Maladie cœliaque, thrombose veineuse cérébrale et déficit en protéine S, Une association fortuite ?

Cerebral Thrombophlebitis Complicating Coeliac Disease

Thromboembolic complications associated with coeliac disease are rare. They are dominated by abdominal venous thrombosis. However, cerebral thrombosis is exceptional. The research of the thrombotic risk factors is essential in coeliac disease. We report a clinical case illustrating cerebral thrombophlebitis due to antithrombin III deficiency with the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies complicating coeliac disease in a child.

Concurrent cerebral arterial and venous sinus thrombosis revealing celiac disease- a case report and literature review

Background

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition characterized by an inappropriate immune reaction against gluten. It classically presents as chronic diarrhea, bloating, and nausea in addition to malabsorption symptoms such as weight loss and micronutrient deficiency. We report the first case of coinciding cerebral infarction and venous sinus thrombosis unveiling the diagnosis of celiac disease.

Case presentation

A 40-year old female patient with a four-day history of severe diarrhea presented with right hemiplegia and altered mental status. Imaging revealed left middle cerebral artery occlusion and left transverse and sigmoid venous sinus thrombosis, along with left jugular vein thrombosis. Her laboratory evaluation was notable for profound iron deficiency anemia, thrombocytosis, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Her positive anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies and ensuing duodenal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of celiac disease.

Conclusions

Celiac disease has a wide range of intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations and can present with thrombotic events in young patients with iron deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia.

[Intracardiac thrombosis during celiac disease]

Thrombotic events occurring in the course of celiac disease are frequently reported in the literature. The localization is often unusual, mainly affecting the hepatic veins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intracardiac thrombosis occurring in a patient with celiac disease. A 32-year-old patient with celiac disease adhered poorly to his gluten-free diet. He suffered an ischemic stroke revealing an intracardiac thrombus, which, on radiological imaging, simulated a multiple myxoma. Histological examination of the resected tumor enabled the correct diagnosis. Biological findings revealed severe protein C and S deficiency. The patient improved with anticoagulant therapy and gluten-free diet.

[Association of celiac disease and cerebral venous thrombosis: report of two cases]

Thrombosis events may occur in celiac disease. Thrombophilic risk factors have been reported.

INTRODUCTION

To report two cases of cerebral venous thrombosis in celiac disease patients and to determine associated thrombophilic factors. Case 1: a 63-year-old woman was admitted for cerebral venous thrombosis. Her past history included celiac disease which was untreated for the last 10 years. Biological data showed moderate hyperhomocysteinemia and positive reaction for antiphospholipid antibodies. Case 2: a 19-year-old girl was hospitalized for seizures and impaired consciousness. MRA demonstrated longitudinal sinus thrombosis with parietal infarction. Biological findings showed: protein S deficiency and positive reaction for antiendomysium and antigliadin antibodies. Gastroesophageal endoscopy with biopsy showed villous atrophy. Both patients improved under anticoagulant treatment.

CONCLUSION

The sites of associated venous thrombosis are generally unusual in celiac disease, yet the cerebral localization is only exceptionally reported. It is essential to search for risk factors. Gluten-free diet remains the mainstay treatment for patients with celiac disease.

[Thrombosis of the superior vena cava revealing a protein S deficiency]

Thrombosis of the superior vena cava is attached to several causes including deficiency of the protein S. It occurs gradually by a superior vena cava syndrome. We report a patient aged 22 years, no toxic habits or bipolar aphthosis, which presented for 3 months a superior vena cava syndrome. The radiological and biological assessments confirmed thrombosis of the superior vena cava and a deficit of the protein S for which the patient was put under anticoagulant therapy with good clinical and radiological improvement. Through this observation, the authors report a rare cause of thrombosis of the superior vena cava which is the isolated protein S deficiency and provide a review of the literature.

The association between coeliac disease and cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND

Coeliac disease is more prevalent than was previously thought. The association between coeliac disease and cardiovascular outcome is not clear.

AIM

To investigate whether coeliac disease patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular events.

METHODS

A community-based cohort study using a record-linkage database. Three hundred and sixty-seven coeliac patients identified by a positive antiendomysial antibody test or a diagnosis with small bowel biopsy, and 5537 subjects who were tested and had a negative coeliac immunology, were included in the study.

RESULTS

The crude rates of cardiovascular events were 9.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 4.4-14.6) in the coeliac cohort and 8.9 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 7.6-10.3) in the antiendomysial antibody-negative cohort. Compared with the antiendomysial antibody-negative cohort, the adjusted relative risk of cardiovascular events for coeliac cohort was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.00-3.60). When we excluded patients who had previous hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, the adjusted relative risk was 2.5 (95% CI: 1.22-5.01). The use of any cardiovascular drugs prior to and after entry to the study were 36% and 29% for the coeliac cohort (P = 0.05), and 34% and 26% for the antiendomysial antibody-negative cohort (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that coeliac disease seems to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcome.