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Aljarah A, Vahdati N, Butt H. Magnetic Internal Corrosion Detection Sensor for Exposed Oil Storage Tanks. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072457. [PMID: 33918179 PMCID: PMC8037470 DOI: 10.3390/s21072457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion in the oil and gas industry represents one of the major problems that affect oil production and transportation processes. Several corrosion-inspection technologies are in the market to detect internal and external corrosion of oil storage tanks, but inspection of storage tanks occurs every 3 to 7 years. In between inspection interval, aggressive corrosion can potentially occur, which makes the oil and gas industry vulnerable to accidents. This study proposes a new internal corrosion detection sensor based on the magnetic interaction between a rare-earth permanent magnet and the ferromagnetic nature of steel, used to manufacture oil storage tanks. Finite element analysis (FEA) software was used to analyze the effect of various sensor parameters on the attractive force between the magnet and the steel. The corrosion detection sensor is designed based on the FEA results. The experimental testing of the sensor shows that it is capable of detecting internal metal loss due to corrosion in oil storage tanks within approximately 8 mm of the internal surface thickness. The sensor showed more than two-fold improvement in the detection range compared to previous sensor proposed by the authors. Furthermore, the sensor of this paper provides a monitoring rather than occasional inspection solution.
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Peng Z, Jian J, Wen H, Gribok A, Wang M, Liu H, Huang S, Mao ZH, Chen KP. Distributed fiber sensor and machine learning data analytics for pipeline protection against extrinsic intrusions and intrinsic corrosions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:27277-27292. [PMID: 32988024 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated technical framework to protect pipelines against both malicious intrusions and piping degradation using a distributed fiber sensing technology and artificial intelligence. A distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) was used to detect acoustic wave propagation and scattering along pipeline structures consisting of straight piping and sharp bend elbow. Signal to noise ratio of the DAS system was enhanced by femtosecond induced artificial Rayleigh scattering centers. Data harnessed by the DAS system were analyzed by neural network-based machine learning algorithms. The system identified with over 85% accuracy in various external impact events, and over 94% accuracy for defect identification through supervised learning and 71% accuracy through unsupervised learning.
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Test and Study of Pipe Pile Penetration in Cohesive Soil Using FBG Sensing Technology. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071934. [PMID: 32235656 PMCID: PMC7181217 DOI: 10.3390/s20071934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the applicability of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology in the static penetration of pipe piles, static penetration tests in clay were conducted using double-wall open and closed model pipe piles. The strain was measured using FBG sensors, and the plug height was measured using a cable displacement sensor. Using one open pile and two closed piles, the difference in pipe pile penetration was compared and analyzed. Based on FBG sensing technology and the strain data, the penetration characteristics of the pipe pile, such as axial force, lateral friction, and driving resistance were examined. Results showed that FBG sensing technology has superior testing performance for the pipe pile penetration process, can accurately reflect the strain time history of pipe piles, and can clearly reflect the penetration process of pipe piles with increasing penetration depth. In addition, the variation law of the characteristics of the jacked pile pile–soil interface was obtained. This test has significance for model tests and the engineering design of pipe piles.
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A Review of Methods for Fibre-Optic Distributed Chemical Sensing. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132876. [PMID: 31261706 PMCID: PMC6651443 DOI: 10.3390/s19132876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical sensing is of great importance in many application fields, such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Distributed fibre-optic sensing received significant attention because of its unique feature to make spatially resolved measurements along the entire fibre. Distributed chemical sensing (DCS) is the combination of these two techniques and offers potential solutions to real-world applications that require spatially dense chemical measurements covering large length scales. This paper presents a review of the working principles, current status, and the emerging trends within DCS.
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Fabrication and characterization of multimode optical fiber sensor for chemical temperature monitoring using optical time domain reflectometer. KARBALA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kijoms.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Al Handawi K, Vahdati N, Shiryayev O, Lawand L. Analytical Modeling Tool for Design of Hydrocarbon Sensitive Optical Fibers. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102227. [PMID: 28956847 PMCID: PMC5677271 DOI: 10.3390/s17102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pipelines are the main transportation means for oil and gas products across large distances. Due to the severe conditions they operate in, they are regularly inspected using conventional Pipeline Inspection Gages (PIGs) for corrosion damage. The motivation for researching a real-time distributed monitoring solution arose to mitigate costs and provide a proactive indication of potential failures. Fiber optic sensors with polymer claddings provide a means of detecting contact with hydrocarbons. By coating the fibers with a layer of metal similar in composition to that of the parent pipeline, corrosion of this coating may be detected when the polymer cladding underneath is exposed to the surrounding hydrocarbons contained within the pipeline. A Refractive Index (RI) change occurs in the polymer cladding causing a loss in intensity of a traveling light pulse due to a reduction in the fiber’s modal capacity. Intensity losses may be detected using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) while pinpointing the spatial location of the contact via time delay calculations of the back-scattered pulses. This work presents a theoretical model for the above sensing solution to provide a design tool for the fiber optic cable in the context of hydrocarbon sensing following corrosion of an external metal coating. Results are verified against the experimental data published in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Al Handawi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533 Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Nader Vahdati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533 Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Oleg Shiryayev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533 Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Lydia Lawand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533 Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Machine Learning Methods for Pipeline Surveillance Systems Based on Distributed Acoustic Sensing: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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An acoustic emission based multi-level approach to buried gas pipeline leakage localization. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu C, Li Y, Meng L, Wang W, Zhang F. Study on leak-acoustics generation mechanism for natural gas pipelines. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cho TS, Choi KS, Seo DC, Kwon IB, Lee JR. Novel fiber optic sensor probe with a pair of highly reflected connectors and a vessel of water absorption material for water leak detection. SENSORS 2012; 12:10906-19. [PMID: 23112637 PMCID: PMC3472865 DOI: 10.3390/s120810906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of a fiber optic quasi-distributed sensing technique for detecting the location and severity of water leakage is suggested. A novel fiber optic sensor probe is devised with a vessel of water absorption material called as water combination soil (WCS) located between two highly reflected connectors: one is a reference connector and the other is a sensing connector. In this study, the sensing output is calculated from the reflected light signals of the two connectors. The first reflected light signal is a reference and the second is a sensing signal which is attenuated by the optical fiber bending loss due to the WCS expansion absorbing water. Also, the bending loss of each sensor probe is determined by referring to the total number of sensor probes and the total power budget of an entire system. We have investigated several probe characteristics to show the design feasibility of the novel fiber sensor probe. The effects of vessel sizes of the probes on the water detection sensitivity are studied. The largest vessel probe provides the highest sensitivity of 0.267 dB/mL, while the smallest shows relatively low sensitivity of 0.067 dB/mL, and unstable response. The sensor probe with a high output value provides a high sensitivity with various detection levels while the number of total installable sensor probes decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sik Cho
- Center for Safety Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Korea; E-Mails: (T.-S.C.); (K.-S.C.); (D.-C.S.)
| | - Ki-Sun Choi
- Center for Safety Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Korea; E-Mails: (T.-S.C.); (K.-S.C.); (D.-C.S.)
| | - Dae-Cheol Seo
- Center for Safety Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Korea; E-Mails: (T.-S.C.); (K.-S.C.); (D.-C.S.)
| | - Il-Bum Kwon
- Center for Safety Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Korea; E-Mails: (T.-S.C.); (K.-S.C.); (D.-C.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-42-868-5326; Fax: +82-42-868-5757
| | - Jung-Ryul Lee
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea; E-Mail:
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Yeh CH, Chow CW, Sung JY, Wu PC, Whang WT, Tseng FG. Measurement of organic chemical refractive indexes using an optical time-domain reflectometer. SENSORS 2012; 12:481-8. [PMID: 22368480 PMCID: PMC3279224 DOI: 10.3390/s120100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a method for measuring the refractive index (RI) of liquid organic chemicals. The scheme is based on a single-mode fiber (SMF) sensor and an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). Here, due to the different reflectance (R) between the SMF and organic liquid chemicals, the reflected power level of the backscattering light (BSL) measured by the OTDR would be different. Therefore, we can measure the RI of chemical under test via the measured BSL level. The proposed RI sensor is simple and easy to manipulate, with stable detected signals, and has the potential to be a valuable tool for use in biological and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Yeh
- Information and Communications Research Laboratories (ICL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-3-591-5698; Fax: 886-3-582-0226
| | - Chi-Wai Chow
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (J.-Y.S.); (P.-C.W.)
| | - Jiun-Yu Sung
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (J.-Y.S.); (P.-C.W.)
| | - Ping-Chun Wu
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (J.-Y.S.); (P.-C.W.)
| | - Wha-Tzong Whang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; E-Mail:
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Takeuchi A, Miwa T, Shirataka M, Sawada M, Imaizumi H, Sugibuchi H, Ikeda N. Non-cladding optical fiber is available for detecting blood or liquids. J Clin Monit Comput 2010; 24:363-70. [PMID: 20697933 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-010-9255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serious accidents during hemodialysis such as an undetected large amount of blood loss are often caused by venous needle dislodgement. A special plastic optical fiber with a low refractive index was developed for monitoring leakage in oil pipelines and in other industrial fields. To apply optical fiber as a bleeding sensor, we studied optical effects of soaking the fiber with liquids and blood in light-loss experimental settings. METHODS The non-cladding optical fiber that was used was the fluoropolymer, PFA fiber, JUNFLON™, 1 mm in diameter and 2 m in length. Light intensity was studied with an ordinary basic circuit with a light emitting source (880 nm) and photodiode set at both terminals of the fiber under certain conditions: bending the fiber, soaking with various mediums, or fixing the fiber with surgical tape. The soaking mediums were reverse osmosis (RO) water, physiological saline, glucose, porcine plasma, and porcine blood. The light intensities regressed to a decaying exponential function with the soaked length. RESULTS The light intensity was not decreased at bending from 20 to 1 cm in diameter. The more the soaked length increased in all mediums, the more the light intensity decreased exponentially. The means of five estimated exponential decay constants were 0.050±0.006 standard deviation in RO water, 0.485±0.016 in physiological saline, 0.404±0.022 in 5% glucose, 0.503±0.038 in blood (Hct 40%), and 0.573±0.067 in plasma. The light intensity decreased from 5 V to about 1.5 V above 5 cm in the soaked length in mediums except for RO water and fixing with surgical tape. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that light intensity significantly and exponentially decreased with the increased length of the soaked fiber. This phenomena could ideally, clinically be applied to a bleed sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
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Li H, Chang L, Wang J, Yang L, Song Y. A colorful oil-sensitive carbon inverse opal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b808675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pejcic B, Eadington P, Ross A. Environmental monitoring of hydrocarbons: a chemical sensor perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:6333-6342. [PMID: 17948776 DOI: 10.1021/es0704535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the environmental impact of organic pollutants requires reliable analytical tools that can rapidly screen them with minimal sample handling. Chemical sensors are expected to play an increasing role in environmental monitoring, and recent technological advances are certain to facilitate the application of chemical sensing devices. The search for highly selective, sensitive, low cost, stable, and robust sensors for hydrocarbons is an area of interest that is reflected by many publications on this topic. This report surveys some of the work that has been undertaken using sensors to detect hydrocarbons in the gas and liquid phase. The analytical capabilities of various sensors are compared and discussed in terms of their selectivity, sensitivity, and detection limit. It was found that the sensitivity is highly dependent on the experimental conditions used in the preparation of the sensing surface. Many sensors display acceptable sensitivity under controlled laboratory conditions; however, very few are selective enough to distinguish among several hydrocarbons in complex mixtures. Selectivity is still a challenge that is hindering the widespread application of chemical sensors for environmental monitoring of hydrocarbons and a number of strategies have been proposed to help overcome some of these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Pejcic
- CSIRO Petroleum, ARRC, P.O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto S Wolfbeis
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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