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Homma K, Hasegawa T, Masumoto M, Takeshita E, Watanabe K, Chiba H, Kurosawa T, Takahashi T, Matsuo N. Reference values for urinary steroids in Japanese newborn infants: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring. Endocr J 2003; 50:783-92. [PMID: 14709852 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.50.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary steroid profile analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been reported for the diagnosis of abnormal steroidogenesis in newborn infants with some success. We tried to establish the reference values of 63 urinary steroids in Japanese newborn infant, using GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) that utilizes two characteristic mass ions for each steroid for definitive identification. We studied 36 healthy full-term newborn infants (1-56 days of age) on spot urine samples to define the reference values (mg/g creatinine, median and 10-90 percentile range) and to investigate the possible difference between daytime and nighttime levels. We also studied 23 healthy adult females (20-24 years of age) on 24-hour-urine for the comparison of the reference values of newborn infants. Fifty metabolites of DHEA, pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, androstenedione, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-deoxycortisone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, aldosterone, 18-hydroxycortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, cortisol, and estrogen in each infant were measurable without interference, but 13 metabolites of 11-hydroxyandrostenedione, pregnenolone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, 21-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol were unmeasurable in each infant due to the interference of fetal cortex steroids as confirmed by abnormal peak area ratios of two mass ions. All 63 metabolites in each control adult were measurable without interference. 16alpha-, 16beta-, and 15beta-hydroxy metabolites of 3beta-hydroxy-5-en-steroids, and 6beta-, 18-hydroxy and 11-oxo-metabolites of corticosteroids were significantly higher in full-term newborn infants than those in adults as previously reported. Urinary steroids showed little circadian variation in the newborn infants, indicating that spot urine can substitute for 24-hour urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Homma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Leslie KK, Reznikov L, Simon FR, Fennessey PV, Reyes H, Ribalta J. Estrogens in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2000. [PMID: 10711547 DOI: 10.1097/00006250-200003000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether estrogen production and excretion are impaired in gravidas with intrahepatic cholestasis. METHODS Plasma and urine samples were collected from 13 women from the United States and Chile at 35-38 weeks' gestation with mild (n = 9) or severe (n = 4) intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Urinary and plasma steroid levels from women with cholestasis were compared with levels from 27 normal pregnant women within the same gestational age range. Urinary concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estetrol, progesterone, and 16-hydroxy-pregnenolone were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and plasma concentrations of DHEA sulfate, progesterone, unconjugated E1, unconjugated E2, unconjugated E3, sulfated E3 derivatives, glucuronidated E3 derivatives, and total E3 were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Compared with normal pregnant women, women with cholestasis had significantly lower plasma levels of estrogens and DHEA sulfate, the precursor to placental estrogen production synthesized by the fetal adrenal gland (Hotelling-Lawley trace = 0.81; F4,19 = 3.9; P = .02). The mean plasma DHEA sulfate, unconjugated E2, unconjugated E3, and total E3 concentrations were 0.271, 10.21, 9.80, and 99.53 ng/mL, respectively, in women with cholestasis compared with 0.802, 18.98, 16.28, and 145.07 ng/mL for controls. CONCLUSION Fetal adrenal production of DHEA sulfate, and in response, downstream placental production of estrogens, was compromised by intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Leslie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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Harrison LM, Fennessey PV. Methandrostenolone metabolism in humans: potential problems associated with isolation and identification of metabolites. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 36:407-14. [PMID: 2214760 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(90)90081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methandrostenolone dose (amount and duration) and methods of isolation from urine can influence the identification and quantitation of methandrostenolone metabolites. Long-term use of methandrostenolone at high dosages led to the appearance of unmetabolized drug in the urine and contributed to the identification of a previously unreported metabolite, 3 beta, 6 section, 17 beta-trihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-5 section-1-androstene. Exposure of methandrostenolone in vitro to acid conditions induced a retropinacol rearrangement in the D-ring of the methandrostenolone molecule, causing the formation of 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-1,4,13(14)-androstatrien-3-one in large amounts. The same acidic conditions led to the addition of a hydroxyl at the 6 position of the B-ring of either the retropinacol rearrangement products or native methandrostenolone resulting in the formation of 6 beta-hydroxy-18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-1,4,13(14)-androstatrien-3-one, 6 alpha- hydroxy-18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-1,4,13(14)-androstatrien, 6 beta-17 alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one and 6 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one. Hydroxylation of native methandrostenolone at the 6 position also occurs endogenously. However, no evidence of an endogenous retropinacol rearrangement was found. Silylating agents alone can induce the formation of small amounts of 6 beta-17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one. Discrepancies between previously published reports on methandrostenolone metabolism in man are discussed and compared with an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Carazzato D, Sarrasin B, Bertrand MJ. Comparative evaluation of the mass spectrometric properties of cyanoethyldimethylsilyl,t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl derivatives of monohydroxysteroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200190808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Philip A, Murphy BE. Low polarity ligands of sex hormone-binding globulin in pregnancy. Part II--Identification. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 32:873-885. [PMID: 2755132 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Certain previously unrecognized ligands of SHBG of low polarity in pregnancy were identified. They include two weakly bound compounds: 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and progesterone; and two strongly bound substances, 2-methoxyestrone and a new steroid, estradienolone (17 beta-hydroxy-1,5-estradiene-3-one). The identification of the first three peaks was based on chromatographic elution patterns, binding characteristics and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The identification of the fourth peak, the new steroid, was based on similar kinds of evidence and, in addition, solubility characteristics and ultraviolet absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Philip
- Reproductive Physiology Unit, Montreal General Hospital, Canada
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6
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Harrison LM, Martin D, Gotlin RW, Fennessey PV. Effect of extended use of single anabolic steroids on urinary steroid excretion and metabolism. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 489:121-6. [PMID: 2745643 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-term use of single anabolic steroids by weightlifters and body builders at dosages greater than or equal to 25 mg per 24 h resulted in reduced excretion of urinary androgen metabolites, androsterone and etiocholanolone, compared to values prior to anabolic use. The excretion of major urinary metabolites of glucocorticoids was not affected by anabolic use. Urinary excretion of anabolic steroids or anabolic metabolites averaged 20-25% of total anabolic steroid administered. The major excreted metabolites of methandrostenolone, nandrolone, oxandrolone and oxymetholone were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based on the major mass spectral ion peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver 80262
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Philip A, Pike AW, Fennessey PV, Murphy BE. Identification of 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one and 20 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one in human pregnancy urine. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 32:317-9. [PMID: 2921873 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
20 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one and 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one were isolated and identified from a pool of urine collected from women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Following isolation by Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC, the identity of each compound was established by comparison of GC-MS data for the methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ethers with those for authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Philip
- Reproductive Physiology Unit, Montreal General Hospital, Canada
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Weston WL, Fennessey PV, Morelli J, Schwab H, Mooney J, Samson C, Huff L, Harrison LM, Gotlin R. Comparison of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression from superpotent topical steroids by standard endocrine function testing and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:532-5. [PMID: 3351336 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12461062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated 38 males who had psoriasis vulgaris for evidence of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression (HPAS) during treatment with superpotent topical glucocorticosteroids. All men were treated with 49 g per week of either Betamethasone Diproprionate in an optimized vehicle or Clobetasol Proprionate ointment. Three methods used to assess HPAS were compared. Classic 8 a.m. plasma cortisol measurements, urinary-free cortisol, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid determinations and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GCMS) quantitation of urinary cortisol metabolites were compared. Values for all methods were obtained just prior to therapy and at days 4, 7, 14, and 21 during therapy and at day 28 after treatment was stopped for 7 d. Plasma cortisol measurements correlated well with other measures of HPAS. GCMS determination of urinary cortisol metabolites was slightly more sensitive at detecting HPAS than the other two methods. Persistent HPAS after day 7 was only appreciated by GCMS. Urinary-free cortisol and 17-hydroxycortisol was the least sensitive of the three methods. Analysis of urinary cortisol metabolites by GCMS may be most useful in the monitoring of HPAS resulting from use of topical glucocorticosteroid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Weston
- Department of Dermatology, Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262
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Fennessey PV, Gotlin RW, Martin D, Smith S, Harrison LM. Anabolic steroids in body builders: Use, metabolic disposition and physiological effects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1988; 6:999-1002. [PMID: 16867375 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(88)80123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1987] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P V Fennessey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C232, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Horwitz KB, Pike AW, Gonzalez-Aller C, Fennessey PV. Progesterone metabolism in T47Dco human breast cancer cells--II. Intracellular metabolic path of progesterone and synthetic progestins. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 25:911-6. [PMID: 3467141 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(86)90323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We show here that progesterone added to the medium of proliferating T47Dco human breast cancer cells is metabolized with a half life of 2-4h. The final metabolic product, 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta,6 alpha-diol-20-one, (P-metabolite) is released into the medium. This structure suggested that the intracellular metabolism of progesterone involves the enzymes 5 alpha-reductase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 6 alpha-hydroxylase. To investigate this pathway, the cells were incubated with a variety of potential substrates. In addition to progesterone, only precursors with the 5 alpha-configuration served as substrates for the enzymes leading to P-metabolite formation. Some precursors with a 5 beta-configuration were also metabolized by T47Dco cells. This metabolism reflected activity by either 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and/or 6 alpha-hydroxylase but, in contrast to progesterone metabolism, the rates were different and the products were often mixtures. In T47Dco and MCF-7 human breast tumor cells, the reduction at C-3 followed by 6 alpha-hydroxylation, appear to be the major, and possibly only, route of progesterone metabolism. In contrast, preliminary data suggest that in normal human breast epithelial cells, this is not an exclusive route. Androgens are partially subject to the same metabolic enzymes, but synthetic progestins are not metabolized by T47Dco during an 18 h incubation.
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Fennessey PV, Pike AW, Gonzalez-Aller C, Horwitz KB. Progesterone metabolism in T47Dco human breast cancer cells--I. 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta,6 alpha-diol-20-one is the secreted product. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 25:641-8. [PMID: 3795943 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(86)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is a major hormone controlling normal breast development and function. In breast cancer, progesterone may be involved in tumor growth regulation, and the concentration of the intracellular receptor proteins for progesterone are used to distinguish hormone dependent from autonomous tumors. We have been studying the cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of progesterone receptors after progesterone treatment of cultured T47Dco human breast cancer cells. Anomalous behavior of the receptors, when progesterone was compared to synthetic progestins, suggested that progesterone was being rapidly metabolized by the cells. We have now studied this metabolism in detail. When progesterone is added to medium of proliferating cells, it disappears with a half life of 2-4 h. A single metabolite (P-metabolite) is quantitatively released into the medium, but its release is delayed 10-14 h. The quantitative conversion of progesterone to P-metabolite was confirmed using two independent methods: gas chromatography with internal standards, and 14C-radioisotope measurements. We have used gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance to identify the final metabolic product released into the medium as 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta,6 alpha-diol-20-one.
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Kawasaki T, Maeda M, Tsuji A. Fluorescence high performance liquid chromatographic determination of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroids in urine of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Biomed Chromatogr 1986; 1:1-6. [PMID: 3506812 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence high performance liquid chromatographic method using an immobilized 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase column as a post-column enzymatic reactor was developed for the determination of corticosteroid metabolites in the urine of subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 3 alpha-Hydroxysteroids, such as pregnanetriol, pregnanediol and pregnanetriolone, in the eluate from mu-Bondapak phenyl column (300 x 3.9 mm I.D.) using 0.05% ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 7.1)-acetonitrile-methanol (100:55:15) as the mobile phase was mixed with NAD+ solution in the enzyme column at 30 degrees C to generate NADH, which was monitored by a fluorophotometric detector. Each steroid was measured at the 2.5 micrograms/dl at the highest sensitivity of the detector. The mean recoveries and reproducibilities were 91.5-108.2% with 0.9-6.5% (CV%).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Pike AW, Klein JL, Gotlin RW, Fennessey PV. The role of steroid metabolic profiling as an aid in the diagnosis of familial precocious puberty, a subgroup of true precocious puberty. J Inherit Metab Dis 1986; 9:147-55. [PMID: 3091921 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a study of a rare form of true precocious puberty in a family with a history of the condition. Only the male members manifest the trait, whereas it appears to be carried by both males and females. Routine urinary steroid analysis rapidly eliminated most of the classical enzyme defects associated with premature sexual maturation. Further investigation of urinary steroid extracts using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed essentially normal prepubertal androgen values for the proband A at 4 years of age, and for his affected and carrier relatives when compared with healthy age-matched individuals. While his plasma gonadotropin levels were in the prepubertal range, his plasma testosterone value was significantly elevated with values just below the normal range for an adult male. This is the fourteenth reported family with a vertical pattern of familial sexual precocity, but the first to have a steroid profile. Analysis suggests sex-limited autosomal dominance with a greater than 90% penetrance. The elevated plasma testosterone concentration, prepubertal plasma gonadotropin concentration, minimal histopathologic evidence of gametogenesis and only moderate increase in testicular volume over the five-year course of follow-up support a diagnosis of the recently described condition of familial gonadotropin independent sexual precocity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry urinary profiling shows elevated cortisol output but otherwise normal adrenal function.
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Ludwig-Köhn H, Henning HV, Sziedat A, Klug P, Alexander H, Scheler F. Neutral steroid metabolites in patients with uraemia and after renal transplantation: a quantitative and qualitative study in body fluids. Eur J Clin Invest 1985; 15:332-40. [PMID: 3938402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1985.tb00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroid metabolites enriched from urine, haemofiltrate, and CAPD-dialysate (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified by capillary gas chromatography. The study included twenty healthy controls, twenty-six non-dialysed uraemics, thirty-nine patients on regular dialysis treatment, and twenty-two allograft recipients. Compared to the 24 h urinary excretion rates of controls the excretion rates of androsterone and etiocholanolone were in the lower normal range up to significantly decreased in the body fluids of all patients, and those of the corticoid metabolites were also significantly decreased. 11-Oxygenated androstanolones in urine from non-dialysed uraemics correlated significantly decreased. 11-oxygenated androstano-levels and were significantly increased, but normal in haemofiltrate and CAPD-dialysate, while in urine of allograft recipients the values were significantly lower.
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Hähnel E, Wilkinson SP, Hähnel R. Urinary steroid profiles in pregnancy by capillary column gas chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1985; 151:259-71. [PMID: 4053387 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(85)90089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative method for the estimation of urinary steroids during pregnancy by capillary column gas chromatography has been developed. Steroid conjugates were hydrolysed by enzymes and free steroids isolated by extraction using SEP-PAK C18 cartridges. Methoxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives of the steroids were characterized by packed column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and subsequently by their retention indices on capillary column gas chromatography. Of the 48 peaks resolved on the profiles about 35 were identified as steroids. The retention indices of reference steroids were very reproducible in the short term showing a mean coefficient of variation of 0.015%. The columns allowed 95% valley resolution of steroids whose retention indices differed by only 7 units. The use of an on-column injection technique contributed to the high precision for replicate injections (coefficient of variation less than 1%) while for reference steroids, and well-resolved peaks in the urine profile, the mean coefficient of variation for the complete assay was less than 10%. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report concerning the quantitation, with good precision, of a large number of steroids in pregnancy urine.
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Krull IS, Swartz M, Driscoll JN. Derivatization of Drugs and Bioorganics for Improved Detection by Gas Chromatography and Photoionization Detection (GC-PID). ANAL LETT 1985. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718508064491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hulshoff A, Lingeman H. Derivatization reactions in the gas—liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1984; 2:337-80. [PMID: 16867717 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation, acylation, silylation and other derivatization reactions applied to the gas chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological matrices are reviewed. Reaction conditions are discussed in relation to reaction mechanisms. Detector-oriented labelling of drugs, and derivatization with chiral reagents for the separation of enantiomers are surveyed. Data on the sample clean-up, derivatization and GLC analysis of more than 300 drugs and related compounds are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hulshoff
- Department of Analytical Pharmacy, University of Utrecht, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Catherijnesingel 60, 3511 GH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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