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Di Teodoro G, Marruchella G, Mosca F, Di Provvido A, Sacchini F, Tiscar PG, Scacchia M. Polymorphonuclear cells and reactive oxygen species in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: New insight from in vitro investigations. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:16-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Blötz C, Stülke J. Glycerol metabolism and its implication in virulence in Mycoplasma. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:640-652. [PMID: 28961963 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol and glycerol-containing compounds such as lipids belong to the most abundant organic compounds that may serve as nutrient for many bacteria. For the cell wall-less bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, glycerol derived from phospholipids of their human or animal hosts is the major source of carbon and energy. The lipids are first degraded by lipases, and the resulting glycerophosphodiesters are transported into the cell and cleaved to release glycerol-3-phosphate. Alternatively, free glycerol can be transported, and then become phosphorylated. The oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate in Mycoplasma spp. as well as in related firmicutes involves a hydrogen peroxide-generating glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase. This enzyme is a key player in the virulence of Mycoplasma spp. as the produced hydrogen peroxide is one of the major virulence factors of these bacteria. In this review, the different components involved in the utilization of lipids and glycerol in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and related bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Blötz
- Department for General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department for General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Whole-Genome Sequencing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Italian Strain 57/13, the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00197-15. [PMID: 25814605 PMCID: PMC4384145 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is generally considered one of most pathogenic Mycoplasma species, and it is the etiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Here, we present the annotated genome sequence of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Italian strain 57/13, isolated in 1992 during CBPP outbreaks in Italy.
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Hydrogen peroxide production from glycerol metabolism is dispensable for virulence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in the tracheas of chickens. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4915-20. [PMID: 25156740 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02208-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a by-product of glycerol metabolism in mycoplasmas and has been shown to cause cytotoxicity for cocultured eukaryotic cells. There appears to be selective pressure for mycoplasmas to retain the genes needed for glycerol metabolism. This has generated interest and speculation as to their function during infection. However, the actual effects of glycerol metabolism and H2O2 production on virulence in vivo have never been assessed in any Mycoplasma species. To this end, we determined that the wild-type (WT) R(low) strain of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum is capable of producing H2O2 when grown in glycerol and is cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells in culture. Transposon mutants with mutations in the genes present in the glycerol transport and utilization pathway, namely, glpO, glpK, and glpF, were identified. All mutants assessed were incapable of producing H2O2 and were not cytotoxic when grown in glycerol. We also determined that vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85 produce little to no H2O2 when grown in glycerol, while the naturally attenuated F strain does produce H2O2. Chickens were infected with one of two glpO mutants, a glpK mutant, R(low), or growth medium, and tracheal mucosal thickness and lesion scores were assessed. Interestingly, all glp mutants were reproducibly virulent in the respiratory tracts of the chickens. Thus, there appears to be no link between glycerol metabolism/H2O2 production/cytotoxicity and virulence for this Mycoplasma species in its natural host. However, it is possible that glycerol metabolism is required by M. gallisepticum in a niche that we have yet to study.
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Schott C, Cai H, Parker L, Bateman KG, Caswell JL. Hydrogen peroxide production and free radical-mediated cell stress in Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:127-37. [PMID: 24064048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis in feedlot cattle. M. bovis infects the lungs of most feedlot cattle, but the majority of calves never develop disease. Competing explanations are that some strains of M. bovis are more virulent than others or, alternatively, that calves require some other abnormality to be present in order for M. bovis to cause disease. We hypothesize that H2O2 production is an important virulence factor of M. bovis, causing oxidative injury to lung tissue. A second hypothesis is that isolates associated with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia have an increased capacity for H2O2 production. Immunohistochemical markers of oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal, HN) and nitrative stress (3-nitrotyrosine, NT) were compared in lungs of calves with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia characteristic of M. bovis infection, with other forms of bronchopneumonia or with non-inflamed lungs. HN and NT were identified in M. bovis pneumonia, mainly in foci of caseous necrosis. HN was not observed in inflamed non-necrotic tissue in lesions typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis. H2O2 production by M. bovis was identified, but the levels did not differ in isolates from calves with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia compared with those with non-inflamed lungs or other forms of pneumonia. These findings provide evidence that oxidative and nitrative injury contribute to the formation of the caseonecrotic lesions that are characteristic of M. bovis pneumonia and that production of H2O2 by M. bovis may contribute to this oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Parker
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - K G Bateman
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Shahram M, Nicholas RAJ, Miles RJ, Kelly DP, Wood AP. Sugar uptake byMycoplasma mycoides strain PT994 andMycoplasma canis strain 85 B97. ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Dedieu-Engelmann L. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: a rationale for the development of a mucosal sub-unit vaccine. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:227-38. [PMID: 17706775 PMCID: PMC7132392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) remains a major cattle disease in Africa with serious socio-economic consequences. Its eradication requires the development of improved vaccines. Knowledge on this disease and its causing agent, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony (MmmSC), has been progressing significantly in the last years, opening new areas for vaccine design. Advances were achieved in the understanding of the protective immune responses to MmmSC infection and immunopathological mechanisms allowing the pathogen to escape the host immune response. Based on sequencing and genomic studies, some virulence factors and metabolic pathways were unraveled leading to the identification of potential MmmSC vaccine candidates. Based on these findings, this review presents a scientific strategy to design multi-component sub-unit vaccines for mucosal delivery as the most promising approach for efficient long-term protective vaccines to prevent CBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dedieu-Engelmann
- CIRAD, Département BIOS, UPR15, TA A15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Pilo P, Frey J, Vilei EM. Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. Vet J 2007; 174:513-21. [PMID: 17157043 PMCID: PMC2628566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), is considered the most pathogenic of the Mycoplasma species. Its virulence is probably the result of a coordinated action of various components of an antigenically and functionally dynamic surface architecture. The different virulence attributes allow the pathogen to evade the host's immune defence, adhere tightly to the host cell surface, persist and disseminate in the host causing mycoplasmaemia, efficiently import energetically valuable nutrients present in the environment, and release and simultaneously translocate toxic metabolic pathway products to the host cell where they cause cytotoxic effects that are known to induce inflammatory processes and disease. This strategy enables the mycoplasma to exploit the minimal genetic information in its small genome, not only to fulfil the basic functions for its replication but also to damage host cells in intimate proximity thereby acquiring the necessary bio-molecules, such as amino acids and nucleic acid precursors, for its own biosynthesis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Langgass-strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Lin YC, Miles RJ, Nicholas RAJ, Kelly DP, Wood AP. Isolation and immunological detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep with atypical pneumonia, and lack of a role for Mycoplasma arginini. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:367-73. [PMID: 17662318 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae NCTC 10151(T) and four new isolates from UK sheep flocks were compared. Only glucose and pyruvate were used as energy sources by the five strains: glucose was the best energy source for the type strain, pyruvate supported better growth of the new strains. Whole cell protein patterns and antigenic profiles showed high similarity between all five strains. The new isolates fell into two groups in ELISA tests. Serum samples from 30 pneumonic sheep were assessed for M. ovipneumoniae infection and Mycoplasma arginini co-infection. Fourteen (out of 30) serum samples were positive for M. ovipneumoniae both by ELISA and immunoblotting. Twelve antigenic proteins of M. ovipneumoniae were detected in infected serum samples: the antigen patterns were unique, with between one and at least seven occurring in any one sample. All serum samples were designated as negative for M. arginini antibodies by both ELISA and immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Vilei EM, Correia I, Ferronha MH, Bischof DF, Frey J. Beta-D-glucoside utilization by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: possible involvement in the control of cytotoxicity towards bovine lung cells. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:31. [PMID: 17439646 PMCID: PMC1855930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type (SC) is among the most serious threats for livestock producers in Africa. Glycerol metabolism-associated H2O2 production seems to play a crucial role in virulence of this mycoplasma. A wide number of attenuated strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC are currently used in Africa as live vaccines. Glycerol metabolism is not affected in these vaccine strains and therefore it does not seem to be the determinant of their attenuation. A non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the bgl gene coding for the 6-phospho-β-glucosidase (Bgl) has been described recently. The SNP differentiates virulent African strains isolated from outbreaks with severe CBPP, which express the Bgl isoform Val204, from strains to be considered less virulent isolated from CBPP outbreaks with low mortality and vaccine strains, which express the Bgl isoform Ala204. Results Strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC considered virulent and possessing the Bgl isoform Val204, but not strains with the Bgl isoform Ala204, do trigger elevated levels of damage to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells upon incubation with the disaccharides (i.e., β-D-glucosides) sucrose and lactose. However, strains expressing the Bgl isoform Val204 show a lower hydrolysing activity on the chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPbG) when compared to strains that possess the Bgl isoform Ala204. Defective activity of Bgl in M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC does not lead to H2O2 production. Rather, the viability during addition of β-D-glucosides in medium-free buffers is higher for strains harbouring the Bgl isoform Val204 than for those with the isoform Ala204. Conclusion Our results indicate that the studied SNP in the bgl gene is one possible cause of the difference in bacterial virulence among strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. Bgl does not act as a direct virulence factor, but strains possessing the Bgl isoform Val204 with low hydrolysing activity are more prone to survive in environments that contain high levels of β-D-glucosides, thus contributing in some extent to mycoplasmaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy M Vilei
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivone Correia
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Estrada de Benfica 701, P-1549-011 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Helena Ferronha
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Estrada de Benfica 701, P-1549-011 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela F Bischof
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Nicolás MF, Barcellos FG, Nehab Hess P, Hungria M. ABC transporters in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma synoviae: insights into evolution and pathogenicity. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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