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Krais AM, Speksnijder EN, Melis JPM, Indra R, Moserova M, Godschalk RW, van Schooten FJ, Seidel A, Kopka K, Schmeiser HH, Stiborova M, Phillips DH, Luijten M, Arlt VM. The impact of p53 on DNA damage and metabolic activation of the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene: effects in Trp53(+/+), Trp53(+/-) and Trp53(-/-) mice. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:839-51. [PMID: 25995008 PMCID: PMC4785204 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is one of the most important cancer genes. Previous findings have shown that p53 expression can influence DNA adduct formation of the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in human cells, indicating a role for p53 in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1-mediated biotransformation of BaP in vitro. We investigated the potential role of p53 in xenobiotic metabolism in vivo by treating Trp53(+/+), Trp53(+/-) and Trp53(-/-) mice with BaP. BaP-DNA adduct levels, as measured by (32)P-postlabelling analysis, were significantly higher in liver and kidney of Trp53(-/-) mice than of Trp53(+/+) mice. Complementarily, significantly higher amounts of BaP metabolites were also formed ex vivo in hepatic microsomes from BaP-pretreated Trp53(-/-) mice. Bypass of the need for metabolic activation by treating mice with BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide resulted in similar adduct levels in liver and kidney in all mouse lines, confirming that the influence of p53 is on the biotransformation of the parent compound. Higher BaP-DNA adduct levels in the livers of Trp53(-/-) mice correlated with higher CYP1A protein levels and increased CYP1A enzyme activity in these animals. Our study demonstrates a role for p53 in the metabolism of BaP in vivo, confirming previous in vitro results on a novel role for p53 in CYP1A1-mediated BaP metabolism. However, our results also suggest that the mechanisms involved in the altered expression and activity of the CYP1A1 enzyme by p53 in vitro and in vivo are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Krais
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ewoud N Speksnijder
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P M Melis
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roger W Godschalk
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-J van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Luo Y, Sui YX, Wang XR, Tian Y. 2-Chlorophenol induced hydroxyl radical production in mitochondria in Carassius auratus and oxidative stress--an electron paramagnetic resonance study. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:1260-1268. [PMID: 18262590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Carassius auratus following 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) administration was provided. To further investigate the potential pathway of ROS production, liver mitochondria of C. auratus was isolated and incubated with 2-CP for 30 min. An EPR analysis indicated ROS was produced, and intensities of ROS increased with increasing concentrations of 2-CP. The ROS was then assigned OH by comparing with Fenton reaction. Either catalase or superoxide dismutase, extinguished OH completely in the mitochondria mixture. These facts suggested that O2(.-) and H2O2 contributed to the formation of OH in mitochondria in C. auratus stressed by 2-CP. Combining previous references and our own data, it is reasonable to suggest that 2-CP is first oxidized by H2O2 present in vivo to form phenoxyl radical under the catalytic action of cellular peroxidase (1); phenoxyl radical oxidizes mitochondria NADH to NAD in the presence of NADH (2); NAD reacts with oxygen in vivo to produce O2(.-) (3); O2(.-) is spontaneously dismutated by SOD to form H2O2 and O2, which creates a renewable supply of H2O2 as the initiators of the chain reactions until NADH is consumed (4); simultaneously with reaction (4), O2(.-) reacts with H2O2 to form OH radical via the Haber-Weiss reaction (5). A strong negative correlation (r=-0.9278, p<0.01) between glutathione (GSH) pool and OH production was observed after fish were i.p. injected with 2-CP (250 mg kg(-1)), indicating the depletion of GSH caused by OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation and Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Lin T, Yang MS. Benzo[a]pyrene-induced elevation of GSH level protects against oxidative stress and enhances xenobiotic detoxification in human HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2007; 235:1-10. [PMID: 17416446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most important antioxidants in mammalian cells. It also plays an important role in chemical detoxification. Some evidence showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P [50-32-8]), could increase GSH content as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress as well as to promote its detoxification. However, there has been very little study on clarifying the role GSH plays in antioxidation and detoxification actions. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze intracellular glutathione metabolism in the human hepatoma cells (HepG2) upon exposure to B[a]P. Exposure of the cells to B[a]P (1-100 microM) for 24 h did not cause significant cell death in this cell line. By selecting the sublethal concentration of 10 microM, B[a]P caused a significant increase in GSH and a small (13%) but significant decrease in glutathione reductase activity. However, there was no change in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, and no detectable increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Treatment with B[a]P caused up to 1.5 folds increase in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthatase (gamma-GCS) activity over control. Buthioneine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-GCS, could suppress GSH increase in a dose-dependent manner. Assessment of the oxidative state of the cells indicated that the increase in GSH caused the cells to become more reduced. Thus, the results concluded that cells were not suffering from oxidative stress at 24 h after treatment with 10 microM B[a]P. Upon analyzing the activities of detoxification enzymes, there was an increase in the activity of CYP1A subfamily monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferase. Both changes occurred prior to the changes in gamma-GCS activity and the increase in GSH. In summary, results of the present study demonstrate that B[a]P caused an activation of detoxification enzymes. The increase in intracellular GSH level was due to activation of gamma-GCS activities. Oxidative stress may not be an important risk factor for B[a]P (at 10 microM of up to 24 h) induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lin
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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Zamorano-Ponce E, Romero JF, Rivera Caamaño P, Guerra CB. Pentachlorophenol inhibits micronuclei induction by 2-acetylaminofluorene but not by thioacetamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 21:56-60. [PMID: 21783639 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our study examined the capacity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) to inhibit the ability of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and thioacetamide (TAA) to induce micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo. 2-AAF (5.6mg/kg) and TAA (60mg/kg) were administered intra-peritoneally (i.p.) to Mus musculus males (BALB/c), and the frequencies of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei (PCE-MN) 24h after injection were analyzed. Treatment with 2-AAF or TAA resulted in high PCE-MN frequencies in comparison with untreated and negative controls (19.9 and 21.6‰, respectively, versus ≈3‰). Pretreatment with a single PCP dose (44mg/kg) 24h prior to the 2-AAF administration virtually eliminated micronuclei formation by 2-AAF, although it had no inhibitory effect on TAA-induced micronuclei. Animals receiving cyclophosphamide (CP) served as positive control. Since PCP is known to inhibit arylsulfotransferase (AST) activity, which is involved in 2-AAF activation, this mechanism most likely produced the results with PCP and 2-AAF. Our results also are consistent with a different pathway involved in TAA induction of micronuclei, one that is not inhibited by PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zamorano-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Toxicológica (GENETOX), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 447, Chillán, Chile
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Ruediger HW. Antagonistic combinations of occupational carcinogens. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005; 79:343-8. [PMID: 16228221 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-005-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological and experimental studies demonstrate that combinations of carcinogens may interact in a synergistic way. This has prompted speculations that modulating interactions of individual chemical carcinogens are synergistic as a rule. However, various combinations of chemical carcinogens have been described which interact not even additively but in an antagonistic way. The aim of this review is to collect information of antagonistic interactions of occupational carcinogens obtained by epidemiologic and animal studies. In addition, appropriate in vitro studies with the genotoxic endpoints DNA-adducts and micronuclei are included. The toxicological mechanisms of antagonistic interactions, although speculative in some cases, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo W Ruediger
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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