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Gilewski M. Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems in Light Stabilization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2916. [PMID: 36991627 PMCID: PMC10056124 DOI: 10.3390/s23062916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses application considerations in the micro-electro-mechanical system's optical sensor. Furthermore, the provided analysis is limited to application issues occurring in research or industrial applications. In particular, a case was discussed where the sensor was used as a feedback signal source. Its output signal is used to stabilize the flux of an LED lamp. Thus, the function of the sensor was the periodic measurement of the spectral flux distribution. The application problem of such a sensor is the output analogue signal conditioning. This is necessary to perform analogue-to-digital conversion and further digital processing. In the discussed case, design limitations come from the specifics of the output signal. This signal is a sequence of rectangular pulses, which can have different frequencies, and their amplitude varies over a wide range. The fact such a signal must be conditioned additionally discourages some optical researchers from using such sensors. The developed driver allows measurement using an optical light sensor in the band from 340 nm to 780 nm with a resolution of about 12 nm; in the range of flux values from about 10 nW to 1 μW, and frequencies up to several kHz. The proposed sensor driver was developed and tested. Measurement results are presented in the paper's final part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Gilewski
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45A Wiejska Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
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Lin H, Huang Z, Kan R, Zheng H, Liu Y, Liu B, Dong L, Zhu W, Tang J, Yu J, Chen Z, Tittel FK. Application of Micro Quartz Tuning Fork in Trace Gas Sensing by Use of Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5240. [PMID: 31795247 PMCID: PMC6928970 DOI: 10.3390/s19235240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor based on a micro quartz tuning fork (QTF) is reported. As a photoacoustic transducer, a novel micro QTF was 3.7 times smaller than the usually used standard QTF, resulting in a gas sampling volume of ~0.1 mm3. As a proof of concept, water vapor in the air was detected by using 1.39 μm distributed feedback (DFB) laser. A detailed analysis of the performance of a QEPAS sensor based on the micro QTF was performed by detecting atmosphere H2O. The laser focus position and the laser modulation depth were optimized to improve the QEPAS excitation efficiency. A pair of acoustic micro resonators (AmRs) was assembled with the micro QTF in an on-beam configuration to enhance the photoacoustic signal. The AmRs geometry was optimized to amplify the acoustic resonance. With a 1 s integration time, a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 1.97 × 10-8 W·cm-1·Hz-1/2 was achieved when detecting H2O at less than 1 atm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China;
| | - Linpeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jieyuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (J.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Frank K. Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
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Wang C, Li Z, Pan Z, Li D. A High-Performance Optoelectronic Sensor Device for Nitrate Nitrogen in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103382. [PMID: 30309005 PMCID: PMC6210482 DOI: 10.3390/s18103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The determination of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in recirculating aquaculture systems is of great significance for the health assessment of the living environment of aquatic animals. Unfortunately, the commonly used spectrophotometric methods often yield unstable results, especially when the ambient temperature varies greatly in the field measurement. Here, we have developed a novel handheld absorbance measurement sensor based on the thymol-NO3-N chromogenic rearrangement reaction. In terms of hardware, the sensor adopts a dual channel/dual wavelength colorimeter structure that features a modulated light source transmitter and a synchronous detector receiver. The circuit measures the ratio of light absorbed by the sample and reference containers at two LEDs with peak wavelengths at 420 nm and 450 nm. Using the modulated source and synchronous detector rather than a constant (DC) source eliminates measurement errors due to ambient light and low frequency noise and provides higher accuracy. In terms of software, we design a new quantitative analysis algorithm for absorbance by studying colloid absorbing behavior. The application of a buffer operator embedded in the algorithm makes the sensor get the environmental correction function. The results have shown that the sensitivity, repeatability, precision and environmental stability are higher than that by ordinary spectrophotometry. Lastly, we have a brief overview of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhongli Pan
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WRRC, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Daoliang Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
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Farokh Payam A. Sensitivity of flexural vibration mode of the rectangular atomic force microscope micro cantilevers in liquid to the surface stiffness variations. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 135:84-8. [PMID: 23942312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the resonance frequencies and modal sensitivity of flexural vibration modes of a rectangular atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever immersed in a liquid to surface stiffness variations have been analyzed and a closed-form expression is derived. For this purpose, the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is used to develop the AFM cantilever model in liquid. Then, an expression for the resonance frequencies of AFM cantilever in liquid is derived and the results of the derived expression are compared with the experimental measurements. Based on this expression, the effect of the surface contact stiffness on flexural mode of a rectangular AFM cantilever in a fluid is investigated and compared with the case that AFM cantilever operates in the air. The results show that in the low surface stiffness, the first mode is the most sensitive mode and the best image contrast is obtained by excitation this mode, but by increasing the sample surface stiffness the higher modes have better image contrast. In addition, comparison between modal sensitivities in air and liquid shows that the resonance frequency shifts in the air are greater than the shifts in the fluid, which means that for the similar surface stiffness the image contrast in air, is better than liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Farokh Payam
- Nano-electronics excellent centre of research, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
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Johnson BN, Sharma H, Mutharasan R. Torsional and Lateral Resonant Modes of Cantilevers as Biosensors: Alternatives to Bending Modes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1760-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303092q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake N. Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Harsh Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Raj Mutharasan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Yi D, Passian A, Lereu AL, Thundat T. An experimental investigation of analog delay generation for dynamic control of microsensors and atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2007; 107:1020-6. [PMID: 17576037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present an implementation of pure-time-delay generation in analog signals located in the kilo-Hertz frequency band. The controlled constant delays that are produced engage in a feedback system to investigate the dynamic response of microcantilevers. Delayed systems offer a vast richness of eigenvalues resulting in the possibility of excitations at frequencies other than that of the fundamental mode. Different cantilever actuation and delay generation approaches are investigated and compared, and detailed experimental observation of the dynamic response of the system is presented. Based on our results, an acoustic excitation is devised that may be used as an efficient sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yi
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bldg. 4500 S, MS 6123, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6123, USA
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