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Rouhi-Saadabad H, Akhlaghinia B. A One-Pot, fast, and efficient amidation of carboxylic acids, α-amino acids and sulfonic acids using pph 3/ n-chlorobenzotriazole system. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1024313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Rouhi-Saadabad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Batool Akhlaghinia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Ce(III) immobilised on aminated epichlorohydrin-activated agarose matrix – “green” and efficient catalyst for transamidation of carboxamides. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2015-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study reports the preparation and characterisation of Ce(III) immobilised on an aminated epichlorohydrin-activated agarose matrix (CAEA) as a “green” catalyst. The catalyst was synthesised by the reaction of the epichlorohydrin-activated agarose matrix with ammonia solution, which was then treated with Ce(NO
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Calvano CD, Ceglie CD, D’Accolti L, Zambonin CG. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry detection of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration with hazelnut oil by analysis of phospholipids using an ionic liquid as matrix and extraction solvent. Food Chem 2012; 134:1192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Contribution of denaturing and deodorization processes of oils to toxic oil syndrome. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:142-4. [PMID: 21238434 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this article, denaturing with aniline and refining process of the oil responsible for toxic oil syndrome is briefly reviewed. The aspects considered include description of conditions of the main refining steps in relation to aniline derivatives formation, with special focus on the deodorization stage. In this last step of the refining process, an increase in the temperature, applied to such an unusual oil, could have given rise to the formation of anilides and 3-N-phenylamino-1,2-propanediol esters.
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Potential implication of aniline derivatives in the Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS). Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Maitani T, Saitoh H. [Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS) caused by L-tryptophan product and toxic oil syndrome (TOS) caused by denatured rape-seed oil]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2010; 50:279-91. [PMID: 20065617 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.50.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Maitani
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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8
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Studies on the Toxic Oil Syndrome: proposal of a mechanism for the thermal conversion of 3-N-phenylamino-1,2-propanediol esters into anilides under deodorisation conditions. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Patterson R, Germolec D. Review Article Toxic Oil Syndrome: Review of Immune Aspects of the Disease. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 2:51-8. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910590960143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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García de Aguinaga ML, Posada de la Paz M, Estirado de Cabo E, Plaza Cano MDM, Alvarez CS, Saro BB, Abaitua Borda I, Sánchez RG, Barbado Hernández FJ. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk in patients with toxic oil syndrome: a comparative study using the general Spanish population. Eur J Intern Med 2008; 19:32-9. [PMID: 18206599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to compare current prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) between a cohort of patients affected by the toxic oil syndrome (TOS) epidemic, which occurred in Spain in 1981, and the unaffected Spanish population. METHODS This was a case-referent study covering 1276 TOS cases and a referent population of 2843 (aged 35-65 years) using data collected from 1996 to 2003. Study variables were high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, dyslipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Smoking habit, alcohol intake, family and personal history of ischemic heart disease, as well as a personal history of cerebrovascular disease were also assessed in TOS patients. RESULTS Compared to the general population, TOS patients registered a threefold rise in prevalence of diabetes, a 2.57-fold increase in hypertension, a 1.38-fold increase in total hypercholesterolemia, a 1.20-fold increase in hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia, and a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (35% versus 25%). Nevertheless, the prevalence of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia was significantly lower in those affected by TOS. No differences were found for other CRFs. CONCLUSION Compared to the general population, cases display a much higher prevalence of all major CRFs. However, an increase in HDL-cholesterol protective factor is in evidence for the first time.
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Bukowska B, Michałowicz J, Duda W. Alterations in human red blood cell properties induced by 3-(dimethylamino)phenol (in vitro). Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1574-80. [PMID: 17629448 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
3-(Dimethylamino)phenol (3-DMAP) exists in the environment as a transformation product of ureic herbicides and may also be considered as a derivative of phenoxyherbicides. In this study, the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, as well as the level of free radicals and changes in cell morphology were measured in human erythrocytes exposed (in vitro) to 3-(dimethylamino)phenol. Human erythrocytes were incubated for 1 h in 3-DMAP at concentrations of 10-500 microg per 1 ml erythrocytes of 5% haematocrit. The results show that 3-(dimethylamino)phenol increased the level of free radicals and changed the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and acetylcholinesterase. It also changed cell morphology. All these results corroborated the thesis that 3-DMAP induces oxidative stress in cells. 3-DMAP changed the properties of the cell membrane, caused strong oxidation of haemoglobin, inhibited the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, which, in result, lead to generation of free radicals (ROS and semiquinones) that occurred in the exposed cells, predisposing them to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Bukowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, University of Łódź, Banacha Str. 12/16, 90-237 Łódz, Poland.
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Vanhooren HM, Vanoirbeek JA, Xu H, Verbeken E, Nemery B. Strain-dependent acute lung injury after intra-tracheal administration of a ‘refined’ aniline-denatured rapeseed oil: A murine model of the toxic oil syndrome? Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2563-73. [PMID: 17686560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most attempts to reproduce the toxic oil syndrome in animals, either with case-related oils or with refined rapeseed oils, have been unsuccessful. An aniline-denatured rapeseed oil that was subsequently refined according to a protocol yielding relevant markers of "toxic oil" (oil RSO160401) had led to possibly relevant lesions following oral administration in mice. Therefore, in the present study, RSO160401 was subjected to a more extended in vivo testing. To try and maximize the response, BALB/c, DBA/2, A/J, and C57BL/6 mice were administered RSO160401 oil by a single intra-tracheal instillation (1ml/kg), with sacrifice 2 or 7 days post-exposure. Intra-tracheal administration led to a strain-dependent acute response: acute pulmonary damage in DBA/2 and A/J mice, and increases in blood eosinophilia in DBA/2 mice (6.5% vs 3.1% in controls). The pulmonary lesions regressed with time after exposure, being more complete in A/J than in DBA/2 mice. The observation of strain-dependent effects suggests that genetic susceptibility is an important factor in disease induction by the RSO160401 oil.
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Reig N, Calaf RE, Messeguer A, Morató A, Escabros J, Gelpí E, Abian J. LC-MS ion maps for the characterization of aniline derivatives of fatty acids and triglycerides in laboratory-denatured rapeseed oil. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:527-41. [PMID: 17295417 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In 1981 Spain went through a unique epidemic associated with a food-borne vector, affecting more than 20,000 people with over 800 deaths, which came to be known as the Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS). Early epidemiological studies showed a link between this illness and the ingestion of rapeseed oil denatured with 2% aniline. This oil, originally aniline-denatured for industrial use, was fraudulently processed in an attempt to remove free aniline, and marketed as edible oil. Fatty acid anilides (FAA), monoesters and diesters of 3-(N-phenylamino)-1,2-propanediol (PAP) are present in oil samples as they arise in the refining process from reactions of aniline with constituent fatty acids and triglycerides of the oil matrix and are the only extraneous compounds found in these samples. To expand the search for the causative agents in TOS-associated oils and to look for new aniline-related compounds, an exhaustive characterization of laboratory-processed oils was undertaken. These oils, in the presence of aniline doped with 14C labelled aniline, were submitted to the laboratory conditions required for the generation of PAPs and FAAs. Laboratory-generated oil samples were submitted to a liquid-liquid extraction procedure to remove the unreacted aniline. The extract was processed by double solid-phase extraction to improve detection limits for minor amine-containing compounds in oils. The extracts enriched in aniline derivatives were submitted to on-line HPLC-UV-APCI-MS. Using two-dimensional ion maps, the components of several families of derivatives were readily identified. Additionally, the extracts were also fractionated by HPLC-UV and the fractions were analyzed by HPLC-APCI-MS/MS to obtain structural information. Standards of some of these compounds were synthesized and analyzed to confirm the results. A total of 115 aniline derivatives from 9 aniline-related families were identified in these oil samples. These included fatty acid anilides and an extensive array of phenylaminopropanediol esters distributed in eight major compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Reig
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB/CSIC, IDIBAPS, Roselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Weatherill AR, Stang BV, O'Hara K, Koller LD, Hall JA. Investigating the onset of autoimmunity in A.SW mice following treatment with 'toxic oils'. Toxicol Lett 2003; 136:205-16. [PMID: 12505274 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1981, over 20,000 people were struck with toxic oil syndrome (TOS). H-2s strains of mice have been shown to develop symptoms of TOS after exposure to toxic oil. We examined the effects of toxic oil on A.SW mice, which are susceptible to chemically-induced autoimmunity, but do not spontaneously develop autoimmune disease. Mice were treated with three types of toxic oil: CO756 (case oil from Spain), RSD99 (rapeseed oil with no 3-(N-phenylamino)-1-2-propanediol (PAP) derivatives) and RSA99 (rapeseed oil supplemented with PAP derivatives). Mercuric chloride treated mice were used as a positive control. After toxic oil treatment, there were no consistent differences in body weight or organ weight (liver, kidney, thymus and spleen) as a percent of body weight at any of these timepoints: 2.5, 5 or 10 weeks. We also found that treatment with toxic oil did not induce autoantibody formation or lead to increased serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a or IgE at these timepoints. Conversely, at all timepoints, there were significant increases in organ weight as a percent of body weight in the mercury treated mice. Additionally, mercuric chloride treated mice had elevated serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a and IgE and developed anti-nuclear and anti-collagen antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Weatherill
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Crow FW, Cragun JD, Johnson KL, Ruiz MV, Posada De La Paz M, Naylor S. On-Line HPLC-UV-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid delineation and characterization of differences in complex mixtures: a case study using toxic oil variants. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:311-8. [PMID: 12210504 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An integrated differential approach to the characterization of complex mixtures is presented which includes the targeting of liquid chromatography (LC) peaks for identification using characteristic UV adsorption of the LC peak, subsequent molecular weight and formula determination using accurate mass LC mass spectrometry (MS), and structure characterization using accurate mass LC-tandem mass spectrometry. The use of differential UV adsorption aids in narrowing the scope of the study to only specific peaks of interest. Accurate mass measurement of the molecular ion species provides molecular weight information as well as atomic composition information. The tandem MS (MS/MS) spectra provide fragmentation information which allows for structural characterization of each component. Accurate mass assignment of each of the fragment ions in the MS/MS spectrum provides atomic composition for each of the fragment ions and thus further aids in the structural characterization. These experiments are facilitated through the use of on-line LC-MS and LC-MS/MS with in-line UV detection. A synthetic toxic oil (STO) related to Toxic Oil Syndrome is studied with a focus on possible contaminants resulting from the interaction of aniline, used as a denaturant, with the normal components of the oil. A differential analysis between the STO and a control oil is performed. LC peaks were targeted using UV absorbance to indicate the possible presence of the aniline moiety. Further differential analysis was performed through the determination of the MS signals associated with each component separated on the LC. Finally, the MS/MS data was also used to determine if the fragmentation of the targeted components indicated the presence of aniline. The MS/MS and accurate mass data were used to assign the structures for the targeted components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Crow
- Mayo Clinic/Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Marcos Lorenzo I, Pérez Pavón JL, Fernández Laespada ME, García Pinto C, Moreno Cordero B. Detection of adulterants in olive oil by headspace-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 945:221-30. [PMID: 11862986 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we propose the use of direct coupling of a headspace sampler to a mass spectrometer for the detection of adulterants in olive oil. Samples of olive oils were mixed with different proportions of sunflower oil and olive-pomace oil, respectively, and patterns of the volatile compounds in the original and mixed samples were generated. Application of the linear discriminant analysis technique to the data from the signals was sufficient to differentiate the adulterated from the non-adulterated oils and to discriminate the type of adulteration. The results obtained revealed 100% success in classification and close to 100% in prediction. The main advantages of the proposed methodology are the speed of analysis (since no prior sample preparation steps are required), low cost, and the simplicity of the measuring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marcos Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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