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Identification par LC-MS/MS de la testostérone acétate dans la crinière d’un cheval de course. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Correlation of Hair Cortisol and Interleukin 6 with Structural Change in the Active Progression of Keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 48:591-598. [PMID: 34486582 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate interleukin and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in progressive keratoconus (KC) and compare them with KC stable eyes and healthy controls. Determine the correlation of these inflammatory mediators and HCC and their relationship with structural damage represented by increased corneal curvature. SETTING University of Sao Paulo. DESIGN Prospective observational comparative study. METHODS The study included 135 eyes of 75 patients.The concentrations of tear cytokines: interleukin (IL) 1B, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p70 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were obtained by capillary flow and measured using flow cytometer.HCC were determined from the most proximal hair segment as an index of cumulative secretion and measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Only IL6 was increased in progressive KC tears compared with stable KC (6.59 ± 3.25 pg/ml vs. 4.72 ± 1.91pg/ml; p<0.0001) with a positive correlation between IL6 and maximum keratometry (Kmax) (p<0.0001).Progressive KC exhibited significantly higher HCC than stable KC (0.624 ± 0.160ng/mg vs. 0.368 ± 0.0647ng/mg; p< 0.0001) and healthy controls (0.624 ± 0.160ng/mg vs. 0.351 ± 0.0896ng/mg; p<0.0001).There was a significant correlation between HCC and Kmax (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Keratoconus eyes that are progressing have a higher concentration of IL-6 and long-term cortisol than patients with stable forms of KC;Second, there is a significant correlation between this increase in IL6 and cortisol with corneal structural damage.Finally, there is a meaningful relationship between this interleukin and the past few months' cortisol levels.
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Raul JS. Simultaneous testing for anabolic steroids in human hair specimens collected from various anatomic locations has several advantages when compared with the standard head hair analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1445-1451. [PMID: 33634609 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 90s, hair testing for anabolic steroids in humans has found numerous forensic, clinical, and anti-doping applications. In most cases, analyses were performed on head hair, collected in the vertex regions. However, for various reasons (shaved subject, bald subject, religious belief, cosmetic treatment and aesthetic reason), hair collectors can face the lack of head hair, and therefore, body hair can be the unique alternative choice. Although there is no possibility to perform segmental analyses with body hair, their use has two major advantages: (1) In most cases, anabolic steroids are more concentrated in body hair when compared with head hair, which allows detecting abuse at lower frequency and for lower dosages; and (2) the window of drug detection is generally much longer in body hair when compared with head hair, particularly in male athlete presenting short head hair. To document the relevance of simultaneous collection of head and body hair, the authors present eight authentic cases of anabolic steroids abuse, including clostebol (one case), drostanolone (one case), metandienone (one case), 19-norandrostenedione (one case), stanozolol (two cases) and trenbolone (three cases). In all cases, body hair concentrations were higher than head hair concentrations. Even in three cases, no steroid was identified in head hair, although present in body hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Institut de medecine légale, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institut de medecine légale, Strasbourg, France
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Determination of Steroid Esters in Hair of Slaughter Animals by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2019; 63:561-572. [PMID: 31934668 PMCID: PMC6950443 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of growth promoters in animal husbandry to increase weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion into muscle has been banned in the European Union since 1988, and under Directive 96/23/EC, surveillance for anabolic steroid hormones is obligatory. The hormones present in animal tissues may be of endogenous origin or may result from illegal administration. Steps have been taken to determine selected steroids in the form of esters in the alternative matrix of animal hair. Their detection in biological material is direct proof of the illegal use of anabolics. Material and Methods The procedure for the determination of steroid esters in animal hair, based on digestion, extraction, purification, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was validated under the current regulations. In total, 348 samples of animal hair were examined using this method. Results Good recoveries and precision values (RSD) were obtained during validation. Decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) were in the ranges of 2.57-4.18 μg kg-1 and 4.38-7.12 μg kg-1, respectively. The method met the criteria for confirmation techniques with respect to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Conclusion Testing for steroid esters in animal hair was introduced into the National Residue Control Programme in 2017. Steroid esters were not found in any hair samples above the CCα, which indicates that illegal use of anabolics was not confirmed.
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Kintz P. A new series of hair test results involving anabolic steroids. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Devi JL, Zahra P, Vine JH, Whittem T. Determination of testosterone esters in the hair of male greyhound dogs using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:460-473. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree Leela Devi
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Paul Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited; Flemington Victoria Australia
| | - John H. Vine
- Racing Analytical Services Limited; Flemington Victoria Australia
| | - Ted Whittem
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
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Lenk J, Spoerl E, Stalder T, Schmiedgen S, Herber R, Pillunat LE, Raiskup F. Increased Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Patients With Progressive Keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2017; 33:383-388. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20170413-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Qiao S, Li X, Zilioli S, Chen Z, Deng H, Pan J, Guo W. Hair Measurements of Cortisol, DHEA, and DHEA to Cortisol Ratio as Biomarkers of Chronic Stress among People Living with HIV in China: Known-Group Validation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169827. [PMID: 28095431 PMCID: PMC5240944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing literature suggests that endocrine measures, including the steroid hormones of cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), as well as the DHEA to cortisol ratio in the human hair can be used as promising biomarkers of chronic stress among humans. However, data are limited regarding the validity of these measures as biomarkers of chronic stress among people living with HIV (PLWH), whose endocrine system or hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may be affected by HIV infection and/or antiretroviral therapy (ART) medications. Method Using hair sample data and self-reported survey from 60 PLWH in China, we examined the validity of three endocrine measures among Chinese PLWH using a known-groups validation strategy. High-stress group (n = 30) and low-stress group (n = 30) of PLWH were recruited through individual assessment interviews by a local licensed psychologist. The endocrine measures in hair were extracted and assessed by LC-APCI-MS/MS method. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the endocrine measures and the stress level, and to investigate if the associations differ by ART status. Results The levels of endocrine measures among Chinese PLWH were consistent with existing studies among PLWH. Generally, this pilot study confirmed the association between endocrine measures and chronic stress. The high stress group showed higher level hair cortisol and lower DHEA to cortisol ratio. The higher stress group also reported higher scores of stressful life events, perceived stress, anxiety and depression. Hair cortisol level was positively related to anxiety; DHEA was negatively associated with stressful life events; and the DHEA to cortisol ratio was positively related to stressful life events and perceived stress. ART did not affect the associations between the endocrine measures and stress level. Conclusions Our findings suggest that hair cortisol and DHEA to cortisol ratio can be used as promising biomarkers of chronic stress among PLWH. Clarifying the role of steroid hormones in the psychoimmunology of PLWH may yield important implications for clinical practice and psychological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zheng Chen
- Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihua Deng
- Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juxian Pan
- Beihai Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Weigui Guo
- Beihai Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beihai, Guangxi, China
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Boumba VA, Ziavrou KS, Vougiouklakis T. Hair as a Biological Indicator of Drug Use, Drug Abuse or Chronic Exposure to Environmental Toxicants. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:143-63. [PMID: 16717031 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600683028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years hair has become a fundamental biological specimen, alternative to the usual samples blood and urine, for drug testing in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology and clinical chemistry. Moreover, hair-testing is now extensively used in workplace testing, as well as, on legal cases, historical research etc. This article reviews methodological and practical issues related to the application of hair as a biological indicator of drug use/abuse or of chronic exposure to environmental toxicants. Hair structure and the mechanisms of drug incorporation into it are commented. The usual preparation and extraction methods as well as the analytical techniques of hair samples are presented and commented on. The outcomes of hair analysis have been reviewed for the following categories: drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids), benzodiazepines, prescribed drugs, pesticides and organic pollutants, doping agents and other drugs or substances. Finally, the specific purpose of the hair testing is discussed along with the interpretation of hair analysis results regarding the limitations of the applied procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Chiesa LM, Nobile M, Panseri S, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Bovine teeth as a novel matrix for the control of the food chain: liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry detection of treatments with prednisolone, dexamethasone, estradiol, nandrolone and seven β2-agonists. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:40-48. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1252469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | | | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Development of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of Boldenone in Dietary Supplements. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xiang L, Sunesara I, Rehm KE, Marshall Jr GD. A modified and cost-effective method for hair cortisol analysis. Biomarkers 2016; 21:200-3. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1130748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Forsdahl G, Erceg D, Geisendorfer T, Turkalj M, Plavec D, Thevis M, Tretzel L, Gmeiner G. Detection of testosterone esters in blood. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:983-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Damir Erceg
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | | | - Mirjana Turkalj
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | - Davor Plavec
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Laura Tretzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
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Kintz P, Vayssette F, Deveaux M. Compendium of results from hair tested for anabolics. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses. Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time. For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse. In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed. The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed. Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed. Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.
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Levent A, Altun A, Yardım Y, Şentürk Z. Sensitive voltammetric determination of testosterone in pharmaceuticals and human urine using a glassy carbon electrode in the presence of cationic surfactant. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Forsdahl G, Vatne H, Geisendorfer T, Gmeiner G. Screening of testosterone esters in human plasma. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:826-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - H.K. Vatne
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - T. Geisendorfer
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
| | - G. Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
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Gray BP, Viljanto M, Bright J, Pearce C, Maynard S. Investigations into the feasibility of routine ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of equine hair samples for detecting the misuse of anabolic steroids, anabolic steroid esters and related compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:312-32. [PMID: 23165962 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing role of hair analysis in forensic toxicological investigations principally owes to recent improvements of mass spectrometric instrumentation. Research achievements during the last 6 years in this distinctive application area of analytical toxicology are reviewed. The earlier state of the art of hair analysis was comprehensively covered by a dedicated book (Kintz, 2007a. Analytical and practical aspects of drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press and Taylor & Francis, 382 p) that represents key reference of the present overview. Whereas the traditional organization of analytical methods in forensic toxicology divided target substances into quite homogeneous groups of drugs, with similar structures and chemical properties, the current approach often takes advantage of the rapid expansion of multiclass and multiresidue analytical procedures; the latter is made possible by the fast operation and extreme sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers. This change in the strategy of toxicological analysis is reflected in the presentation of the recent literature material, which is mostly based on a fit-for-purpose logic. Thus, general screening of unknown substances is applied in diverse forensic contexts than drugs of abuse testing, and different instrumentation (triple quadrupoles, time-of-flight analyzers, linear and orbital traps) is utilized to optimally cope with the scope. Other key issues of modern toxicology, such as cost reduction and high sample throughput, are discussed with reference to procedural and instrumental alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia A. Bertinaria, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Gosetti F, Mazzucco E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination and profiling of prohibited steroids in human biological matrices. A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sensitive and robust method for anabolic agents in human urine by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 897:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Russell E, Koren G, Rieder M, Van Uum S. Hair cortisol as a biological marker of chronic stress: current status, future directions and unanswered questions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:589-601. [PMID: 21974976 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of stress on human health are being increasingly recognized. There is a critical need for the establishment of a biomarker that accurately measures its intensity and course over time. Such a biomarker would allow monitoring of stress, increase understanding of its pathophysiology and may help identify appropriate and successful management strategies. Whereas saliva and urine cortisol capture real-time levels, hair cortisol analysis presents a complementary means of monitoring stress, capturing systemic cortisol exposure over longer periods of time. This novel approach for cortisol quantification is being increasingly used to identify the effects of stress in a variety of pathological situations, from chronic pain to acute myocardial infarctions. Because of its ability to provide a long-term, month-by-month measure of systemic cortisol exposure, hair cortisol analysis is becoming a useful tool, capable of answering clinical questions that could previously not be answered by other tests. In this paper we review the development, current status, limitations and outstanding questions regarding the use of hair cortisol as a biomarker of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Russell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Di Nardo D, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Screening of 4-androstenedione misuse in cattle by LC–MS/MS profiling of glucuronide and sulfate steroids in urine. Talanta 2011; 86:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dervilly-Pinel G, Rambaud L, Sitthisack P, Monteau F, Hewitt SA, Kennedy DG, Le Bizec B. 5α-Estrane-3β,17β-diol and 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol: definitive screening biomarkers to sign nandrolone abuse in cattle? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:65-71. [PMID: 21621615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
17β-Nandrolone (17β-NT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic steroids in meat producing animals. As a result of its extensive metabolism combined with the possibility of interferences with other endogenous compounds, detection of its illegal use often turns out to be a difficult issue. In recent years, proving the illegal administration of 17β-NT became even more challenging since the presence of endogenous presence of 17β-NT or some of its metabolite in different species was demonstrated. In bovines, 17α-NT can occur naturally in the urine of pregnant cows and recent findings reported that both forms can be detected in injured animals. Because efficient control must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination, the purpose of the present study was to investigate further some estranediols (5α-estrane-3β,17β-diol (abb), 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol (bab), 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol (aba), 5α-estrane-3α,17β-diol (aab) and 5β-estrane-3α,17α-diol (baa)) as particular metabolites of 17β-NT on a large number of injured (n=65) or pregnant (n=40) bovines. Whereas the metabolites abb, bab, aba and baa have previously been detected in urine up to several days after 17β-NT administration, the present study showed that some of the isomers abb (5α-estrane-3β,17β-diol) and bab (5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol) could not be detected in injured or pregnant animals, even at very low levels. This result may open a new way for the screening of anabolic steroid administration considering these 2 estranediols as biomarkers to indicate nandrolone abuse in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Atlanpole - La Chantrerie, Nantes, France.
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Assessment of two complementary liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics strategies for the screening of anabolic steroid treatment in calves. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:144-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Targeted phase II metabolites profiling as new screening strategy to investigate natural steroid abuse in animal breeding. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Simultaneous separation and determination of 16 testosterone and nandrolone esters in equine plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for doping control. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3982-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Wei Q, Wei T, Wu X. Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Detection of Testosterone Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Combined with Molecularly Imprinted Films. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Vanhaecke L, Antignac JP, Courtheyn D, Le Bizec B, De Brabander H. Elimination kinetics of dexamethasone in bovine urine, hair and feces following single administration of dexamethasone acetate and phosphate esters. Steroids 2011; 76:111-7. [PMID: 20888849 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are hormonal substances widely used in human and veterinary medicine for their anti-inflammatory properties. Among the numerous existing artificial corticosteroids, dexamethasone remains the most commonly used, mainly throughout esterified forms such as acetate or phosphate. An experimental study was designed to assess its drug residue levels in urine and feces, as well as its fixation in bovine hair following a single administration of 0.15 mg/kg b.w. dexamethasone acetate and 0.12 mg/kg b.w. dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Different analytical methods based on GC-MS or LC-MS/MS were used for measuring dexamethasone and its esterified forms, which were implemented in 3 different European laboratories in the field that collaborated for this study. The obtained results confirmed the high and rapid urinary excretion rate of dexamethasone, with a maximal concentration (267 μg/L) measured one day after administration and 98% elimination within 3 days. The concentrations obtained with the GC-NCI-MS procedure (using chemical oxidation as derivatization) were found significantly higher than the ones obtained with LC-ESI-MS/MS, indicating a possible contribution of dexamethasone phase I and/or II metabolites to the monitored signal. Fecal elimination was also found rapid (95% elimination within 3 days) with a maximum concentration level (28.5 μg/kg) observed one day after administration. Detectable levels of dexamethasone in hair appeared on day 2 (11.5 μg/kg), reached a maximum around one week, and could be identified until 22 days upon treatment, establishing the suitability of hair as a biological matrix for medium to long-term residue controls of dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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32
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Johansson MA, Hellenäs KE. Immunobiosensor analysis- of clenbuterol in bovine hair. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100400011058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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33
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. A new reliable sample preparation for high throughput focused steroid profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6652-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Pinel G, Rambaud L, Monteau F, Elliot C, Le Bizec B. Estranediols profiling in calves' urine after 17beta-nandrolone laureate ester administration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:626-32. [PMID: 20132885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Nandrolone (17beta-NT) is one of the most recurrent forbidden anabolic steroid used in meat producing animals breeding. Because efficient control must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination, the metabolism of 17beta-NT in bovines has already been investigated and is well documented, but only focussing on its main metabolites (i.e. 17alpha-nandrolone, 19-noretiocholanolone and 19-norandrostenedione). The goal of the present study was to enlarge this panel of 17beta-NT metabolites, especially through the urinary estranediols fraction in order to perform a more global steroid profiling upon 17beta-nortestosterone laureate ester administration in calves. A GC-MS/MS method has been developed to monitor and quantify 5 estranediols isomers including 5alpha-estrane-3beta,17beta-diol (abb), 5beta-estrane-3alpha,17beta-diol (bab), 5alpha-estrane-3beta,17alpha-diol (aba), 5alpha-estrane-3alpha,17beta-diol (aab) and 5beta-estrane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (baa). Their urinary elimination kinetics have been established allowing detection of 4 estranediols up to several days after administration. All animals demonstrated homogeneous patterns of elimination both from a qualitative (metabolite profile) and quantitative point of view (elimination kinetics in urine). 5alpha-Estrane-3beta,17alpha-diol (aba) was found as the major metabolite with concentrations up to 100microgL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Pinel
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA(1)), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.
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35
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Regal P, Nebot C, Vázquez B, Cepeda A, Fente C. Determination of the hormonal growth promoter 17α-methyltestosterone in food-producing animals: Bovine hair analysis by HPLC–MS/MS. Meat Sci 2010; 84:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Stolker AAM, Groot MJ, Lasaroms JJP, Nijrolder AWJM, Blokland MH, Riedmaier I, Becker C, Meyer HHD, Nielen MWF. Detectability of testosterone esters and estradiol benzoate in bovine hair and plasma following pour-on treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1075-87. [PMID: 19705109 PMCID: PMC2758186 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of synthetic esters of natural steroids such as testosterone and estradiol in cattle fattening and sports is hard to detect via routine urine testing. The esters are rapidly hydrolysed in vivo into substances which are also endogenously present in urine. An interesting alternative can be provided by the analysis of the administered synthetic steroids themselves, i.e., the analysis of intact steroid esters in hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). However, retrospective estimation of the application date following a non-compliant finding is hindered by the complexity of the kinetics of the incorporation of steroid esters in hair. In this study, the incorporation of intact steroid esters in hair following pour-on treatment has been studied and critically compared with results from intramuscular treatment. To this end animals were pour-on treated with a hormone cocktail containing testosterone cypionate, testosterone decanoate and estradiol benzoate in different carriers. The animals were either treated using injection and pour-on application once or three times having 1 week between treatments using injection and pour-on application. Animals were slaughtered from 10-12 weeks after the last treatment. Both hair and blood plasma samples were collected and analysed by LC/MS/MS. From the results, it is concluded that after single treatment the levels of steroid esters in hair drop to CCbeta levels (5-20 microg/kg) after 5-7 weeks. When treatment is repeated two times, the CCbeta levels are reached after 9-11 weeks. Furthermore, in plasma, no steroid esters were detected; not even at the low microgramme per litre level but--in contrast with the pour-on application--after i.m. injection, significant increase of 17beta-testosterone and 17beta-estradiol were observed. These observations suggest that transport of steroid esters after pour-on application is not only performed by blood but also by alternative fluids in the animal so probably the steroid esters are already hydrolysed and epimerized before entering the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A M Stolker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Shen M, Yan H, Xiang P, Shen B. Simultaneous Determination of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Their Esters in Hair by LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Pozo OJ, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P, Rubens R, Delbeke FT. Quantification of testosterone undecanoate in human hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:873-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Uçaktürk E, Özaltin N, Kaya B. Quantitative analysis of ezetimibe in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1868-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Duffy E, Mooney MH, Elliott CT, O'Keeffe M. Studies on the persistence of estradiol benzoate and nortestosterone decanoate in hair of cattle following treatment with growth promoters, determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8090-5. [PMID: 19423119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of steroid esters in bovine hair samples, using sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), provides a powerful tool for identifying animals treated illicitly with growth promoters. The successful application of such testing requires appropriate sampling of hair from treated animals. This paper describes the results of hair analysis by LC-MS/MS for two animal studies in which animals were treated with estradiol-3-benzoate and nortestosterone decanoate. The results from the first animal study indicate that animals treated with these anabolic steroids may not always be identified from analysis of hair samples; positive test results occur sporadically and only for some of the treated animals. The results from the second animal study identify conditions attaching to positive hair samples, such as, that concentrations of steroid esters in hair are related to distance of sampling from point of injection and to time post-treatment, that concentrations of steroid esters in hair are related to dose given to the animal but that this relationship may vary over time post-treatment, and that steroid esters may be measured in regrowth hair taken some weeks after treatment. Steroid esters are determined along the length of the hair, confirming that accumulation of steroid esters into hair occurs from various sources, including blood, sweat and sebum. The reported research provides some useful insights into the mechanisms governing the persistence of steroid esters in bovine hair following illicit treatment with growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Duffy
- Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Dunsinea, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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41
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Anielski P. Hair analysis of anabolic steroids in connection with doping control-results from horse samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1001-1008. [PMID: 18563854 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Doping control of anabolic substances is normally carried out with urine samples taken from athletes and horses. Investigation of alternative specimens, e.g. hair samples, is restricted to special cases, but can also be worthwhile, in addition to urine analysis. Moreover, hair material is preferred in cases of limited availability or complicated collection of urine samples, e.g. from horses. In this work, possible ways of interpretation of analytical results in hair samples are discussed and illustrated by practical experiences. The results demonstrate the applicability of hair analysis to detect anabolic steroids and also to obtain further information about previous abuse. Moreover, the process of incorporation of steroids into hairs is described and the consequences on interpretation are discussed, e.g. on the retrospective estimation of the application date. The chosen examples deal with the detection of the anabolic agent testosterone propionate. Hair samples of an application study, as well as a control sample taken from a racing horse, were referred to. Hair material was investigated by a screening procedure including testosterone, nandrolone and several esters (testosterone propionate, phenylpropionate, decanoate, undecanoate, cypionate; nandrolone decanoate, dodecanoate and phenylpropionate; limits of detection (LODs) between 0.1 and 5.0 pg/mg). Confirmation of testosterone propionate (LOD 0.1 pg/mg) was carried out by an optimised sample preparation. Trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert-butyl dimethylsilyl derivatives were detected by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anielski
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Dresdner Strasse 12, D-01731 Kreischa, Germany.
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42
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Pinel G, Rambaud L, Cacciatore G, Bergwerff A, Elliott C, Nielen M, Le Bizec B. Elimination kinetic of 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate and 17beta-nandrolone laureate ester metabolites in calves' urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 110:30-8. [PMID: 18356042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient control of the illegal use of anabolic steroids must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination; in this context, an extensive animal experiment involving 24 calves and consisting of three administrations of 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate and 17beta-nandrolone laureate esters was carried out over 50 days. Urine samples were regularly collected during the experiment from all treated and non-treated calves. For sample preparation, a single step high throughput protocol based on 96-well C(18) SPE was developed and validated according to the European Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Decision limits (CCalpha) for steroids were below 0.1 microg L(-1), except for 19-norandrosterone (CCalpha=0.7 microg L(-1)) and estrone (CCalpha=0.3 microg L(-1)). Kinetics of elimination of the administered 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate and 17beta-nandrolone laureate were established by monitoring 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-estradiol, estrone and 17beta-nandrolone, 17alpha-nandrolone, 19-noretiocholanolone, 19-norandrostenedione, respectively. All animals demonstrated homogeneous patterns of elimination both from a qualitative (metabolite profile) and quantitative point of view (elimination kinetics in urine). Most abundant metabolites were 17alpha-estradiol and 17alpha-nandrolone (>20 and 2 mg L(-1), respectively after 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate and 17beta-nandrolone laureate administration) whereas 17beta-estradiol, estrone, 17beta-nandrolone, 19-noretiocholanolone and 19-norandrostenedione were found as secondary metabolites at concentration values up to the microg L(-1) level. No significant difference was observed between male and female animals. The effect of several consecutive injections on elimination profiles was studied and revealed a tendency toward a decrease in the biotransformation of administered steroid 17beta form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Pinel
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.
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43
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Muñiz-Valencia R, Ceballos-Magaña SG, Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Santos-Montes A, Izquierdo-Hornillos R. GC-MS method development and validation for anabolic steroids in feed samples. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:727-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Muñiz-Valencia R, Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Santos-Montes A, Izquierdo-Hornillos R. Liquid chromatographic method development for anabolic androgenic steroids using a monolithic column. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 611:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Tyszczuk K. Application of an in situ plated lead film electrode to the analysis of testosterone by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1951-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Muñiz-Valencia R, Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Santos-Montes A, Izquierdo-Hornillos R. Quantitative screening for steroids in animal feeding water using reversed phase LC with gradient elution. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:219-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Boyer S, Garcia P, Popot MA, Steiner V, Lesieur M. Detection of testosterone propionate administration in horse hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:684-8. [PMID: 17383946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method has been developed to detect semi-quantitatively testosterone in horse hair samples. The method involved a washing step with sodium dodecylsulfate aqueous solution. The mane and tail hair samples (100mg) were dissolved in 1 mL of sodium hydroxide for 15 min at 95 degrees C in the presence of d3-boldenone used as internal standard. The next three steps involved diethyl ether extraction and a solid phase extraction on Isolute C18 (EC) cartridges eluted with methanol. The residue was derivatized by adding 100 microL of acetonitrile and 30 microL of PFPA then incubating for 15 min at 60 degrees C. After evaporation, 30 microL of hexane was added and 2.5 microL was injected into the column (a bonded phase fused silica capillary column DB5MS, 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 microm film thickness) of a Trace GC chromatograph. In order to improve the sensitivity of the method, damping gas flow has been optimized. Testosterone was identified in MS(2) full scan mode on the Polaris Q instrument. The assay was capable of detecting less than 1 pg mg(-1). The recovery was close to 90%. The analysis of tail and mane samples collected from a gelding horse having received a single dose of testosterone propionate (1 mg kg(-1)) showed the presence of testosterone in the range of 1-6 pg mg(-1) in hair collected during 5 months after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boyer
- LCH 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France
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48
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Rambaud L, Monteau F, Deceuninck Y, Bichon E, André F, Le Bizec B. Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the detection of a wide range of hormonal anabolic compounds in hair using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:93-104. [PMID: 17386700 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of anabolic steroid residues in hair is undoubtedly one of the most efficient strategies to demonstrate the long-term administration of these molecules in meat production animals. A multi-residue sample preparation procedure was developed and validated for 28 steroids. A 100 mg hair sample was grinded into powder and extracted at 50 degrees C with methanol. After acidic hydrolysis and extraction with ethyl acetate, phenolsteroids, such as estrogens, resorcyclic acid lactones and stilbens in one hand, are separated from androgens and progestagens in the other hand. Solid phase extractions were performed before applying a specific derivatisation for each compound sub-group. Detection and identification were achieved using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with acquisition in the selected reaction monitoring mode after electron ionisation. The method was validated according to the 2002/657/EC guideline. Decision limits (CCalpha) for main steroids were in the 0.1-10 microg kg(-1) range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Rambaud
- LABERCA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, BP50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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49
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Bogdanov AV, Glazkov IN, Polenova TV, Marutsenko IV, Revel’skii IA. Determination of organic compounds in human hair. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Given the limitations of self-reports on drug use, testing for drugs of abuse is important for most clinical and forensic toxicological situations, both for assessing the reality of the intoxication and for evaluation of the level of drug impairment. It is generally accepted that chemical testing of biological fluids is the most objective means of diagnosis of drug use. The presence of a drug analyte in a biological specimen can be used to document exposure. The standard in drug testing is the immunoassay screen, followed by the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation conducted on a urine sample. In recent years, remarkable advances in sensitive analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in unconventional biological specimens such as hair. The advantages of this sample over traditional media, like urine and blood, are obvious: collection is noninvasive, relatively easy to perform, and in forensic situations it may be achieved under close supervision of law enforcement officers to prevent adulteration or substitution. The window of drug detection is dramatically extended to weeks, months or even years when testing hair. It seems that the value of alternative specimen analysis for the identification of drug users is steadily gaining recognition. This can be seen from its growing use in preemployment screening, in forensic sciences, in clinical applications and for doping control. Hair analysis may be a useful adjunct to conventional drug testing in urine. Methods for evading urinalysis do not affect hair analysis. The aim of this review is to document toxicological applications of hair analysis in drug detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- Laboratoire ChemTox, 3 rue Gruninger, F-67400 Illkirch, France.
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