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Øiestad EL, Øiestad ÅML, Middelkoop G, Brochmann GW, Thaulow CH, Vindenes V. Comparative Study of Postmortem Concentrations of Benzodiazepines and Z-Hypnotics in Several Different Matrices. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:287-298. [PMID: 36542823 PMCID: PMC10037634 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics are detected in the majority of fatal overdose cases in Norway, often in combination with other drugs of abuse, and their concentrations in peripheral blood (PB) might be important to elucidate the cause of death. In some forensic autopsies, PB is however not available. The aim of the present study was to compare concentrations of benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics in five alternative matrices to assess whether these concentrations are comparable to concentrations in PB. A total of 109 forensic autopsy cases were included. PB, cardiac blood (CB), pericardial fluid (PF), psoas muscle (PM), lateral vastus muscle (LVM) and vitreous humor (VH) from each case were analyzed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry. We were able to detect clonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam, diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, midazolam, zopiclone and zolpidem in all the analyzed matrices. Concentrations measured in VH were generally much lower than those of PB for all compounds except zopiclone. 7-Amino metabolite concentrations were high compared to the parent compounds, although less so for the muscle samples. Concentrations of the parent nitrobenzodiazepines in muscles were higher than those in PB, but for the other compounds, concentrations in muscle showed good correspondence with PB. Both CB and PF were viable alternative matrices for PB, although a larger variation and a tendency for higher concentrations in PF were observed. This study shows that CB, PM, LVM and PF can give comparable concentrations to PB for benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics, while VH was less suitable. The concentrations in alternative matrices must, however, be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Oslo N-0424, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo N-0316, Norway
| | - Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Gerrit Middelkoop
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Gerd-Wenche Brochmann
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Cecilie Hasselø Thaulow
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Oslo N-0424, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway
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Moon H, Park J, Hwang J, Chung H. Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Drugs and Pesticides from Human Plasma Using COOH-mMWCNTs. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 44:968-975. [PMID: 32369168 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are useful for extracting chemical compounds due to their properties, such as surface area and the potential for chemical modification. Especially the formation of CNTs with carboxylic acid functional group makes them disperse in water-based samples and have strong interaction forces with cationizable analytes. Based on these features, carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled CNTs (COOH-MWCNTs) have been used as extraction sorbents. CNT can also be gathered using an external magnet by forming complex with iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). In this study, COOH-MWCNTs with MNPs were subjected to magnetic solid-phase extraction (mSPE) in order to extract the targeted substances such as diphenhydramine, doxylamine, tramadol, escitalopram, zolpidem, diphenamid, paclobutrazol, hexaconazole, cyproconazole and mepronil from human plasma samples. The following five factors were optimized: (i) the ratio of COOH-MWCNTs to MNPs as a sorbent from 1:1 to 1:4; (ii) sorbent amount starting from 12.5 to 75%; (iii) sample pH tested pH 2 to pH 10 with 1 N hydrochloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide; (iv) agitating time from 0 to 4 min and (v) elution solvent. Limit of detection of 10 targeted substances in human plasma were in the range of 0.1-0.4 mg/L. The recovery of targeted substances (except diphenamid) in human plasma was 73.06-110.28% for intra-day and 83.00-107.70% for inter-day and the precision (relative standard deviation, %) in human plasma was 0.3-13.3% for intra-day and 2.9-15.6% for inter-day. The method was applied to nine authentic biological samples from overdose patients in the emergency room of Chungnam National University Hospital. The performance of mSPE was compared with the liquid-liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate. The results showed that the newly developed method in this study can be used for screening analysis in forensic and clinical toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Moon
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99-Daehak-ro, Yuseongk-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99-Daehak-ro, Yuseongk-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99-Daehak-ro, Yuseongk-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Heesun Chung
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99-Daehak-ro, Yuseongk-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Mendes GD, Pereira TDS, Rodrigues JC, Santos EM, Souza MR, Lopes‐Martins RAB, Antunes NDJ, Moreno RA, De Nucci G. Comparative bioavailability of two zolpidem hemitartrate formulations in healthy human Brazilian volunteers using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4731. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D. Mendes
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional de Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos Santos Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade São Leopoldo MandicInstituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic Campinas Brazil
| | - Thais da Silva Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical SciencesState University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas/SP Brazil
| | - Júlio César Rodrigues
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional de Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos Santos Brazil
| | - Elaine Marcílio Santos
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional de Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos Santos Brazil
| | - Mariani Rafaela Souza
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional de Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos Santos Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alvaro Brandão Lopes‐Martins
- Laboratory of Biophotonics and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento – IP&DUniversidade do Vale do Paraíba São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Natalícia de Jesus Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical SciencesState University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas/SP Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical SciencesState University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas/SP Brazil
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional de Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos Santos Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade São Leopoldo MandicInstituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic Campinas Brazil
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Dehgan-Reyhan S, Najafi M. Defective mesoporous carbon ceramic electrode modified graphene quantum dots as a novel surface-renewable electrode: The application to determination of zolpidem. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hasegawa K, Wurita A, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Minakata K, Watanabe K, Suzuki O. Fatal zolpidem poisoning due to its intravenous self-injection: Postmortem distribution/redistribution of zolpidem and its predominant metabolite zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid in body fluids and solid tissues in an autopsy case. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 290:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yaripour S, Mohammadi A, Esfanjani I, Walker RB, Nojavan S. Quantitation of zolpidem in biological fluids by electro-driven microextraction combined with HPLC-UV analysis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:349-361. [PMID: 29805344 PMCID: PMC5962899 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, an electro-driven microextraction method named electromembrane extraction combined with a simple high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for the quantitation of zolpidem in biological samples. Parameters influencing electromembrane extraction were evaluated and optimized. The membrane consisted of 2-ethylhexanol immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber. As a driving force, a 150 V electric field was applied to facilitate the analyte migration from the sample matrix to an acceptor solution through a supported liquid membrane. The pHs of donor and acceptor solutions were optimized to 6.0 and 2.0, respectively. The enrichment factor was obtained >75 within 15 minutes. The effect of carbon nanotubes (as solid nano-sorbents) on the membrane performance and EME efficiency was evaluated. The method was linear over the range of 10-1000 ng/mL for zolpidem (R2 >0.9991) with repeatability ( %RSD) between 0.3 % and 7.3 % (n = 3). The limits of detection and quantitation were 3 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity of HPLC-UV for the determination of zolpidem was enhanced by electromembrane extraction. Finally, the method was employed for the quantitation of zolpidem in biological samples with relative recoveries in the range of 60-79 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Isa Esfanjani
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roderick B Walker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Naeemy A, Sedighi E, Mohammadi A. Electrooxidation of Zolpidem and its Voltammetric Quantification in Standard and Pharmaceutical Formulation using Pencil Graphite Electrode. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2016. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2016.7.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Naeemy A, Sedighi E, Mohammadi A. Electrooxidation of Zolpidem and its Voltammetric Quantification in Standard and Pharmaceutical Formulation using Pencil Graphite Electrode. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2016. [DOI: 10.5229/jecst.2016.7.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Yaripour S, Rashid SN, Alibakhshi H, Mohammadi A. Development and validation of a stability-indicating reversed phase HPLC method for the quality control of Zolpidem in bulk and tablet dosage forms. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815060143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rezaee Zavareh E, Kiani A, Sheikholeslam Z, Shafaati A, Tabatabai SA. A rapid HPLC method for determination of zolpidem and its degradation product in tablets using a monolithic column. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:807-10. [PMID: 25754693 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple, accurate reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method, utilizing a monolithic silica column, for determination of zolpidem hemitartrate and its degradation product in tablet dosage form was developed. Analysis was achieved on the monolithic, C18 (100 mm, 3.9 mm) column, in isocratic mode with acetonitrile-NaH2PO4 (pH 7.0; 0.01 M; 35:65, v/v) as mobile phase and a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min at room temperature with UV detection at 245 nm. Diazepam was applied as an internal standard. The retention time of zolpidem and its degradation product was 2.14 and 1.89, respectively. Calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.12-5 µg/mL and the recovery values were found to be 97-101%. The limit of quantitation was determined 0.12 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation values of intraday and interday studies were calculated as 0.13-1.1% and 0.54-1.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rezaee Zavareh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Kiani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sheikholeslam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shafaati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Piotrowski P, Bocian S, Śliwka K, Buszewski B. Simultaneous analysis of zolpidem and its metabolite in whole blood and oral fluid samples by SPE-LC/MS for clinical and forensic purposes. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:167-72. [PMID: 25767915 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The new analytical method of qualitative and quantitative determination of zolpidem and qualitative analysis of its main metabolite in blood and oral fluid samples was developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample preparation was carried out using a polymeric ion-exchange sorbent in solid phase extraction (SPE). Analysis was realized using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC/MS). The method was validated in terms of few parameters. LOD, LOQ, linearity, precision, selectivity, ion suppression and stability were estimated. RESULTS Obtained method showed good linearity with determination coefficient (R(2)) of 0.9989 and 0.9998 for blood and oral fluid samples, respectively. LOD and LOQ of zolpidem were 0.2ng/mL and 1.0ng/mL, respectively, for both blood and oral fluid samples. SPE method recovery varies from 79.9±12.6 to 104.1±1.77 for blood sample and 80.2±0.48 to 103.8±1.51 for oral fluid sample. Samples collected from patients taking zolpidem with a prescription were analyzed. Detection of zolpidem was possible after 15h from ingestion of 10mg zolpidem tartrate in both types of samples. CONCLUSION The developed method allows quantitation of zolpidem in therapeutic and subtherapeutic range as well as qualitative analysis of its main metabolite in blood and oral fluid samples. This method meets criteria required for bioanalytical applications and can be used for clinical and forensic purposes.
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Byeon JY, Lee HI, Lee YJ, Lee JE, Kim SH, Kim YH, Na HS, Jang CG, Lee SY. Determination of zolpidem in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for clinical application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 986-987:129-34. [PMID: 25728370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zolpidem (ZPD) is widely described for the short-term treatment of insomnia. We have developed and validated a simple and rapid liquid chromatography analytical method using tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of ZPD in human plasma. Using dibucaine as an internal standard (IS), the analyte was extracted with methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). Chromatographic separation of ZPD was performed on a reversed-phase Luna C18 column (50 mm × 2.0 mm i.d., 5 μm particles) with a mobile phase of 10mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0)-methanol (15:85, v/v) at a flow rate of 250 μm/min. The total run-time was 2.5 min and the retention times of ZPD and IS were 0.66 and 0.74 min, respectively. The mass-to-charge transition monitored for quantification of ZPD and IS was 308.2→235.2 and 344.0→271.0, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) using 100 μL of human plasma was 0.05 ng/mL and the calibration curves were linear over a range of 0.05-200 ng/mL (r(2)>0.9964). The mean accuracy and precision for intra- and inter-run validation of ZPD were within acceptable limits. In the present LC-MS/MS method, we showed improved sensitivity for quantification of the ZPD in human plasma using lower volume of plasma compared with previously described analytical methods for ZPD. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeong Byeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-In Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hyung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Na
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, MFDS, Cheongwon-gun, 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Malesevic M, Zivanovic L, Protic A, Radisic M, Lausevic M, Jovic Z, Zecevic M. Stress degradation studies on zolpidem tartrate using LC-DAD and LC-MS methods. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.26.2014.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for the Estimation of Zolpidem in Bulk Drug and Tablets. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/357890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study an isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the estimation of zolpidem in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The quantification was carried out on C18columns. A mixture of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (pH=8.0, 0.02 M) (60 : 40 v/v) was used as the mobile phase, at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the determination wavelength at 245 nm. The retention time of zolpidem was found to be 3–5 min. The validation of the proposed method was carried out for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and robustness. The linear dynamic range was from 2.5 to 30 μg mL−1. Regression equation was found to bey=0.1416x+0.0183with correlation coefficientr=0.9996. The percentage recovery obtained for zolpidem was greater than 96.5%. Limit of quantification and limit of detection were found to be 2.5 μg mL−1and 0.83 μg mL−1, respectively. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of zolpidem in tablet formulations.
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Han E, Kim E, Hong H, Jeong S, Kim J, In S, Chung H, Lee S. Evaluation of postmortem redistribution phenomena for commonly encountered drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 219:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Foda NH, Ali SM. Zolpidem tartrate. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2012; 37:413-38. [PMID: 22469325 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397220-0.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa H Foda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Methods for the analysis of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:291-304. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon (Z-drugs) are nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs that are used for the treatment of insomnia. These drugs were developed with the intent to overcome some disadvantages of benzodiazepines, such as dependence and next day sedation. In general, the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs are administered in oral doses daily and are widely biotransformed in the body. A large number of analytical methods based on chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques for the quantification of Z-drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices have been reported. In this review, the bioanalytical methods for Z-drugs were reviewed with the focus placed on sample preparation procedures and the separation techniques used. Furthermore, as these drugs are also reported as drugs of abuse or in drug-facilitated crime, screening methods that simultaneously cover these drugs and also other drugs of abuse were included in this review.
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Park JS, Myung JH, Wang HS, Koo JS, Cho WK, Cha KH, Park HJ, Kim MS, Kim JS, Hwang SJ. Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Study of Zolpidem Tartate in Healthy Volunteers. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2011. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2011.41.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Malesevic M, Zivanovic L, Protic A, Jovic Z. Multiobjective Optimization Approach in Evaluation of Chromatographic Behaviour of Zolpidem Tartrate and Its Degradation Products. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Connelly WM, Lees G. Modulation and function of the autaptic connections of layer V fast spiking interneurons in the rat neocortex. J Physiol 2010; 588:2047-63. [PMID: 20351046 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.185199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical fast-spiking (FS) basket cells form dense autaptic connections that provide inhibitory GABAergic feedback after each action potential. It has been suggested that these autaptic connections are used because synaptic communication is sensitive to neuromodulation, unlike the voltage-sensitive potassium channels in FS cells. Here we show that layer V FS interneurons form autaptic connections that are largely perisomatic, and without perturbing intracellular Cl(-) homeostasis, that perisomatic GABAergic currents have a reversal potential of 78 +/- 4 mV. Using variance-mean analysis, we demonstrate that autaptic connections have a mean of 14 release sites (range 4-26) with a quantal amplitude of 101 +/- 16 pA and a probability of release of 0.64 (V(command) = 70 mV, [Ca(2+)](o) = 2 mM, [Mg(2+)](o) = 1 mM). We found that autaptic GABA release is sensitive to GABA(B) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, but not a range of other classical neuromodulators. Our results indicate that GABA transporters do not regulate FS interneuron autapses, yet autaptically released GABA does not act at GABA(B) or extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors. This research confirms that the autaptic connections of FS cells are indeed susceptible to modulation, though only via specific GABAergic and cholinergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Connelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Provoked by the Victim's Religious Beliefs. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2009; 30:384-5. [DOI: 10.1097/paf.0b013e3181c03e2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Takayasu T, Ishida Y, Kimura A, Kawaguchi M, Kondo T. Distribution of zolpidem in body fluids and organ tissues in five autopsy cases. Forensic Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-008-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ondra P, Zedníková K, Matlach R. Possibilities and problems with identification and determination of "new" hypnotics. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 149:469-72. [PMID: 16601812 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Authors discuss problems with identification and determination of flunitrazepam and zolpidem in biological material (BM). Over the recent years, these two structurally different substances have become the most frequently used as well as abused hypnotic drugs. This study presents applicability of immunochemical methods in the screening of flunitrazepam, one of the most commonly prescribed drugs among the benzodiazepines. Herein described techniques, a liquid-liquid (L-L) extraction, solid phase extraction (SPE) and the so-called "freeze out" method are used for isolation of the above mentioned compounds from BM. Besides the thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) applied in qualitative analysis, the study also describes a gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD) optimized for the determination of flunitrazepam and zolpidem in blood (serum). Successful analyses of these two substances are of major importance, especially in interpreting the results of forensic toxicological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Hnevotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Bhatt J, Jangid A, Shetty R, Shah B, Kambli S, Subbaiah G, Singh S. Quantification of zolpidem in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:736-42. [PMID: 16240286 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple and robust method for quantification of zolpidem in human plasma has been established using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS). Es-citalopram was used as an internal standard. Zolpidem and internal standard in plasma sample were extracted using solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB, 1 cm3/30 mg). The samples were injected into a C8 reversed-phase column and the mobile phase used was acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (pH 4.6; 10 mm) (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. Using MS/MS in the selected reaction-monitoring (SRM) mode, zolpidem and Es-citalopram were detected without any interference from human plasma matrix. Zolpidem produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H]+) at m/z 308.1 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 235.1. The internal standard produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H]+) at m/z 325.1 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 262.1. Detection of zolpidem in human plasma by the LC-ESI MS/MS method was accurate and precise with a quantification limit of 2.5 ng/mL. The proposed method was validated in the linear range 2.5-300 ng/mL. Reproducibility, recovery and stability of the method were evaluated. The method has been successfully applied to bioequivalence studies of zolpidem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Bhatt
- Torrent Research Centre, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited, Village-Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, Gujarat State, India.
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Nirogi RVS, Kandikere VN, Shrivasthava W, Mudigonda K. Quantification of zolpidem in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:1103-8. [PMID: 16703647 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple, reliable HPLC method with fluorescence detection (excitation 320 and emission 388 nm) was developed and validated for quantitation of zolpidem in human plasma. Following a single-step liquid-liquid extraction, the analyte and internal standard (quinine) were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reversed-phase C(18) column. The lower limit of quantitation was 1.8 ng/mL, with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. A linear dynamic range of 1.8-288 ng/mL was established. This HPLC method was validated with between-batch and within-batch precision of 1.7-4.8 and 1.2-2.3%, respectively. The between-batch and within-batch accuracy was 95.3-100.4 and 95.5-102.7%, respectively. Frequently coadministered drugs did not interfere with the described methodology. Stability of zolpidem in plasma was excellent, with no evidence of degradation during sample processing (autosampler) and 30 days storage in a freezer. This validated method is simple and repeatable enough to be used in pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna V S Nirogi
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Serene Chambers, Road 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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Radi AE, Bekhiet G, Wahdan T. Electrochemical Study of Zolpidem at Glassy Carbon Electrode and Its Determination in a Tablet Dosage Form by Differential Pulse Voltammetry. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:1063-5. [PMID: 15340190 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative behaviour of, a hypnotic drug, zolpidem was studied at glassy carbon electrode in Britton-Robinson buffer over the pH range 2.0-11.0 using cyclic, linear sweep and differential pulse voltammetry. Oxidation of the drug was effected in a single irreversible, diffusion-controlled step. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the drug yielded a well-defined voltammetric response in Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 8.0 at +0.889 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) on glassy carbon electrode. This process could be used to determine zolpidem concentrations in the range 5.0 x 10(-7) M to 1.0 x 10(-5) M with a detection limit of 2.0 x 10(-7) M. The method was applied, without any interference from the excipients, to the determination of the drug in a tablet dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd-Elgawad Radi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Dumyat), Mansoura University, 34517 Dumyat, Egypt.
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El Zeany BA, Moustafa AA, Farid NF. Determination of zolpidem hemitartrate by quantitative HPTLC and LC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:393-401. [PMID: 14550858 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two methods are described for the determination of zolpidem hemitartrate in presence of its degradation product. The first method was a TLC-UV densitometric one in which the mobile phase methanol: water (20:80) was used for developing the TLC plates. The R(f) of zolpidem hemitartrate was found to be 0.29+/-0.01 and that of its degradation product was 0.59+/-0.01. Linearity range was 0.5-4 microg/spot with mean recovery percentage (99.98+/-0.988)%. The second method was an HPLC method. HPLC was performed on a Bondapack C(18) column. The mobile phase was composed of a mixture of acetonitrile-0.01 M KH(2)PO(4) (40:60). The pH was adjusted to 3.5+/-0.1. Flow rate was 1.2 ml/min. Calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.5-5 microg/ml with UV detection at 245 nm. Both methods have been successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained were statistically compared with those obtained by applying the reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A El Zeany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 23 El-ahrar St, Cairo, Egypt
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