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Sanabria V, Bittencourt S, Perosa SR, de la Rosa T, da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti M, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Cavalheiro EA, Amado D. Hormonal and biochemical changes in female Proechimys guyannensis, an animal model of resistance to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20982. [PMID: 33268798 PMCID: PMC7710747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazon rodent Proechimys guyannensis is widely studied for hosting various pathogens, though rarely getting sick. Previous studies on male Proechimys have revealed an endogenous resistance to epilepsy. Here, we assess in female Proechimys, whether sex hormones and biochemical aspects can interfere with the induction of status epilepticus (SE). The lithium-pilocarpine ramp-up protocol was used to induce SE, and blood sera were collected at 30 and 90 min after SE, alongside brains, for biochemical, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Results from non-ovariectomised (NOVX) Proechimys were compared to ovariectomised (OVX) animals. Data from female Wistars were used as a positive control of SE inductions. SE latency was similar in NOVX, OVX, and female Wistars groups. However, the pilocarpine dose required to induce SE in Proechimys was higher (25- to 50-folds more). Despite a higher dose, Proechimys did not show strong SE like Wistars; they only reached stage 2 of the Racine scale. These data suggest that female Proechimys are resistant to SE induction. Glucose and progesterone levels increased at 30 min and returned to normal at 90 min after SE. A relevant fact because in humans and rodents, SE leads to hypoglycaemia after 30 min of SE and does not return to normal levels in a short time, a typical adverse effect of SE. In OVX animals, a decrease in GABAergic receptors within 90 min of SE may suggest that ovariectomy produces changes in the hippocampus, including a certain vulnerability to seizures. We speculate that progesterone and glucose increases form part of the compensatory mechanisms that provide resistance in Proechimys against SE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam Sanabria
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Simone Bittencourt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Perosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomás de la Rosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 826, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 826, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Amado
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Caballero S, Kent DL, Sengupta N, Li Calzi S, Shaw L, Beli E, Moldovan L, Dominguez JM, Moorthy RS, Grant MB. Bone Marrow-Derived Cell Recruitment to the Neurosensory Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Layer Following Subthreshold Retinal Phototherapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5164-5176. [PMID: 29049716 PMCID: PMC5636205 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated whether subthreshold retinal phototherapy (SRPT) was associated with recruitment of bone marrow (BM)–derived cells to the neurosensory retina (NSR) and RPE layer. Methods GFP chimeric mice and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to SRPT using a slit-lamp infrared laser. Duty cycles of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (0.1 seconds, 250 mW, spot size 50 μm) with 30 applications were placed 50 to 100 μm from the optic disc. In adoptive transfer studies, GFP+ cells were given intravenously immediately after WT mice received SRPT. Immunohistochemistry was done for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1+), CD45, Griffonia simplicifolia lectin isolectin B4, GFP or cytokeratin). Expression of Ccl2, Il1b, Il6, Hspa1a, Hsp90aa1, Cryab, Hif1a, Cxcl12, and Cxcr4 mRNA and flow cytometry of the NSR and RPE-choroid were performed. Results Within 12 to 24 hours of SRPT, monocytes were detected in the NSR and RPE-choroid. Detection of reparative progenitors in the RPE occurred at 2 weeks using flow cytometry. Recruitment of GFP+ cells to the RPE layer occurred in a duty cycle–dependent manner in chimeric mice and in mice undergoing adoptive transfer. Hspa1a, Hsp90aa1, and Cryab mRNAs increased in the NSR at 2 hours post laser; Hif1a, Cxcl12, Hspa1a increased at 4 hours in the RPE-choroid; and Ccl2, Il1b, Ifng, and Il6 increased at 12 to 24 hours in the RPE-choroid. Conclusions SRPT induces monocyte recruitment to the RPE followed by hematopoietic progenitor cell homing at 2 weeks. Recruitment occurs in a duty cycle–dependent manner and potentially could contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of SRPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caballero
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | | | - Nilanjana Sengupta
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Lynn Shaw
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Eleni Beli
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - James M Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Ramana S Moorthy
- AVRUC, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Maria B Grant
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Romariz SA, Garcia KDO, Paiva DDS, Bittencourt S, Covolan L, Mello LE, Longo BM. Participation of bone marrow-derived cells in hippocampal vascularization after status epilepticus. Seizure 2014; 23:386-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ferrazoli EG, Blanco MM, Bittencourt S, Bachi ALL, Bahia L, Soares MBP, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos R, Mello LE, Longo BM. Anticonvulsant activity of bone marrow cells in electroconvulsive seizures in mice. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:97. [PMID: 24011127 PMCID: PMC3846761 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow is an accessible source of progenitor cells, which have been investigated as treatment for neurological diseases in a number of clinical trials. Here we evaluated the potential benefit of bone marrow cells in protecting against convulsive seizures induced by maximum electroconvulsive shock (MES), a widely used model for screening of anti-epileptic drugs. Behavioral and inflammatory responses were measured after MES induction in order to verify the effects promoted by transplantation of bone marrow cells. To assess the anticonvulsant effects of bone marrow cell transplantation, we measured the frequency and duration of tonic seizure, the mortality rate, the microglial expression and the blood levels of cytokine IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α after MES induction. We hypothesized that these behavioral and inflammatory responses to a strong stimulus such as a convulsive seizure could be modified by the transplantation of bone marrow cells. Results Bone marrow transplanted cells altered the convulsive threshold and showed anticonvulsant effect by protecting from tonic seizures. Bone marrow cells modified the microglial expression in the analyzed brain areas, increased the IL-10 and attenuate IL-6 levels. Conclusions Bone marrow cells exert protective effects by blocking the course of electroconvulsive seizures. Additionally, electroconvulsive seizures induced acute inflammatory responses by altering the pattern of microglia expression, as well as in IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Our findings also indicated that the anticonvulsant effects of these cells can be tested with the MES model following the same paradigm used for drug testing in pharmacological screening. Studies on the inflammatory reaction in response to acute seizures in the presence of transplanted bone marrow cells might open a wide range of discussions on the mechanisms relevant to the pathophysiology of epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enéas Galdini Ferrazoli
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, R, Botucatu, 862 5 andar, V, Clementino - CEP, 04023-066, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Antagonism of Peripheral Inflammation Reduces the Severity of Status Epilepticus. Marchi N, Fan Q, Ghosh C, Fazio V, Bertolini F, Betto G, Batra A, Carlton E, Najm I, Granata T, Janigro D. Neurobiol Dis 2009;33(2):171–181. Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most serious manifestations of epilepsy. Systemic inflammation and damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) are etiologic cofactors in the pathogenesis of pilocarpine SE while acute osmotic disruption of the BBB is sufficient to elicit seizures. Whether an inflammatory-vascular-BBB mechanism could apply to the lithium–pilocarpine model is unknown. LiCl facilitated seizures induced by low-dose pilocarpine by activation of circulating T-lymphocytes and mononuclear cells. Serum IL-1β levels increased and BBB damage occurred concurrently to increased theta EEG activity. These events occurred prior to SE induced by cholinergic exposure. SE was elicited by lithium and pilocarpine irrespective of their sequence of administration supporting a common pathogenetic mechanism. Since IL-1 β is an etiologic trigger for BBB breakdown and its serum elevation occurs before onset of SE early after LiCl and pilocarpine injections, we tested the hypothesis that intravenous administration of IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1ra) may prevent pilocarpine-induced seizures. Animals pre-treated with IL-1ra exhibited significant reduction of SE onset and of BBB damage. Our data support the concept of targeting systemic inflammation and BBB for the prevention of status epilepticus.
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Persinger MA. Differential Numbers of Foci of Lymphocytes Within the Brains of Lewis Rats Exposed to Weak Complex Nocturnal Magnetic Fields During Development of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:166-84. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802507697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Marchi N, Oby E, Batra A, Uva L, De Curtis M, Hernandez N, Van Boxel-Dezaire A, Najm I, Janigro D. In vivo and in vitro effects of pilocarpine: relevance to ictogenesis. Epilepsia 2007; 48:1934-46. [PMID: 17645533 PMCID: PMC3900294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A common experimental model of status epilepticus (SE) utilizes intraperitoneal administration of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine preceded by methyl-scopolamine treatment. Currently, activation of cholinergic neurons is recognized as the only factor triggering pilocarpine SE. However, cholinergic receptors are also widely distributed systemically and pretreatment with methyl-scopolamine may not be sufficient to counteract the effects of systemically injected pilocarpine. The extent of such peripheral events and the contribution to SE are unknown and the possibility that pilocarpine also induces SE by peripheral actions is yet untested. METHODS We measured in vivo at onset of SE: brain and blood pilocarpine levels, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, T-lymphocyte activation and serum levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. The effects of pilocarpine on neuronal excitability was assessed in vitro on hippocampal slices or whole guinea pig brain preparations in presence of physiologic or elevated [K+](out). RESULTS Pilocarpine blood and brain levels at SE were 1400 +/- 200 microM and 200 +/- 80 microM, respectively. In vivo, after pilocarpine injection, increased serum IL-1beta, decreased CD4:CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios and focal BBB leakage were observed. In vitro, pilocarpine failed to exert significant synchronized epileptiform activity when applied at concentrations identical or higher to levels measured in vivo. Intense electrographic seizure-like events occurred only in the copresence of levels of K+ (6 mM) mimicking BBB leakage. CONCLUSIONS Early systemic events increasing BBB permeability may promote entry of cofactors (e. g. K+) into the brain leading to pilocarpine-induced SE. Disturbance of brain homeostasis represents an etiological factor contributing to pilocarpine seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchi
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Emily Oby
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Ayush Batra
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Laura Uva
- Department of Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy
| | - Marco De Curtis
- Department of Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milano, Italy
| | - Nadia Hernandez
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | | | - Imad Najm
- Department of Neurology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
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Kinoshameg SA, Persinger MA. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by 50-nT, 7-Hz amplitude-modulated nocturnal magnetic fields depends on when after inoculation the fields are applied. Neurosci Lett 2004; 370:166-70. [PMID: 15488316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Female Lewis rats (n = 88) were inoculated with an emulsion of spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant. They were then exposed in 11 separate blocks of experiments over a year period for approximately 6 min every hour between midnight and 08:00 h during post-inoculation nights 1-7, 8-16, 1-16, or 9 and 10 to 50-nT, 7-Hz, amplitude-modulated magnetic fields or to sham field (control) conditions. Compared to the control rats those exposed to the magnetic fields for nights 1-7 and nights 9-10 displayed more severe clinical symptoms while those exposed for nights 1-16 or 8-16 showed less severe symptoms. There was a strong correlation between the severity of the clinical symptoms in the control groups and the global geomagnetic activity 9 and 10 days after inoculation. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive effects of weak nocturnal magnetic fields may depend upon when they are applied during various stages in the development of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kinoshameg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont., Canada P3E 2C6
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Lado WE, Persinger MA. Mechanical impacts to the skulls of rats produce specific deficits in maze performance and weight loss: evidence for apoptosis of cortical neurons and implications for clinical neuropsychology. Percept Mot Skills 2004; 97:1115-27. [PMID: 15002855 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.3f.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to induce closed head injuries that might be applicable to clinical neuropsychology. Six adult female albino rats were struck over the right dorsal skull by a 200-gm weight that fell through a 0.9-m tube while another six rats served as controls. The rats that received the impact to the skulls displayed significantly more weight loss and fewer completions of the maze during the subsequent two to four days (effect size about 40%) while their open field behaviors, response latencies to thermal stimulation of the feet, and immobility within a conditioned fear setting did not differ significantly from those of controls. Histological analyses of the brains about 35 days after the impact indicated striking alterations in the morphology of cerebral cortical neurons, strongly suggestive of an apoptotic-like process, within the dorsal cerebral cortices below the likely impact site. Distributions of clusters of these aberrant-looking cells were also evident opposite to the impact site within the ventral cerebrum. Because apoptosis is involved with minimal inflammation and edema, detection of diffuse apoptosis by MRI and CT would be unlikely even though the influence on adaptability would be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Lado
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Lafreniere GF, Persinger MA. Mast cell numbers in the young rat thalamus: a search for control factors. Int J Neurosci 2001; 108:69-85. [PMID: 11328703 DOI: 10.3109/00207450108986506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of mast cells within brain space can be influenced by exposures to weak, complex magnetic fields. The present studies were designed to help isolate the factors that control numbers of mast cell within the thalamus (n=96) of 15 and 20 day old rat pups. In Experiment I, rat pups were injected daily with either 1 microliter/g or 10 microliter/g of either distilled water, isotonic saline or 0.5 M saline; another group served as controls. The numbers of thalamic mast cells did not differ significantly between the four groups. In Experiment II, that employed a cross-fostering, split litter design, the rats whose mothers had consumed 0.9% taurine during pregnancy contained about twice as many mast cells within the thalamus compared to controls. Fifteen day old pups that had been reared by other mothers showed more mast cells than those reared by their own mothers. There were negative correlations (-.60) between the numbers of mast cells within the leptomeninges of the pups and the mothers' ovarian weights but no significant associations between the numbers of mast cells within the brains of the pups and the mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Lafreniere
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
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Cook LL, Persinger MA, Koren SA. Differential effects of low frequency, low intensity (<6 mG) nocturnal magnetic fields upon infiltration of mononuclear cells and numbers of mast cells in Lewis rat brains. Toxicol Lett 2000; 118:9-19. [PMID: 11137304 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(00)00259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Immediately after inoculation to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 64 female Lewis rats were exposed to either a reference condition (<10 nT) or to one of two frequencies (7 Hz, 40 Hz) of magnetic fields whose two intensities (either 50 nT or 500 nT) were amplitude-modulated for 6 min once per hour between midnight and 8 h for 15 nights. Rats that had been exposed to the 7 Hz, low intensity fields displayed fewer numbers of foci of infiltrations of mononuclear cells compared to all other groups that did not differ significantly from each other. Rats exposed to the 5 mG (500 nT), 40 Hz magnetic fields displayed more foci in the right thalamus while those exposed to the 5 mG, 7 Hz fields displayed more foci in the left thalamus. Numbers of mast cells within the thalamus were also affected by the treatments. These results suggest that weak magnetic fields can affect the infiltration of immunologically responsive cells and the presence of mast cells in brain parenchyma. Implications for the potential etiology of 'electromagnetic sensitivity' symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Cook
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
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Cook LL, Persinger MA. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is specific to the frequency and intensity of nocturnally applied, intermittent magnetic fields in rats. Neurosci Lett 2000; 292:171-4. [PMID: 11018304 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Female Lewis rats (n=72) were inoculated with an emulsion of spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant. They were then exposed for approximately 6 min every hour between midnight and 08:00 h for 2 weeks to either 7 or 40 Hz amplitude-modulated magnetic fields whose temporal pattern was designed to simulate a (geomagnetic) storm sudden commencement. The peak strengths of the fields averaged between either 30-50 nT (low intensity) or 500 nT (high intensity). Rats exposed to the 7 Hz, low intensity magnetic fields displayed significantly less severe overt signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis than rats exposed to either of the two intensities of the 40 Hz fields, the high intensity 7 Hz field, or the reference (<10 nT) condition. The latter groups did not differ significantly from each other. Predicted severity based upon the numbers of foci of infiltrations of lymphocytes within the brains of the rats also demonstrated the ameliorating effects of the low intensity, 7 Hz exposures. These results suggest very specific characteristics of complex, weak magnetic fields within the sleeping environment could affect the symptoms of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Cook
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory and Department of Biology Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, Ontario, Canada
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