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Nielsen AF, Baun A, Andersen SI, Skjolding LM. Critical review of the OSPAR risk-based approach for offshore-produced water discharges. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:1172-1187. [PMID: 36461708 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The management of produced water (PW) discharges from offshore oil and gas installations in the North Atlantic is under the auspices of OSPAR (Oslo/Paris convention for Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic). In 2010, OSPAR introduced the risk-based approach (RBA) for PW management. The RBA includes a hazard assessment estimating PW ecotoxicity using two approaches: whole-effluent toxicity (WET) and substance-based (SB). Set against the framework of the WET and SB approach, we conducted a literature review on the magnitude and cause of PW ecotoxicity, respectively, and on the challenges of estimating these. A large variability in the reported magnitude of PW WET was found, with EC50 or LC50 values ranging from <1% to >100%, and a median of 11% (n = 301). Across the literature, metals, hydrocarbons, and production chemicals were identified as causing ecotoxicity. However, this review reveals how knowledge gaps on PW composition and high sample and species dependency of PW ecotoxicity make clear identification and generalization difficult. It also highlights how limitations regarding the availability and reliability of ecotoxicity data result in large uncertainties in the subsequent risk estimates, which is not adequately reflected in the RBA output (e.g., environmental impact factors). Thus, it is recommended to increase the focus on improving ecotoxicity data quality before further use in the RBA, and that WET should play a more pronounced role in the testing strategy. To increase the reliability of the SB approach, more attention should be paid to the actual composition of PW. Bioassay-directed chemical analysis, combining outcomes of WET and SB in toxicity identification evaluations, may hold the key to identifying drivers of ecotoxicity in PW. Finally, an uncertainty appraisal must be an integrated part of all reporting of risk estimates in the RBA, to avoid mitigation actions based on uncertainties rather than reliable ecotoxicity estimations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1172-1187. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon I Andersen
- Danish Offshore Technology Centre, Elektrovej, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars M Skjolding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Montesantos N, Skjolding LM, Baun A, Muff J, Maschietti M. Reducing the environmental impact of offshore H 2S scavenging wastewater via hydrothermal oxidation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119507. [PMID: 36587521 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of H2S scavenging wastewaters, containing spent and unspent scavengers (SUS), into the marine environment is a large contributor to the environmental impact of offshore oil and gas production. Hydrothermal oxidation (HTO) can be a viable method for on-site treatment of the SUS before discharge, but the effect of the process on the ecotoxicity of the effluent has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of the HTO technology in reducing the environmental impact by linking the chemical process design with ecotoxicity reduction. For this, we combined HTO experiments on a SUS sample from an oil and gas platform in the North Sea with whole effluent ecotoxicity evaluation before and after the treatment. The HTO process was carried out under excess of oxygen, for temperatures and pressures in the range 199 to 350°C and 83 to 228 bar, respectively, and for reaction times of 5 to 360 min. Initially, the SUS sample exhibited very high ecotoxicity, which was drastically reduced by the HTO process. More specifically, the ecotoxicity towards bacteria was reduced more than 90% for all HTO conditions, while the reduction in algal toxicity was in the range 48% to 66%, 59% to 86% and 60% to 82% at reaction temperatures of 199°C, 279°C, and 350°C, respectively. Furthermore, this work shows how typical wastewater chemical analyses, such as COD and TOC, and ecotoxicity tests towards different organisms provide complementary information, which should be used in combination to optimize operating conditions of the HTO process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Montesantos
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Lars M Skjolding
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Muff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Marco Maschietti
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark.
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de Vries P, Jak RG, Frost TK. Comparison of Substance-Based and Whole-Effluent Toxicity of Produced Water Discharges from Norwegian Offshore Oil and Gas Installations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2285-2304. [PMID: 35723421 PMCID: PMC9545660 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
When assessing the environmental risks of offshore produced water discharges, it is key to properly assess the toxicity of this complex mixture. Toxicity can be assessed either through the application of whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing or based on its substance-based chemical composition or both. In the present study, the toxicity assessed based on WET and substance-based was compared for 25 offshore produced water effluents collected for the Norwegian implementation of the Oslo-Paris convention risk-based assessment program. The objectives were, firstly, to examine the concurrence between toxicity estimates derived from these two lines of evidence; and, secondly, to evaluate whether toxicity of produced water discharges predicted from substance-based data is adequately addressed in comparison with ground truth reflected by WET. For both approaches, 50% hazardous concentrations (HC50s) were calculated. For at least 80% of the effluents the HC50s for the two approaches differed by less than a factor of 5. Differences found between the two approaches can be attributed to the uncertainty in the estimation of the concentration of production chemicals that strongly influences the substance-based estimated toxicity. By evaluating effluents on a case-by-case basis, additional causes were hypothesized. Risk management will particularly benefit from the strength of risk endpoints from both approaches by monitoring them periodically in conjunction over time. This way (in)consistencies in trends of both indicators can be evaluated and addressed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2285-2304. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn de Vries
- Wageningen Marine ResearchWageningen Universiteit en ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Robbert G. Jak
- Wageningen Marine ResearchWageningen Universiteit en ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Beyer J, Goksøyr A, Hjermann DØ, Klungsøyr J. Environmental effects of offshore produced water discharges: A review focused on the Norwegian continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105155. [PMID: 32992224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), metals, and many other constituents of environmental relevance. Risk-based regulation, greener offshore chemicals and improved cleaning systems have reduced environmental risks of PW discharges, but PW is still the largest operational source of oil pollution to the sea from the offshore petroleum industry. Monitoring surveys find detectable exposures in caged mussel and fish several km downstream from PW outfalls, but biomarkers indicate only mild acute effects in these sentinels. On the other hand, increased concentrations of DNA adducts are found repeatedly in benthic fish populations, especially in haddock. It is uncertain whether increased adducts could be a long-term effect of sediment contamination due to ongoing PW discharges, or earlier discharges of oil-containing drilling waste. Another concern is uncertainty regarding the possible effect of PW discharges in the sub-Arctic Southern Barents Sea. So far, research suggests that sub-arctic species are largely comparable to temperate species in their sensitivity to PW exposure. Larval deformities and cardiac toxicity in fish early life stages are among the biomarkers and adverse outcome pathways that currently receive much attention in PW effect research. Herein, we summarize the accumulated ecotoxicological knowledge of offshore PW discharges and highlight some key remaining knowledge needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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Guedes LFDM, Braz BF, Freire AS, Santelli RE. Assessing the harmfulness of high-salinity oilfield-produced water related to trace metals using vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Miranda-Andrades JR, Khan S, Toloza CA, Maciel RM, Escalfoni R, Tristão MLB, Aucelio RQ. Speciation and ultra trace determination of mercury in produced waters from offshore drilling operations using portable instrumentation and matrix-matching calibration. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parkerton TF, Bok M, Ireland AW, Prosser CM. An evaluation of cumulative risks from offshore produced water discharges in the Bass Strait. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:610-621. [PMID: 29129320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analyses and toxicity testing using six marine species were used to characterize the hazard of produced waters (PW) to marine life from twelve Australian offshore platforms. Hazard data were used in conjunction with platform-specific plume discharge dilution and species sensitivity distribution modeling to estimate cumulative risks by calculating the multiple substance potentially affected fraction of species in the local marine environment. Results provided two independent lines of evidence demonstrating that cumulative risks to marine life from these discharges meet intended 95% species protection goals at the edge of the mixing zone. A limited number of PW constituents (hydrocarbons, sulphide and ammonia) appeared to dictate risk thereby informing management and providing a rationale for more targeted analyses in future monitoring studies. Based on these findings a tiered framework is proposed to foster consistent screening and potential refinement of cumulative risk evaluations for PW discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Parkerton
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences Inc., Spring, TX, USA.
| | - M Bok
- Esso Australia Pty. Ltd, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - A W Ireland
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
| | - C M Prosser
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
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Villacís J, Casanoves F, Hang S, Keesstra S, Armas C. Selection of forest species for the rehabilitation of disturbed soils in oil fields in the Ecuadorian Amazon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:761-770. [PMID: 27239719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Villacís
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolquí, P.O.BOX: 171-5-231B, Ecuador; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Fernando Casanoves
- Biometric Unit, Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Susana Hang
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Saskia Keesstra
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
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Moser F, Jakl T, Joas R, Dondi F. Chemical Leasing business models and corporate social responsibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12445-12456. [PMID: 24943884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical Leasing is a service-oriented business model that shifts the focus from increasing sales volume of chemicals towards a value-added approach. Recent pilot projects have shown the economic benefits of introducing Chemical Leasing business models in a broad range of sectors. A decade after its introduction, the promotion of Chemical Leasing is still predominantly done by the public sector and international organizations. We show in this paper that awareness-raising activities to disseminate information on this innovative business model mainly focus on the economic benefits. We argue that selling Chemical Leasing business models solely on the grounds of economic and ecological considerations falls short of branding it as a corporate social responsibility initiative, which, for this paper, is defined as a stakeholder-oriented concept that extends beyond the organization's boundaries and is driven by an ethical understanding of the organization's responsibility for the impact of its business activities. For the analysis of Chemical Leasing business models, we introduce two case studies from the water purification and metal degreasing fields, focusing on employees and local communities as two specific stakeholder groups of the company introducing Chemical Leasing. The paper seeks to demonstrate that Chemical Leasing business models can be branded as a corporate social responsibility initiative by outlining the vast potential of Chemical Leasing to improve occupational health and safety and to strengthen the ability of companies to protect the environment from the adverse effects of the chemicals they apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy,
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Induction of fish biomarkers by synthetic-based drilling muds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69489. [PMID: 23894492 PMCID: PMC3718684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of chronic exposure of pink snapper (Pagrus auratus Forster), to synthetic based drilling muds (SBMs). Fish were exposed to three mud systems comprised of three different types of synthetic based fluids (SBFs): an ester (E), an isomerized olefin (IO) and linear alpha olefin (LAO). Condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI), hepatic detoxification (EROD activity), biliary metabolites, DNA damage and stress proteins (HSP-70) were determined. Exposure to E caused biologically significant effects by increasing CF and LSI, and triggered biliary metabolite accumulation. While ester-based SBFs have a rapid biodegradation rate in the environment, they caused the most pronounced effects on fish health. IO induced EROD activity and biliary metabolites and LAO induced EROD activity and stress protein levels. The results demonstrate that while acute toxicity of SBMs is generally low, chronic exposure to weathering cutting piles has the potential to affect fish health. The study illustrates the advantages of the Western Australian government case-by-case approach to drilling fluid management, and highlights the importance of considering the receiving environment in the selection of SBMs.
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Santelli RE, Freire AS, Oliveira EP, Lemos VA, Novaes CG, Bezerra MA. Use of Functionalized Resin for Matrix Separation and Trace Elements Determination in Petroleum Produced Formation Water by
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/764271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work approaches the development of a procedure for separation and determination of five trace metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu) from petroleum produced formation water. This procedure uses a styrene divinyl-benzene polymeric resin modified with 4-(5′-bromo-2′-tiazolilazo) orcinol, and the determination was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A response surface methodology using a Doehlert matrix was used to optimize the solid-phase extraction of the studied elements. By using 50.0 mL of sample solution for separation/preconcentration, limits of quantification of 2.4, 14, 10, 11, and 350 ng L− 1 were obtained for Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu, respectively. The developed procedure was applied for determination of these trace elements in produced formation water from offshore platforms in the Brazilian Northeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Erthal Santelli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Cidade Universitária, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Soares Freire
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Cidade Universitária, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliane Padua Oliveira
- Divisão de Química Analítica, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, Avenida Venezuela 82, 20081-312 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valfredo Azevedo Lemos
- Laboratório de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho s/n, Jequié 45206-190, BA, Brazil
| | - Cléber Galvão Novaes
- Laboratório de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho s/n, Jequié 45206-190, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Almeida Bezerra
- Laboratório de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho s/n, Jequié 45206-190, BA, Brazil
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Cassella RJ, dos Reis LGT, Santelli RE, Oliveira EP. Direct determination of manganese in produced waters from petroleum exploration by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry using Ir–W as permanent modifier. Talanta 2011; 85:415-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oliveira EP, Santelli RE, Cassella RJ. Combined use of Pd and HF as chemical modifiers for the determination of total chromium in produced waters from petroleum exploration by ET AAS. Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Moraes Pantaleão S, Alcântara AV, Hora Alves JDP, Pavanin LA, Graf U, de Rezende AAA, Bueno Valadares BL, Fragiorge EJ, de Souza NC, Guterres ZDR, Spanó MA. Assessing the impact of pollution on the Japaratuba river in Brazil using the Drosophila wing spot test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:96-105. [PMID: 17285639 DOI: 10.1002/em.20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) was used to assess the genotoxicity of surface (S) and bottom (B) water and sediment samples collected from Sites 1 and 2 on the Japaratuba River (Sergipe, Brazil), an area impacted by a petrochemical industrial complex that indirectly discharges treated effluent (produced water) into the river. The genotoxicity tests were performed in standard (ST) cross and high bioactivation (HB) cross flies and were conducted on samples taken in March (dry season) and in July (rainy season) of 2003. Mutant spot frequencies found in treatments with unprocessed water and sediment samples from the test sites were compared with the frequencies observed for similar samples taken from a clean reference site (the Jacarecica River in Sergipe, Brazil) and those of negative (ultrapure water) controls. While samples from the Japaratuba River generally produced greater responses than those from the Jacarecica River, positive responses were detected for both the test and reference site samples. All the water samples collected in March 2003 were genotoxic. In July 2003, the positive responses were restricted to water samples collected from Sites 1 B and 2 S in the ST cross. The genotoxicity of the water samples was due to mitotic recombination, and the samples produced similar genotoxic responses in ST and HB flies. The spot frequencies found in the July water samples were considerably lower than those for the March water samples, suggesting a seasonal effect. The only sediment samples that were genotoxic were from Site 1 (March and July) and from the Jacarecica River (March). The genotoxins in these samples produced both somatic mutation (limited to the Site 1 sample in HB flies) and recombination. The results of this study indicate that samples from both the Japaratuba and Jacarecica Rivers were genotoxic, with the most consistently positive responses detected with Site 1 samples, the site closest to the putative pollution source.
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Oliveira EP, Santelli RE, Cassella RJ. Direct determination of lead in produced waters from petroleum exploration by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry X-ray fluorescence using Ir–W permanent modifier combined with hydrofluoric acid. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jerez Vegueria SF, Godoy JM, Miekeley N. Environmental impact studies of barium and radium discharges by produced waters from the "Bacia de Campos" oil-field offshore platforms, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2002; 62:29-38. [PMID: 12141605 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Produced water samples from different E&P offshore petroleum platforms, belonging to the Bacia de Campos oil field, Brazil, were analyzed for barium, 226Ra and 'Ra. The concentrations measured are in the range of 0.36-25.7 mg l(-1) for barium, 0.012-6.0 Bq l(-1) for 226Ra and <0.05-12.0 Bq l(-1) for 1Ra. A strong correlation between the concentration of barium and radium isotopes was observed (226Ra: r2=0.926: 228Ra: r2=0.785). Additionally, seawater and sediment samples were taken at different distances (from 250 to 1,000 m) from the two selected platforms. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved and particulate barium, 226Ra and 225Ra and the sediment samples for total and leachable barium, 226Ra and 228Ra. The results showed that even for the shortest sampling distance (250 m) from the discharge point, barium, 226Ra and 228Ra concentrations are similar to the local background, indicating that dispersion by local currents is enough to minimize environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Jerez Vegueria
- Departamento de Química, Pontifíca Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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