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Vorobeľová L, Falbová D, Candráková Čerňanová V. Contribution of environmental factors and female reproductive history to hypertension and obesity incidence in later life. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:236-247. [PMID: 35867530 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HT) and obesity, which are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, are complex traits determined by multiple biological and behavioural factors. However, the role of female reproductive history in evaluating HT and obesity is still unclear. AIM To investigate the long-term effects of reproductive factors on the probability of obesity and HT in later life after adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 503 women (39 - 65 years) were recruited from different localities in Slovakia. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test the associations. RESULTS Early menarche age of 11 years and under was associated with twice higher probability of obesity at midlife, independent of environmental confounders (OR = 2.27, CI = 1.35 - 3.81, p = 0.002). Breastfeeding (Bf) women had a lower likelihood of obesity in later life than non-Bf parous women, independent of environmental confounders (OR = 0.35, CI = 0.17 - 0.72, p = 0.004). Finally, age at menarche was associated with obesity-associated HT. CONCLUSION Reproductive factors are significantly associated with obesity and obesity-associated HT in later life. The age at menarche and Bf can be risk factors for early identification of women with increased likelihood of adult cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vorobeľová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Darina Falbová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Socio-economic and reproductive concomitants of abdominal adiposity and hypertension: A study on Bengali-speaking Hindu women of Habra, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and hypertension have become a global epidemic among the women, especially as they experience additional stressful events compared to men. The epidemiology of these two metabolic disorders is regulated by various biological, socio-economic, reproductive and lifestyle factors related to women. However, inconsistency in the nature and magnitude of the effects of these traits indicates exploring the areas where little emphasis has been given. In this context, the present study attempted to determine the effect of socio-economic and reproductive traits on hypertension and abdominal adiposity among women living in the North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Data on socio-demographic and reproductive traits were collected from 319 adult women from both rural and urban sectors of Habra block I. Anthropometric measurements and Blood pressure levels were measured following standard protocols. Results highlighted that the prevalence of obese individuals and hypertensive individuals were 73.4 and 50.5 per cent respectively. Women with low income (OR=0.51) were at lower risk and post-menopausal women (OR=1.71) were at higher risk of developing abdominal adiposity. The risk of developing hypertension increased with higher educational attainment (OR=2.43). Post-menopausal women (OR=0.46) and shifting workers (OR=0.40) were at lower risk of developing hypertension. The risk also decreased with increased age (OR=0.96). Present study revealed that menopause is a significant event to predict abdominal adiposity and hypertension among Bengali-speaking Hindu women.
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Pacyga DC, Henning M, Chiang C, Smith RL, Flaws JA, Strakovsky RS. Associations of Pregnancy History with BMI and Weight Gain in 45-54-Year-Old Women. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzz139. [PMID: 31893261 PMCID: PMC6933615 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midlife women have a higher risk of cardiometabolic disease than younger women, but the lifelong biological/lifestyle factors responsible for this increase are unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether pregnancy history is a risk factor for midlife overweight/obesity and evaluated potential hormonal mechanisms. METHODS The Baltimore Midlife Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort, recruited 772 women aged 45-54 y. Women reported pregnancy characteristics via questionnaires, trained staff measured weight/height to calculate midlife BMI, and serum hormones were assessed by ELISA. Logistic regression models assessed associations of pregnancy history with risk of midlife overweight/obesity and BMI gain since age 18. We additionally explored whether associations differed by menopausal status, and whether midlife hormones mediated relationships of pregnancy history and midlife BMI. RESULTS These premenopausal or perimenopausal women were 66% Caucasian/White and 30% African American/Black, with a median of 2 live births (range: 0-11) and median age at first birth of 27 y (range: 12-46 y). Women with 0 and ≥2 live births had lower odds of overweight/obesity than those with 1 birth (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.96; P = 0.04, and OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.95; P = 0.03, respectively). Women with ≥2 live births also had lower odds of BMI gain than those with 1 birth (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.06; P = 0.08). Furthermore, women who were older at their first birth had lower odds of overweight/obesity (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.00; P = 0.03) and BMI gain (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.00; P = 0.06). Number of pregnancies and age at last pregnancy were not associated with midlife overweight/obesity or BMI gain. Associations did not differ by menopausal status and were not explained by midlife hormones. CONCLUSIONS Earlier childbirth and having 1 child increased women's risk of midlife overweight/obesity and BMI gain since age 18. Additional studies should focus on women's childbearing years as a critical determinant of midlife metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Melissa Henning
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology
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MC Rodrigues G, DB Borges B, Gabriela Q Moreira L, Aparecida G Rossete É, de Castro Franca S. Effects of estrogen-like plant compounds on the vaginal epithelium pituitary, adrenal glands, and uterus of rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:1173-1184. [PMID: 30509138 PMCID: PMC6384445 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218817503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species with recognized estrogenic activity and widely used by Brazil’s female population to prevent the unpleasant symptoms of menopause were investigated in this work to demonstrate if constituents of taro-inhame (Colocasia esculenta ), cumaru (Dipteryx odorata ), and camapu (Physalis angulata ) have the ability to mimic or interfere with the action of estrogens. Moreover, their potential use as natural sources of estrogen-like substances for hormone replacement therapy was evaluated. (a) In vivo pharmacological assays were conducted to determine the estrogenic effects of D. odorata isoflavone-rich extract, P. angulata physalin-rich extract, and C. esculenta flavonoid glycoside-rich fraction (FG) on endocrine glands and reproductive organs of female rats at three different stages of the life cycle. The protocols consisted of uterotrophic assays and cytological evaluation of vaginal smears to detect mucosa cell alterations correlated with changes in hormone levels in each phase of the estrous cycle of female rats. The results indicated that C. esculenta FG exhibited estrogenic activity in prepubescent, pubescent, and adult ovariectomized female rats, while D. odorata isoflavones only promoted a weight increase in the pituitary gland of prepubescent rats after prolonged treatment and P. angulata physalins induced a weight increment in the adrenal glands of ovariectomized rats. Additionally, C. esculenta exerted a significant effect on the opening of the vaginal canal in prepubescent rats and on vaginal epithelium. Prolonged treatment of ovariectomized rats with FG altered the proportion of different types of vaginal epithelial cells in these animals, suggesting an interference of FG with estrogen levels. Colocasia esculenta FG induced hypertrophy of the uterus and pituitary in ovariectomized rats similar to estradiol. To elucidate the mechanism of action of FG, its effects were compared to those of estradiol and of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene. The results suggest that the efficacy of C. esculenta FG is mediated by binding to selective estrogen receptors present in each organ and that raloxifene inhibits the mechanism of action of FG in the same way as it inhibits the effects of estradiol. The overall findings indicate that C. esculenta FG mimics the action of estrogens, with reduced harmful effects on specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gismar MC Rodrigues
- Unidade de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto – UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno DB Borges
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Aparecida G Rossete
- Unidade de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto – UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Suzelei de Castro Franca
- Unidade de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto – UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14096-900, Brazil
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Armada L, de Castro Brasil S, Armada-Dias L, Bezerra J, Pereira RMR, Takayama L, Moreira Morais Dos Santos R, Gonçalves LS, Nascimento-Saba CCA. Effects of aging, gender, and hypogonadism on mandibular bone density. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:e12310. [PMID: 29292596 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate how aging, sex, and hypogonadism influence mandibular bone density with and without the benefits of hormone treatment. METHODS Three-month old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, with eights animals per group: controls, castrated (orchiectomized [ORX], ovariectomized [OVX]) and castrated with hormonal treatment (ORX + testosterone, OVX + estradiol benzoate). Females were previously evaluated by vaginal cytology. The corporal mass was verified weekly, and after three experimental periods (90, 120, and 150 days), the animals were killed. Blood was collected, and bones underwent densitometric and biomechanical analyses. RESULTS After castration, the male rats demonstrated low gain in body weight compared to females (P < .05). Male and female castrated animals presented serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones lower than the control group (P < .05). Bone mineral density and biomechanical properties of the L4 vertebrae and femur were reduced earlier in females than in males (P < .05). However, mandibles were affected only in the male rats at the most chronic experimental period. CONCLUSION Hypogonadism promotes alterations in the mandible over chronic periods, especially in males, and these alterations could be minimized by hormone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Armada
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Castro Brasil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luci Armada-Dias
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juciléia Bezerra
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Rosa M R Pereira
- Bone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Takayama
- Bone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucio S Gonçalves
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Brasil SC, Santos RMM, Fernandes A, Alves FRF, Pires FR, Siqueira JF, Armada L. Influence of oestrogen deficiency on the development of apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2016; 50:161-166. [PMID: 26821330 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of a long period of oestrogen deficiency on the development of apical periodontitis in rats. METHODOLOGY Wistar rats (n = 24), 3 months old, evaluated by vaginal cytology, were included in the study. Twelve animals were ovariectomized (OVX group) and the other 12 were sham operated (control group). One hundred and twenty days after castration, the pulps of the left mandibular first molars were exposed to induce the development of apical periodontitis. Body mass was verified on a weekly basis. Following 21 and 40 days of lesion induction, the animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis, and mandibles were removed for radiographic analysis. Comparative analysis of the data was performed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple-comparisons tests. The t-test was applied to compare the oestrogen levels between control and OVX groups. RESULTS Radiographs revealed that apical periodontitis lesions were significantly larger in the 40-day OVX group when compared with both 40-day (P < 0.05) and 21-day (P < 0.001) control groups. Serum oestrogen levels were significantly lower in the OVX group (P < 0.01), confirming the efficacy of castration. Oestrogen deficiency resulted in significantly greater body mass gain (P < 0.01) in 40-day OVX group when compared with 40-day control group. Serum concentrations of calcium were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase levels, although higher in the OVX groups (21 and 40 days), were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomized rats had significantly larger apical periodontitis lesions after 40 days of pulp exposure when compared with controls. These findings suggest that bone alterations as a result of long periods of oestrogen deficiency can influence the progression of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Brasil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M M Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - A Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - F R F Alves
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F R Pires
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Armada
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zsakai A, Mascie-Taylor N, Bodzsar EB. Relationship between some indicators of reproductive history, body fatness and the menopausal transition in Hungarian women. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:35. [PMID: 26494263 PMCID: PMC4619035 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper analyzed the relationship between some indicators of reproductive history and body fatness in relation to the timing of the menopause transition in Hungarian women using survival analysis after controlling for birth cohort. METHODS Data on menstruation and reproductive history were collected during the personal interviews in a sample of 1932 women (aged 35+ years). Menarcheal age, the length of menstrual cycles and menstrual bleedings, regularity of menstrual cycles, number of gestations, lactation, the ever use of contraceptives, menopausal status and age at menopause were used as indicators of reproductive history. The body fat fraction was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body fatness was also estimated by dividing women into obese and non-obese categories (considering body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio). Survival analyses were used to analyze the relationship between the indicators of reproductive history and body fatness during the menopausal transition. RESULTS Only the menarcheal age among the investigated reproductive life characteristics showed secular changes in the studied decades in Hungary; the mean age at menarche decreased by approximately 2.5 months per decade from the 1920s until the 1970s. Ever use of hormonal contraceptives, a relatively long cycle length in the perimenopausal transition and higher parity were all related with lower risk of early menopause. Later menarcheal age, normal length of menstrual cycle or bleeding in the climacterium, irregular bleeding pattern and postmenopausal status were associated with a higher amount of body fatness, while never use of contraceptives, regular menstruation, postmenopausal status and relatively early menopause were associated with a higher risk of abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION This report confirms that age of menarche is not significantly predictive of age at menopause but prior use of oral contraceptives, longer mean cycle length and smaller number of gestations all are. In addition, age of menarche, irregular bleeding pattern before the climacterium, length of menstrual cycles and bleedings during the climacterium and postmenopausal status were associated with obesity during the climacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Zsakai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. s. 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nicholas Mascie-Taylor
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK.
| | - Eva B Bodzsar
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. s. 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ovarian status influenced the rate of body-weight change but not the total amount of body-weight gained or lost in female CBA/J mice. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:435-41. [PMID: 20304041 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that prepubertally ovariectomized mice that received young, transplanted ovaries at a postreproductive age displayed a 40% increase in life expectancy. To study this increase in life expectancy in greater detail, prepubertally ovariectomized and ovary-intact CBA/J mice underwent ovarian transplantation at 11 months with 60-day-old ovaries or a sham surgery. Life span was significantly increased in transplant recipients. Body-weight changes of mice in each group were measured from the time of surgery (11 months) to death. Neither ovariectomy nor ovarian transplantation influenced the amount of peak body-weight attained or body-weight retained at death. However, the time (days) to peak body-weight was decreased by ovariectomy and ovarian transplant recipients displayed a trend toward an increase in time to peak weight. In addition, ovarian transplantation decreased the rate of weight loss to death. These results demonstrate that ovarian status, examined by means of ovariectomy and ovarian transplantation, clearly influenced the rate of weight change, but not the total amount of weight gain or loss in female mice.
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Nenko I, Jasienska G. Fertility, body size, and shape: An empirical test of the covert maternal depletion hypothesis. Am J Hum Biol 2009; 21:520-3. [PMID: 19402036 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In populations with limited resources, high-reproductive effort may lead to poor nutritional status of the mother (the maternal depletion syndrome), whereas in well-nourished populations woman's body weight tends to increase after each pregnancy. However, in affluent populations, women's body shape may change due to mobilization of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from the lower parts of their bodies to meet the needs of the developing child (the "covert maternal depletion"). We studied relationships between reproductive history traits and body size and shape for 296 rural, parous women in good nutritional status (mean body mass index, BMI = 27.9, SD = 5.94), aged 22-85 (mean 47.8, SD = 16.34) from southern Poland. Body mass adjusted for age, age of menarche, body height, and similarly adjusted BMI were each positively related to the number of children born by a woman (R = 0.13, P = 0.02 and R = 0.13, P = 0.02, respectively). Waist and hip circumferences, adjusted for confounders, did not show statistically significant relationships with the number of children. Moreover, groups with low and high parity did not significantly differ in hip/BMI and waist/BMI ratios, which were proposed to be indicators of covert form of maternal depletion (after controlling for overall body fatness and age). In conclusion, parity caused a slightly higher body mass and BMI later in life. However, parity did not lead to covert maternal depletion, perhaps because women in this population have relatively high-dietary intake of PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Nenko
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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The relationship between reproductive factors and metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women. Menopause 2009; 16:998-1003. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181a03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Preventive effects of Pueraria mirifica on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Maturitas 2008; 59:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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El Maghraoui A, Guerboub AA, Mounach A, Ghozlani I, Nouijai A, Ghazi M, Achemlal L, Bezza A, Tazi MA. Body mass index and gynecological factors as determinants of bone mass in healthy Moroccan women. Maturitas 2006; 56:375-82. [PMID: 17134857 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have shown that low body mass index (BMI) is associated with low BMD and fractures. However, the results that have been published from studies on reproductive factors and BMD are extremely controversial, with some demonstrating a beneficial effect, while others show a detrimental impact of these factors on bone mass. OBJECTIVE To study the influence of several gynecological factors (years since menopause (YSM), age at menarche and gynecological age or reproductive life) simultaneously with anthropometric factors as determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy women older than 40. METHODS BMD was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and femurs in women aged >40 randomly chosen from the population of Rabat with a cluster sampling method. RESULTS Four hundred and twenty-two healthy women older than 40 years were included in the study. The mean age was 57.2 years (8.4) [40-79] and the mean number of parities was 4.42 (2.9) [0-14]. Osteoporosis according to the classification of WHO (T-score<or=-2.5) was observed in 133 women (32.2%). The increase in the number of parities was associated to a larger body mass index and a lower BMD as well in the hips and the lumbar spine after adjustment for age. The comparison of groups of patients according to the age at menarche, the age at menopause or the period of fertility did not highlight an association with BMD. BMD at the lumbar spine and the hips was correlated negatively with age, YSM and parity and positively with BMI. Multivariate analysis showed that the determinant of BMD are BMI (OR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.83-0.92), parity (OR=1.10; 1.01-1.56) and YSM (OR=1.06; 1.03-1.10). CONCLUSION Bone loss in women older than 40 is a function of aging, parity and years since menopause; and there is a definite bone-protective effect of body mass weight. Further studies are required to evaluate the role of these parameters in the fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah El Maghraoui
- Rheumatology and Physical Rehabilitation Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, P.O. Box 1018, Rabat, Morocco.
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Newby PK, Dickman PW, Adami HO, Wolk A. Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors as predictors of body mass index and obesity among older women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 29:1084-92. [PMID: 15925960 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors were associated with body mass index (BMI), overweight, and obesity. DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational study. SUBJECTS In all, 18 109 healthy women who participated in the Swedish Mammography Cohort aged 49-83 y. MEASUREMENTS Early anthropometric (birthweight and body shape at age 10 y) and reproductive (age at menarche, age at the birth of the first child, and parity) variables were our predictors and current BMI, overweight (BMI 25-29.99 kg/m(2)), and obesity (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)) were our outcomes. RESULTS In multivariate-adjusted polytomous logistic regression analysis, risk of overweight and obesity increased with increasing body shape at age 10 y and decreased with increasing age at menarche and age at first birth (P for trend <0.0001). A U-shaped relation with birthweight was observed. In our tests for effect modification of the relation with overweight/obesity (ow/ob; BMI > or =25 kg/m(2)), we detected significant interactions between body shape at 10 y and age (P<0.0001); body shape at 10 y and physical activity (P<0.0001); age at first birth and smoking (P=0.02); and parity and physical activity (P=0.004). The increased risk of ow/ob among women who reported a larger childhood body shape was reduced as women moved from the lowest to highest quartile of physical activity in adulthood. Likewise, the increasing risk of ow/ob among women with greater parity was reduced with increased physical activity. CONCLUSION Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors are significantly associated with BMI, overweight, and obesity among older women. The effects of childhood body weight, age at first birth, and parity may be modified by adult lifestyle choices, as well as age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Newby
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Streeten EA, Ryan KA, McBride DJ, Pollin TI, Shuldiner AR, Mitchell BD. The relationship between parity and bone mineral density in women characterized by a homogeneous lifestyle and high parity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4536-41. [PMID: 15899951 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT We reported previously that Old Order Amish (OOA) women have fewer hip fractures and higher bone mineral density (BMD) than non-Amish Caucasian women. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the high parity characteristic of OOA women contributes to their relative bone health. Previous data on the long-term effects of parity on BMD have yielded conflicting results with few data from very high parity populations. This observational study included participants in the Amish Family Osteoporosis Study, begun in 1997 to identify genetic and clinical determinants of osteoporosis in the OOA. We measured BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the spine, hip, and distal radius in 424 parous OOA women aged 40 and older (mean age, 57.7 +/- 12 yr; mean parity, 7.6 +/- 2.9). RESULTS Increasing parity was associated with later menopause (P = 0.001) and modestly, but not significantly, higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.09). Increasing parity was associated with higher BMD at the total hip and trochanter (age-adjusted P = 0.02 and 0.03), no longer statistically significant after accounting for BMI. Among women aged 50-59 yr, parity was strongly associated with BMD even after accounting for age and BMI (age-adjusted P = 0.02), although this was not true for women younger than 50 or at least 60 yr old. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that high parity is associated with increased hip BMD in OOA women, largely mediated by higher BMI. The parity-hip BMD association remained statistically significant after accounting for age and BMI only in women aged 50-59 yr, partially explained by a later menopausal age with high parity. The benefit of high parity on BMD appeared to be lost soon after the menopausal transition, and, therefore, these data provide evidence of neither a detrimental nor beneficial effect of high parity on long-term bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Streeten
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Room N3W130, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Jamin C. [Evaluation of weight and morphotype of French women in gynecological consultation]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE & FERTILITE 2001; 29:814-20. [PMID: 11770275 DOI: 10.1016/s1297-9589(01)00225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Weight and morphology change with age in proportions which depend on numerous environmental factors. This French study on 3,000 women age between 40 and 70, seeing their gynecologist, has shown that the average body mass index of this population is 23.97 kg/m2, and that the waist hip ratio is 0.81. Those two parameters increase with age and are reduced when women have a physical activity for more than 2 hours a week and are on oral contraception or hormone replacement therapy. Women on percutaneous hormone replacement therapy have a lower body mass index and a lower waist hip ratio. Cigarette smoking goes with a lower body mass index. When it dates back to more than 5 years, menopause is associated with a body mass index increase. In this population, the proportion of women under hormone replacement therapy is 69%, mostly percutaneous estrogenotherapy on a discontinuous sequential rhythm.
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