the current literature in this research area, mainly focusing on strategies applied to the local bone tunnel environment. Biological strategies such as stem cell and gene transfer technology, as well as the local application of specific growth factors have been reported to yield exciting results. The use of biological bone substitute and physical stimulation also obtained promising results. Artificially engineered tissue has promise as a solution to the problem of donor site morbidity. Despite these encouraging results, the current available evidence is still experimental. Further clinical studies in terms of randomized control trial in the future should be conducted to extrapolate these basic science study findings into clinical practice.
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Abstract
METHODS The authors conducted a survey of 296 competitive swimmers to assess the incidence and importance of interfering groin pain in breaststroke swimmers. RESULTS Breaststroke swimmers were more likely to have current groin pain (6.92%) than individual medley swimmers who did not compete in pure breaststroke events (0, P = 0.015). Breaststroke swimmers (42.7%) were also more likely than individual medley swimmers (21.5%, P = 0.000622) or nonbreaststroke, nonindividual medley swimmers (5.8%, P = 0.00000311) to have been unable to train breaststroke in practice during the past year due to groin injury. CONCLUSION Results indicate that breaststroke swimmers are at significant risk of groin injury, groin injury is positively correlated with increased magnitude of breaststroke training, and groin injury may prevent participation in practices and competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Grote
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, 94305, USA
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