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Yuan X, Huang Y, Zhang S, Gou R, Zhu S, Guo Q. Multi-aspect simulation insight on thermolysis mechanism and interaction of NTO/HMX-based plastic-bonded explosives: a new conception of the mixed explosive model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20951-20968. [PMID: 37496442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamics (RMDs) calculations were used to determine, for the first time, the process of thermolysis of the mixed explosives, including 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoline (HMX). Significantly, this is the first time that a layered model for mixed explosives, which is an extreme innovation of mixed explosive models was adopted. It is shown that a large amount of NO2 in the HMX and OH groups generated by the decomposition of HNO2 has a favorable effect on the thermolysis of NTO, as further validated by a reduction in the activation energy of NTO/HMX. The amount of H2O and N2 in the resulting products increased significantly, but the amount of NH3 changed slightly. The analysis results correspond to the change in chemical bonds. Whenever there is an increase in temperature, the time for the maximum number of clusters to appear is shortened accordingly. In addition, the acidity of NTO has been considered. An independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) and atoms in molecule (AIM) analysis of NTO/HMX was implemented. The relatively strong hydrogen bonds indicate that HMX can inhibit the acidity of NTO and is beneficial for the wide application of NTO/HMX-based plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yuan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ruijun Gou
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shuangfei Zhu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Qianjin Guo
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
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Comprehensive theoretical study on safety performance and mechanical properties of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)–based polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) via molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2022; 28:406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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3
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Theoretical investigation on interface interaction and properties of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)/fluoropolymer polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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ReaxFF/lg molecular dynamics study on thermolysis mechanism of NTO/HTPB plastic bonded explosive. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Dave PN, Thakkar R, Sirach R. Effect of rGO with BaCuO 3 perovskite on the thermal decomposition of AP and NTO. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19101-19107. [PMID: 35865610 PMCID: PMC9244895 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00953f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the syntheses of a BaCuO3 perovskite-structured oxide and rGO were conducted using a sol-gel method and ultrasonication process, respectively. Their physico-chemical characteristics were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy analyses. The perovskite type particles were found to present as a cubic crystal system with a crystal size in the range of 10-60 nm. Their catalytic performance was investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements at varying heating rates via the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). The kinetics and thermodynamics parameters, such as the average activation energy, pre-exponential factor, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, were also investigated, which showed a decrease in the decomposition peak temperature of AP and NTO in the presence of the catalysts rGO, BaCuO3, and rGO + BaCuO3 compared to pure AP and NTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragnesh N Dave
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University Gujarat-388120 India
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University Gujarat-388120 India
| | - Ruksana Sirach
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University Gujarat-388120 India
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6
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Initial Decomposition Mechanism of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) under Shock Loading: ReaxFF Parameterization and Molecular Dynamic Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164808. [PMID: 34443396 PMCID: PMC8400475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a reactive molecular dynamic (ReaxFF-MD) study using the newly parameterized ReaxFF-lg reactive force field to explore the initial decomposition mechanism of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) under shock loading (shock velocity >6 km/s). The new ReaxFF-lg parameters were trained from massive quantum mechanics data and experimental values, especially including the bond dissociation curves, valence angle bending curves, dihedral angle torsion curves, and unimolecular decomposition paths of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). The simulation results were obtained by analyzing the ReaxFF dynamic trajectories, which predicted the most frequent chain reactions that occurred before NTO decomposition was the unimolecular NTO merged into clusters ((C2H2O3N4)n). Then, the NTO dissociated from (C2H2O3N4)n and started to decompose. In addition, the paths of NO2 elimination and skeleton heterocycle cleavage were considered as the dominant initial decomposition mechanisms of NTO. A small amount of NTO dissociation was triggered by the intermolecular hydrogen transfer, instead of the intramolecular one. For α-NTO, the calculated equation of state was in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the discontinuity slope of the shock-particle velocity equation was presented at a shock velocity of 4 km/s. However, the slope of the shock-particle velocity equation for β-NTO showed no discontinuity in the shock wave velocity range of 3–11 km/s. These studies showed that MD by using a suitable ReaxFF-lg parameter set, could provided detailed atomistic information to explain the shock-induced complex reaction mechanisms of energetic materials. With the ReaxFF-MD coupling MSST method and a cheap computational cost, one could also obtain the deformation behaviors and equation of states for energetic materials under conditions of extreme pressure.
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Wei R, Fei Z, Yoosefian M. Water molecules can significantly increase the explosive sensitivity of Nitrotriazolone (NTO) in storage and transport. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Density functional theory investigation on the degradation mechanisms of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in water. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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9
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Zhang J, Bi F, Zhang J, Wang X, Yang Z, Zhang G, Wang B. Synthetic and thermal studies of four insensitive energetic materials based on oxidation of the melamine structure. RSC Adv 2020; 11:288-295. [PMID: 35423058 PMCID: PMC8691040 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of nitrogen-rich aromatic heterocycles has a significant impact on the development of energetic materials. 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-dioxide (MDO) is a promising insensitive energetic backbone obtained from melamine under strong oxidation conditions with impressive thermal behaviors and detonation performances. In this paper, MDO was prepared with improved yields of 85% and its thermal behavior, non-isothermal decomposition kinetics and gas products were investigated in detail. The corresponding decomposition mechanism was also deduced by applying the TG-DSC-FTIR-MS technique for the first time. The decomposition temperature of MDO reaches 300 °C and the apparent activation energy of MDO (E) calculated by the Kissinger and Ozawa method proved to be 303.63 and 279.95 kJ mol−1, indicating great thermal stability. Three new monoanionic energetic salts with impressively improved properties were achieved based on the basicity of MDO with yields of >80%. Their thermal decomposition temperatures proved to be higher than 230 °C and their densities are in the range of 1.75–1.89 g cm−3. The calculations and experiments show that their detonation velocities (vD: 8711–9085 m s−1) are comparable to or exceed those of RDX (D: 8795 m s−1) while the sensitivities to impact (IS: 23–27 J) and friction (FS: >240 J) are much lower. The synthesis, thermal behavior and detonation performance of MDO and its monoanionic energetic salts were comprehensively studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Fuqiang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 PR China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 PR China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
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10
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Yu Q, Zhao C, Liao L, Li H, Sui H, Yin Y, Li J. A mechanism for two-step thermal decomposition of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13729-13736. [PMID: 32530012 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02159h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a representative of the new generation of low-sensitivity energetic materials and has been applied extensively in formulations as an insensitive high-energetic ingredient. Although the initial thermal decomposition mechanism of LLM-105 has been studied based on quantum chemical calculations, the internal mechanism of the two-step thermal decomposition still lacks experimental research. Thus, this study involves a detailed experimental study to reveal the mechanism of the two-step thermal decomposition of LLM-105. The results showed that LLM-105 decay was a consecutive reaction. The first-step reaction dominated the early stage of the LLM-105 decomposition, and its products participated in the reaction of the second step. The cleavage of NO2 and NH2 groups of LLM-105 mainly occurred in the first step, while gaseous products NO and C2N2 were released during the second reaction step. The first-step reaction had a higher oxygen consumption rate and a lower carbon consumption rate, producing more heat due to more extensive oxidation of the carbon backbone. The difference in the oxidative ability and reaction rate between the two steps resulted in a two-step exothermic and mass loss behavior. This study provides further insights into the entire reaction process of LLM-105 and would be helpful for its better application and for the design of new explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Chuande Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Longyu Liao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Heliang Sui
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
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11
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Becher JB, Beal SA, Taylor S, Dontsova K, Wilcox DE. Photo-transformation of aqueous nitroguanidine and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one: Emerging munitions compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:418-426. [PMID: 31051343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two major components of insensitive munition formulations, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are highly water soluble and therefore likely to photo-transform while in solution in the environment. The ecotoxicities of NQ and NTO solutions are known to increase with UV exposure, but a detailed accounting of aqueous degradation rates, products, and pathways under different exposure wavelengths is currently lacking. Here, we irradiated aqueous solutions of NQ and NTO over a 32-h period at three ultraviolet wavelengths (254 nm, 300 nm, and 350 nm) and analyzed their degradation rates and transformation products. NQ was completely degraded by 30 min at 254 nm and by 4 h at 300 nm, but it was only 10% degraded after 32 h at 350 nm. Mass recoveries of NQ and its transformation products were ≥80% for all three wavelengths, and consisted of large amounts of guanidine, nitrate, and nitrite, and smaller amounts of cyanamide, cyanoguanidine, urea, and ammonium. NTO degradation was greatest at 300 nm with 3% remaining after 32 h, followed by 254 nm (7% remaining) and 350 nm (20% remaining). Mass recoveries of NTO and its transformation products were high for the first 8 h but decreased to 22-48% by 32 h, with the major aqueous products identified as ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and a urazole intermediate. Environmental half-lives of NQ and NTO in pure water were estimated as 4 and 6 days, respectively. We propose photo-degradation pathways for NQ and NTO supported by observed and quantified degradation products and changes in solution pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Becher
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Samuel A Beal
- U.S Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Susan Taylor
- U.S Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Katerina Dontsova
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0158, USA
| | - Dean E Wilcox
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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12
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Lent EM, Mullins AB, May AD, Honnold CL, Despain KE. Characterization of the Testicular Toxicity of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One and 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:364-372. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581818789878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrotriazolone (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; NTO) and dinitroanisole (2,4-dinitroanisole; DNAN), insensitive energetic materials used in explosive formulations, have induced testicular toxicity and oligospermia in repeated-dose oral toxicity tests. To identify the target site of testicular toxicity of NTO and DNAN, Sprague Dawley rats were orally dosed with NTO (500 mg/kg/d) or DNAN (50 or 100 mg/kg/d) in corn oil for 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. Degeneration of germinal epithelium occurred in multiple tubule stages on days 7 and 14 in treated rats. Degeneration increased in severity with time and was characterized by degeneration/apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes and round and elongating spermatids, depletion of step 19 spermatids, luminal spermatogenic cell sloughing, multinucleate cells, and pronounced Sertoli cell vacuolation. Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone did not differ between NTO- and DNAN-treated and control rats on any sampling day. Serum testosterone levels reduced only in rats given 50 mg/kg/d DNAN for 7 days. These results suggest that the initial site of testicular injury for both NTO and DNAN is the Sertoli cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily May Lent
- Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Anna B. Mullins
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Cary L. Honnold
- US Army Medical Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Despain
- US Army Medical Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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13
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ZHAO GUOZHENG, JIA JIANFENG, WU HAISHUN. Design and selection of triazole-based compounds with high energetic properties and stabilities. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Mullins AB, Despain KE, Wallace SM, Honnold CL, May Lent E. Testicular effects of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in mice when exposed orally. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:97-103. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1118175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Mullins
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research/Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA and
| | - Kenneth E. Despain
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research/Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA and
| | - Shannon M. Wallace
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research/Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA and
| | - Cary L. Honnold
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research/Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA and
| | - Emily May Lent
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, Army Institute of Public Health, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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Zhu J, Jin S, Wan L, Zhang C, Li L, Chen S, Shu Q. Nitrogen-rich 4,4′-azo bis(1,2,4-triazolone) salts—the synthesis and promising properties of a new family of high-density insensitive materials. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3590-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04731e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4,4′-Azo-bis(1,2,4-triazolone) (ZTO) based salts from alkaline (Li+, K+, Na+, and Cs+), alkaline earth metal salts (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) and hydrazinium salt were synthesized in a simple, straightforward manner and were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Wan
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Lijie Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qinghai Shu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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Oxley JC, Smith JL, Donnelly MA, Colizza K, Rayome S. Thermal Stability Studies Comparing IMX-101 (Dinitroanisole/Nitroguanidine/NTO) to Analogous Formulations Containing Dinitrotoluene. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Liu Z, Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. Vacancy-induced initial decomposition of condensed phase NTO via bimolecular hydrogen transfer mechanisms at high pressure: a DFT-D study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10568-78. [PMID: 25804616 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00637f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory with dispersion-correction (DFT-D) was employed to study the effects of vacancy and pressure on the structure and initial decomposition of crystalline 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (β-NTO), a high-energy insensitive explosive. A comparative analysis of the chemical behaviors of NTO in the ideal bulk crystal and vacancy-containing crystals under applied hydrostatic compression was considered. Our calculated formation energy, vacancy interaction energy, electron density difference, and frontier orbitals reveal that the stability of NTO can be effectively manipulated by changing the molecular environment. Bimolecular hydrogen transfer is suggested to be a potential initial chemical reaction in the vacancy-containing NTO solid at 50 GPa, which is prior to the C-NO2 bond dissociation as its initiation decomposition in the gas phase. The vacancy defects introduced into the ideal bulk NTO crystal can produce a localized site, where the initiation decomposition is preferentially accelerated and then promotes further decompositions. Our results may shed some light on the influence of the molecular environments on the initial pathways in molecular explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Lee SK, Cho SG, Park JS, Kim KY, No KT. MS-HEMs: An On-line Management System for High-Energy Molecules at ADD and BMDRC in Korea. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.3.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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FANG GUOYONG, XU LINA, HU XINGEN, LI XINHUA, XIAO HEMING, JU XUEHAI, GONG XUEDONG. DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN 3-NITRO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-5-ONE AND WATER. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s021963360500188x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three fully optimized geometries of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)-H2O complexes have been obtained with density function theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level. The intermolecular interaction energy is calculated with zero point energy (ZPE) correction and basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction. The greatest corrected intermolecular interaction of the NTO–H2O complexes is -30.14 KJ/mol. Electrons in complex systems transfer from H2O to NTO . The strong hydrogen bonds contribute to the interaction energies dominantly. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is performed to reveal the origin of the interaction. Based on the vibrational analysis, the changes of thermodynamic properties from the monomer to complexes with the temperature ranging from 200 K to 800 K have been obtained using the statistical thermodynamic method. It is found that three NTO –water complexes can be produced spontaneously from NTO and H2O at lower temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUO-YONG FANG
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Wenzhou University, WenZhou 325027, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - LI-NA XU
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Wenzhou University, WenZhou 325027, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - XIN-GEN HU
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Wenzhou University, WenZhou 325027, P. R. China
| | - XIN-HUA LI
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Wenzhou University, WenZhou 325027, P. R. China
| | - HE-MING XIAO
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - XUE-HAI JU
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - XUE-DONG GONG
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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King RJ, Salvatore K, Davies PJ, Smith MW, Wainwright KP. Composite Energetic Materials Containing Nitrotriazalone Formed by Molecular Inclusion. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Investigation of correlation between impact sensitivities and bond dissociation energies in some triazole energetic compounds. Struct Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-010-9668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Fang G, Xu L, Hu X, Li X. DFT study of the interaction between 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one and hydrogen fluoride. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 160:51-55. [PMID: 18400387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three fully optimized geometries of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one-hydrogen fluoride (NTO-HF) complexes have been obtained with density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level. The intermolecular interaction energy is calculated with zero point energy (ZPE) correction and basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction. The greatest corrected intermolecular interaction of the NTO-HF complexes is -34.155kJ/mol. Electrons in complex systems transfer from NTO to HF. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is performed to reveal the origin of the interaction. The strong hydrogen bonds contribute to the interaction energies dominantly. Frequency calculations are carried out on each optimized structure, and their IR spectra are discussed. Vibrational analysis show that there are large red-shifts for H-X (X=N and F) stretching vibrational frequencies in the NTO and hydrogen fluoride complexes. The changes of thermodynamic properties from the monomer to complexes with the temperature ranging from 200K to 1500K have been obtained using the statistical thermodynamic method. It is found that two of three NTO-HF complexes can be produced spontaneously from NTO and HF at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Fang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, PR China
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23
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Badgujar DM, Talawar MB, Asthana SN, Mahulikar PP. Advances in science and technology of modern energetic materials: an overview. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 151:289-305. [PMID: 18061344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials such as explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics are widely used for both civilian and military explosives applications. The present review focuses briefly on the synthesis aspects and some of the physico-chemical properties of energetic materials of the class: (a) aminopyridine-N-oxides, (b) energetic azides, (c) high nitrogen content energetic materials, (d) imidazoles, (e) insensitive energetic materials, (f) oxidizers, (g) nitramines, (h) nitrate esters and (i) thermally stable explosives. A brief comment is also made on the emerging nitration concepts. This paper also reviews work done on primary explosives of current and futuristic interest based on energetic co-ordination compounds. Lead-free co-ordination compounds are the candidates of tomorrow's choice in view of their additional advantage of being eco-friendly. Another desirable attribute of lead free class of energetic compounds is the presence of almost equivalent quantity of fuel and oxidizer moieties. These compounds may find wide spectrum of futuristic applications in the area of energetic materials. The over all aim of the high energy materials research community is to develop the more powerful energetic materials/explosive formulations/propellant formulations in comparison to currently known benchmark materials/compositions. Therefore, an attempt is also made to highlight the important contributions made by the various researchers in the frontier areas energetic ballistic modifiers, energetic binders and energetic plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Badgujar
- School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001 (M.S.), India.
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Zhao Q, Zhang S, Li QS. The influence of ring strain and conjugation on the reaction energies of the NO2 fission of nitramines: A DFT study. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Xiao HM, Ju XH, Xu LN, Fang GY. A density-functional theory investigation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one dimers and crystal. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:12523-31. [PMID: 15606273 DOI: 10.1063/1.1812258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Density-functional method with different basis sets was applied to the study of the highly efficient and low sensitive explosive 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) in both gaseous dimer and its bulk state. The binding energies have been corrected for the basis set superposition errors. Six stable dimers (II-VII) were located. The corrected binding energy of the most stable dimer VII is predicted to be -53.66 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-311++G(**) level. It was found that the structures of the more stable dimers (V-VII) are through the hydrogen bonding interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the azole hydrogen of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one. The changes of Gibbs free energies (DeltaG) in the processes from the monomer to the dimers at 298.15 K are 8.51, 0.90, 0.35, -8.74, -10.67, and -11.06 kJ/mol for dimers from II to VII, respectively. Dimers V-VII, possessing cyclic structures, can be spontaneously produced from the isolated monomer at room temperature. The lattice energy is -156.14 kJ/mol, and this value becomes to -150.43 kJ/mol when a 50% correction of the basis set superposition error was adopted. The frontier bands are quite flat. Judged from the value of band gap of 4.0 eV, it may be predicted that 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one is an insulator. Most atoms in NTO, with the exception of C(5) atom and the nitro atoms, make up the upper valence bands. In contrast, the lower conduction bands mainly consist of the nitro N and O atoms. The population of the C-NO(2) bond is much less than those of the other bonds and the detonation may be initiated by the breakdown of this bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ming Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Studies on energetic compounds. Part 32: crystal structure, thermolysis and applications of NTO and its salts. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Singh G, Kapoor I, Prem Felix S, Agrawal J. Studies on Energetic Compounds Part 23: Preparation, Thermal and Explosive Characteristics of Transition Metal Salts of 5-Nitro-2,4-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-One (NTO). PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4087(200203)27:1<16::aid-prep16>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Singh G, Prem Felix S. Studies on energetic compounds. 25. An overview of preparation, thermolysis and applications of the salts of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2002; 90:1-17. [PMID: 11777588 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The research work reported on the preparation, characterisation and applications of more than 50 salts of NTO has been reviewed thoroughly. A broad classification and sub classification of all these compounds has been given on the basis of nature of the compounds with which NTO forms salts. Attempt has been made to discuss the structure of these salts by summarising analytical data reported from 13C NMR. The structure as determined by IR spectroscopy as well as XRD has also been discussed briefly. A generalised mechanism for the thermolysis of the metal salts has also been given and any deviation from this has been narrated in particular cases. The kinetic details, thermodynamical and thermochemical data as well as performance parameters have also been reviewed. Thus, the futuristic potentials of these salts are analysed critically and further studies have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdip Singh
- Department of Chemistry, DDU Gorakhpur University, 273009, Gorakhpur, India.
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