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Chen Z, Lv Y, Xu H, Deng L. Herbal Medicine, Gut Microbiota, and COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646560. [PMID: 34305582 PMCID: PMC8293616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has grown to a worldwide pandemic with substantial mortality. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild flu-like symptoms, including cough and fever, to life threatening complications. There are still quite a number of patients with COVID-19 showed enteric symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The gastrointestinal tract may be one of the target organs of SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is significantly expressed in intestinal cells. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Intestinal flora imbalance and endotoxemia may accelerate the progression of COVID-19. Many herbs have demonstrated properties relevant to the treatment of COVID-19, by supporting organs and systems of the body affected by the virus. Herbs can restore the structure of the intestinal flora, which may further modulate the immune function after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regulation of intestinal flora by herbal medicine may be helpful for the treatment and recovery of the disease. Understanding the role of herbs that regulate intestinal flora in fighting respiratory virus infections and maintaining intestinal flora balance can provide new ideas for preventing and treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Tang R, Zhang P, Li H, Liu Y, Wang W. Photosensitized xanthone-based oxidation of guanine and its repair: a laser flash photolysis study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2011; 105:157-61. [PMID: 21908198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The photosensitized oxidation of guanine (G) by the triplet state of xanthone (XT) and the repair for photo-damaged G(-H)(·) by ferulic acid (FCA) were investigated using the laser flash photolysis technique. The rate constants of the reaction of triplet state of XT with G and with FCA were determined as 4.5×10(9) and 8.0×10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. Laser exposure was performed on the N(2)-saturated acetonitrile/water (v/v, 1:1) solution containing G, XT and FCA. The transient absorption spectra indicated that the triplet state of XT first reacted with G predominantly to form the oxidized radical G(-H)(·). The radical G(-H)(·) was rapidly repaired by FCA, and the rate constant for the repair reaction was determined as 1.1×10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1). These results demonstrated that non-enzymatic repair is a feasible method for repairing photosensitized DNA bases oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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Zheng R, Jia Z, Li J, Huang S, Mu P, Zhang F, Wang C, Yuan C. Fast repair of DNA radicals in the earliest stage of carcinogenesis suppresses hallmarks of cancer. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
This tutorial review highlights the mechanism of a novel non-enzymatic fast repair of DNA damage, which refers exclusively to repair DNA radicals including DNA-OH* adducts, DNA radical cations and anions by various endogenous, natural and synthetic compounds. The repair rate constants are as high as 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). In cells, when the enzymatic repair system was inhibited or before the enzymatic repair mechanism was initiated, DNA oxidative damage was significantly reduced by natural polyphenols. This decrease of DNA damage is assigned to the fast repair. Fast repair takes place through an electron transfer process, and docking of polyphenol into the DNA minor groove could be the essential step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongliang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Tan X, Zhao C, Pan J, Shi Y, Liu G, Zhou B, Zheng R. In vivo non-enzymatic repair of DNA oxidative damage by polyphenols. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:690-6. [PMID: 19375512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The non-enzymatic repair of DNA oxidative damage can occur in a purely chemical system, but data show that it might also occur in cells. Human hepatoma cells (SMMC-7721) and human hepatocyte cells (LO2) were treated with 200microM H(2)O(2) for 30min to induce oxidative DNA damage quantified by amount of 8-OHdG and degree of DNA strand breaks, without inducing enzymatic repair. The dynamics of enzymatic repair activity quantified by unscheduled DNA synthesis, within 30min after removal of H(2)O(2) enzymatic repair mechanism has not been initiated. However, pre-incubation with low micromolar level polyphenols, quercetin or rutin can significantly attenuate DNA damage in both cell lines, indicating that the polyphenols did not work through an enzymatic mechanism. Unscheduled DNA synthesis after removal of H(2)O(2) was also markedly decreased by quercetin and rutin. Combined with our previous studies of fast reaction chemistry, the inhibitory effect of polyphenols have to be assigned to non-enzymatic repair mechanism rather than to enzymatic repair mechanism or antioxidant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Tan
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Sun B, Cao Y, Song H, Tian Y. Inhibitory effect of wheat bran feruloyl oligosaccharides on oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Food Chem 2008; 109:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang Q, Pan J, Zhao C, Wang Y, Jia Z, Zheng R. Non-enzymatic fast repair of DNA oxidative damage might also exist in cells. Cell Biol Int 2008; 32:654-62. [PMID: 18337131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.01.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that in a chemical system natural polyphenols can rapidly repair DNA oxidative damage. In this paper we report that in a cellular system the non-enzymatic fast repair activities of two natural polyphenols might also exist. The viability of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (AA8) highly expressing the XRCC1 gene (a DNA repairing protein) treated with H2O2 is significantly higher than that of a normal Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO). Following inhibition of the enzymatic repair system by different inhibitors--methoxyamine (MX), 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) or nicotinamide (NIC)--DNA oxidative damage by H2O2 increased 2-5-fold in both cell lines. However, when natural polyphenols--rosmarinic acid (RA) or verbascoside (VER)--were added, DNA oxidative damage was significantly reduced. This decrease of DNA oxidative damage by RA or VER is not due to their scavenging activity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) because cells suffered from heavy ROS throughout the whole experimental process. Therefore, the decrease of DNA damage might be due to their non-enzymatic fast repair mechanisms. Further investigation showed that H2O2 induced a drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and that RA and VER were able to attenuate the drop. Previous studies have shown that H2O2 initiates a chain of events in cells, involving mtDNA damage, a drop in MMP and loss of repair activity. These results, taken together with our present results, suggest that the non-enzymatic fast repair mechanism exists not only in chemical systems but also might exist in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Pharmacological Activities of Phenylpropanoids Glycosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Zhao C, Dodin G, Yuan C, Chen H, Zheng R, Jia Z, Fan BT. “In vitro” protection of DNA from Fenton reaction by plant polyphenol verbascoside. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1723:114-23. [PMID: 15780971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The protection effect of verbascoside (Ver) against Fenton reaction on plasmid pBR322 DNA was studied using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV-visible spectroscopy. The pBR322 plasmid DNA is damaged by hydroxyl radical (OH*) generated from the Fenton reaction with H2O2 and Fe(II) or Fe(III). This DNA damage is characterized by the diminution of supercoiled DNA forms or by the increase of relaxed or linear DNA forms after oxidative attack. The UV spectrum study showed that verbascoside can form complexes with Fe(II) or Fe(III), and the complexation can be reversed by the addition of EDTA. The formation constants of verbascoside-Fe complexes were estimated as 10(21.03) and 10(31.94) M(-2) for Fe(II) and Fe(III) respectively. The inhibition of Fenton reaction by verbascoside could be partially explained by the sequestration of Fe ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhao
- ITODYS-CNRS UMR 7086, University Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 1, rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
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Zhao C, Shi Y, Wang W, Jia Z, Yao S, Fan B, Zheng R. Fast repair of deoxythymidine radical anions by two polyphenols: rutin and quercetin. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:1967-71. [PMID: 12787876 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of rutin and quercetin on the repair of the deoxythemindine radical anion (dT*) were studied using the technique of pulse radiolysis. The radical anion of dT was formed by the reaction of hydrated electron with dT. After pulse irradiation of nitrogen-saturated aqueous solutions containing dT, 0.2M t-BuOH and either rutin or quercetin, the initially formed dT*(-), detected spectrophotometrically, rapidly decayed with the concurrent formation of the radical anion of rutin or quercetin. The results indicated that dT*(-) can be rapidly repaired by rutin or quercetin. The rate constants of the repair reactions were determined to be 3.1 and 4.1 x 10(9)M(-1)s(-1) for rutin and quercetin, respectively. With substitution by glycosyl groups at C(3)-OH bond being neighbor to C(4) keto group, which is the active site for electron transfer, rutin has a lower repair reaction rate constant toward dT*(-) than quercetin. Together with findings from our previous studies, the present results demonstrated that nonenzymatic fast repair may be a universal form of repair involving phenolic antioxidants.
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Gao K, Fan B, El?Fassi N, Zakrzewska K, Jia Z, Zheng R, Panaye A, Couesnon T, Doucet JP. Comparative Study of Activities between Verbascoside and Rutin by Docking Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200390002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Delalande O, Gao K, Fan BT, Zakrzewska K, El Fassia N, Jia ZJ, Zheng RL, Panaye A, Doucet JP. Docking study of cistanoside C to telomeric DNA fragment. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 13:675-688. [PMID: 12570045 DOI: 10.1080/1062936021000043427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiments show that the natural products phenyl propanoid glycosides (PPGs) extracted from the plant Pedicularis spicata are capable of repairing DNA damaged by oxygen radicals. Based on kinetic measurements and experiments on tumor cells, a theoretical study of the interaction between PPG molecule Cistanoside C and telomeric DNA fragment has been carried out. The docking calculations performed using JUMNA software showed that the Cistanoside C could be docked into the minor groove of telomeric DNA and form complexes with the geometry suitable for an electron transfer between guanine radical and the ligand. Such complexes can be formed without major distortions of DNA structure and are further stabilized by the interaction with the saccharide side-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Delalande
- ITODYS, CNRS UMR7086, Université Paris 7, 1, rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
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Sperandio O, Fan BT, Zakrzewska K, Jia ZJ, Zheng RL, Panaye A, Doucet JP, El Fassi N. Theoretical study of fast repair of DNA damage by cistanoside C and analogs: mechanism and docking. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 13:243-260. [PMID: 12071653 DOI: 10.1080/10629360290002749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Experiments show that the natural substances phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) extracted from pelicularis spicata are capable of repairing DNA damaged by oxygen radicals. Based on kinetic measurements and experiments on tumor cells, a theoretical study of the interaction between PPG molecules and isolated DNA bases, as well as a DNA fragment has been performed. An interaction mechanism reported early has been refined. The docking calculations performed using junction minimization of nucleic acids (JUMNA) software showed that the PPG molecules can be docked into the minor groove of DNA and form complexes with the geometry suitable for an electron transfer between guanine radical and the ligand. Such complexes can be formed without major distortions of DNA structure and are further stabilized by the interaction with the rhamnosyl side-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sperandio
- Institut de Topologie de Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS ESA7986, Université Paris7-Denis-Diderot, France
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Fast repair activities of quercetin and rutin toward dGMP hydroxyl radical adducts. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(01)00224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Fast repair of purine deoxynucleotide radical cations by rutin and quercetin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 44:610-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02879355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2001] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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