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Jaramillo-Rangel G, Chávez-Briones MDL, Niderhauser-García A, Ortega-Martínez M. Toxicity and Anticancer Potential of Karwinskia: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235590. [PMID: 33261194 PMCID: PMC7730948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Karwinskia genus consists of shrubs and small trees. Four toxic compounds have been isolated from Karwinskia plants, which were typified as dimeric anthracenones and named T496, T514, T516, and T544. Moreover, several related compounds have been isolated and characterized. Here we review the toxicity of the fruit of Karwinskia plants when ingested (accidentally or experimentally), as well as the toxicity of its isolated compounds. Additionally, we analyze the probable antineoplastic effect of T514. Toxins cause damage mainly to nervous system, liver, lung, and kidney. The pathophysiological mechanism has not been fully understood but includes metabolic and structural alterations that can lead cells to apoptosis or necrosis. T514 has shown selective toxicity in vitro against human cancer cells. T514 causes selective and irreversible damage to peroxisomes; for this reason, it was renamed peroxisomicine A1 (PA1). Since a significant number of malignant cell types contain fewer peroxisomes than normal cells, tumor cells would be more easily destroyed by PA1 than healthy cells. Inhibition of topoisomerase II has also been suggested to play a role in the effect of PA1 on malignant cells. More research is needed, but the evidence obtained so far indicates that PA1 could be an effective anticancer agent.
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Ortega-Martínez M, Gutiérrez-Dávila V, Niderhauser-García A, Salazar-Aranda R, Solís-Soto JM, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Jaramillo-Rangel G. Peroxisomicine A1, a potential antineoplastic agent, causes micropexophagy in addition to macropexophagy. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:918-923. [PMID: 31814220 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomicine A1 (PA1) is a potential antineoplastic agent with high and selective toxicity toward peroxisomes of tumor cells. Pexophagy is a selective autophagy process that degrades damaged peroxisomes; this process has been studied mainly in methylotrophic yeasts. There are two main modes of pexophagy in yeast: macropexophagy and micropexophagy. Previous studies showed that peroxisomes damaged by a prolonged exposition to PA1 are eliminated by macropexophagy. In this work, Candida boidinii was grown in methanol-containing media, and PA1 was added to the cultures at 2 µg/mL after they reached the mid-exponential growth phase. Samples were taken at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min after the addition of PA1 and processed for ultrastructural analysis. Typical morphological characteristics of micropexophagy were observed: the direct engulfment of peroxisomes by the vacuolar membrane and the presence of the micropexophagic membrane apparatus (MIPA), which mediates the fusion between the opposing tips of the vacuole to complete sequestration of peroxisomes from the cytosol. In conclusion, here we report that, in addition to macropexophagy, peroxisomes damaged by PA1 can be eliminated by micropexophagy. This information is useful to deepen the knowledge of the mechanism of action of PA1 and of that of pexophagy per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ortega-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P., Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Gutiérrez-Dávila
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P., Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Alberto Niderhauser-García
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P., Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Salazar-Aranda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P., Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Juan M Solís-Soto
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P. y Silao, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P., Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre P., Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
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Soto-Domínguez A, Ballesteros-Elizondo RG, Santoyo-Pérez ME, Rodríguez-Rocha H, García-Garza R, Nava-Hernández MP, Villa-Cedillo SA, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Saucedo-Cárdenas O. Peroxisomicine A1 (toxin T-514) induces cell death of hepatocytes in vivo by triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Toxicon 2018; 154:79-89. [PMID: 30273702 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Karwinskia parvifolia possesses the highest concentration levels of the anthracenone T-514 (PA1). Studies have demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by PA1 in cancer cell lines. The aim was to investigate the effects of PA1 on the apoptosis of the mouse liver in vivo and its underlying pathway. Sixty CD-1 mice were divided into three groups: untreated, vehicle, and treated with PA1. The animals were euthanized at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post-treatment. To confirm the toxic effect of PA1 we determined the activity of catalase. Liver sections were prepared for morphological examination and for immunohistochemical evaluation of anti and pro-apoptotic markers. DNA fragmentation was detected by TUNEL assay and electrophoresis. Pre-apoptotic mitochondrial alterations and cytochrome c oxidase activity were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. PA1 induced pre-apoptotic mitochondrial alterations, a high activity of the cytochrome oxidase, and apoptosis in hepatocytes. PA1 caused p53 over-expression and down regulation of PCNA. PA1 also increased the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic markers Bax and Bak, whereas the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 was decreased. PA1 induces apoptosis by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results will be useful for studies regarding the use of PA1 as an antineoplastic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Soto-Domínguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Raquel G Ballesteros-Elizondo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Martha E Santoyo-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Rubén García-Garza
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Av. Gregorio A. García 198 Sur, Torreón, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Martha P Nava-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Gregorio A. García 198 Sur, Torreón, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Sheila A Villa-Cedillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Departamento de Genética Molecular, Mexico.
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Cid-Hernández M, Ramírez-Anguiano AC, Ortiz GG, Morales-Sánchez EW, González-Ortiz LJ, Velasco-Ramírez SF, Pacheco-Moisés FP. Mitochondrial ATPase activity and membrane fluidity changes in rat liver in response to intoxication with buckthorn (Karwinskia humboldtiana). Biol Res 2015; 48:17. [PMID: 25889629 PMCID: PMC4376499 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) is a poisonous plant of the rhamnacea family. To elucidate some of the subcellular effects of Kh toxicity, membrane fluidity and ATPase activities as hydrolytic and as proton-pumping activity were assessed in rat liver submitochondrial particles. Rats were randomly assigned into control non-treated group and groups that received 1, 1.5 and 2 g/Kg body weight of dry powder of Kh fruit, respectively. Rats were euthanized at day 1 and 7 after treatment. Results Rats under Kh treatment at all dose levels tested, does not developed any neurologic symptoms. However, we detected alterations in membrane fluidity and ATPase activity. Lower dose of Kh on day 1 after treatment induced higher mitochondrial membrane fluidity than control group. This change was strongly correlated with increased ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATP hydrolysis. On the other hand, membrane fluidity was hardly affected on day 7 after treatment with Kh. Surprisingly, the pH gradient driven by ATPase activity was significantly higher than controls despite an diminution of the hydrolytic activity of ATPase. Conclusions The changes in ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATPase activity suggest an adaptive condition whereby the fluidity of the membrane is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Cid-Hernández
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Ana C Ramírez-Anguiano
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Genaro G Ortiz
- División de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Desarrollo, Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada 800, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Eddic W Morales-Sánchez
- División de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Desarrollo, Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada 800, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Luis J González-Ortiz
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Sandra F Velasco-Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Fermín P Pacheco-Moisés
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Kim J, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy, cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway, and pexophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Annu Rev Biochem 2001; 69:303-42. [PMID: 10966461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic material to the yeast vacuole and mammalian lysosome require the dynamic mobilization of cellular membranes and specialized protein machinery. Under nutrient deprivation conditions, double-membrane vesicles form around bulk cytoplasmic cargo destined for degradation and recycling in the vacuole/lysosome. A similar process functions to remove excess organelles under vegetative conditions in which they are no longer needed. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular genetic studies in yeasts and mammalian cells have begun to elucidate the molecular details of this autophagy process. In addition, the overlap of macroautophagy with the process of pexophagy and with the biosynthetic cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway, which delivers the resident vacuolar hydrolase aminopeptidase I, indicates that these three pathways are related mechanistically. Identification and characterization of the autophagic/cytoplasm-to-vacuole protein-targeting components have revealed the essential roles for various functional classes of proteins, including a novel protein conjugation system and the machinery for vesicle formation and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Section of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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