New, accurate semi-automatic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for routine monitoring of amiodarone plasma levels

Analytical Methods for Furanochromone Natural Product, Khellin and Its Inspired Drug Candidates, Amiodarone and Sodium Cromoglycate

Khellin is the key furanocoumarin of Ammi visnaga L. (Lam.) that exhibits various biological properties. This unique natural product has inspired the discovery of two first-in-class drugs, amiodarone and sodium cromoglycate. A wide range of analytical methods were generated while translating khellin scaffold into clinically used drugs; however, they have never been reviewed and critically assessed. The present review aims to review and evaluate the analytical techniques for the natural products, khellin, visnagin, and their inspired drugs, amiodarone and sodium cromoglycate. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the extensively used technique in most analytical methods reported for these compounds; however, other techniques including the fluorimetry, luminescence spectrophotometry, potentiometry, voltammetry, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and ELISA were also employed. The review will be helpful for further basic and translational research on furanochromone and related scaffolds.

A systematic review and critical comparison of internal standards for the routine liquid chromatographic assay of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone

Despite potential adverse effects, clinical use of amiodarone is increasing because of its efficacy in treating arrhythmias. Thus there is a continued need for a rapid, practical amiodarone assay to better study the relationship between serum concentrations and clinical effects and to guide safer dosing. Because the most widely used internal standard, L8040, is no longer available, a systematic comparison of potential alternatives was undertaken based on physicochemical and chromatographic characteristics. All amiodarone assays indexed on Medline were reviewed to produce a list of alternatives and five other potential substances considered based on previous experiences. An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method was modified to allow simultaneous resolution of multiple compounds. The internal standard was expected to perform well in the solid-phase extraction of small sample volumes. No commercially available substances were able to duplicate all the advantages of L8040. Tamoxifen, the most acceptable alternative, was used to develop an assay to measure amiodarone and desethylamiodarone at concentrations as low as 0.25 mg/L in 100 microliters of serum (5 ng detected in a 20 microliters injection). Standard curves were linear over the range of concentrations found in our patients (0.25 to 8 mg/L), within-run coefficients of variation (CVs) averaged 5.3% for amiodarone and 2.9% for desethylamiodarone, and between-run CVs were 4.5% for amiodarone and 1.6% for desethylamiodarone.