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Liu Y, Ma B, Chen W, Schlaeppi K, Erb M, Stirling E, Hu L, Wang E, Zhang Y, Zhao K, Lu Z, Ye S, Xu J. Rhizobium Symbiotic Capacity Shapes Root-Associated Microbiomes in Soybean. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709012. [PMID: 34925249 PMCID: PMC8678110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-microbiome interactions are of central importance for plant performance and yield. A distinctive feature of legumes is that they engage in symbiosis with N2-fixing rhizobia. If and how the rhizobial symbiotic capacity modulates root-associated microbiomes are still not yet well understood. We determined root-associated microbiomes of soybean inoculated with wild type (WT) or a noeI mutant of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 by amplicon sequencing. UPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze root exudates. The noeI gene is responsible for fucose-methylation of Nod factor secreted by USDA 110 WT strain. Soybean roots inoculated with the noeI mutant showed a significant decrease in nodulation and root-flavonoid exudation compared to roots inoculated with WT strain. The noeI mutant-inoculated roots exhibited strong changes in microbiome assembly in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane, including reduced diversity, changed co-occurrence interactions and a substantial depletion of root microbes. Root exudates and soil physiochemical properties were significantly correlated with microbial community shift in the rhizosphere between different rhizobial treatments. These results illustrate that rhizobial symbiotic capacity dramatically alters root-associated microbiomes, in which root exudation and edaphic patterns play a vital role. This study has important implications for understanding the evolution of plant-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Klaus Schlaeppi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erinne Stirling
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kankan Zhao
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shudi Ye
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lineage-Specific Rewiring of Core Pathways Predating Innovation of Legume Nodules Shapes Symbiotic Efficiency. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e01299-20. [PMID: 33850043 PMCID: PMC8547004 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01299-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interkingdom coevolution innovated the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. The application of this nitrogen-fixing system in sustainable agriculture is usually impeded by incompatible interactions between partners. However, the progressive evolution of rhizobium-legume compatibility remains elusive. In this work, deletions of rhcV encoding a structural component of the type three secretion system allow related Sinorhizobium strains to nodulate a previously incompatible soybean cultivar (Glycine max). These rhcV mutants show low to medium to high symbiotic efficiency on the same cultivated soybean while being indistinguishable on wild soybean plants (Glycine soja). The dual pantranscriptomics reveals nodule-specific activation of core symbiosis genes of Sinorhizobium and Glycine genes associated with genome duplication events along the chronogram. Unexpectedly, symbiotic efficiency is in line with lineage-dependent transcriptional profiles of core pathways which predate the diversification of Fabaceae and Sinorhizobium. This is supported by further physiological and biochemical experiments. Particularly, low-efficiency nodules show disordered antioxidant activity and low-energy status, which restrict nitrogen fixation activity. Collectively, the ancient core pathways play a crucial role in optimizing the function of later-evolved mutualistic arsenals in the rhizobium-legume coevolution. IMPORTANCE Significant roles of complex extracellular microbiota in environmental adaptation of eukaryotes in ever-changing circumstances have been revealed. Given the intracellular infection ability, facultative endosymbionts can be considered pioneers within complex extracellular microbiota and are ideal organisms for understanding the early stage of interkingdom adaptation. This work reveals that the later innovation of key symbiotic arsenals and the lineage-specific network rewiring in ancient core pathways, predating the divergence of legumes and rhizobia, underline the progressive evolution of rhizobium-legume compatibility. This insight not only is significant for improving the application benefits of rhizobial inoculants in sustainable agriculture but also advances our general understanding of the interkingdom coevolution which is theoretically explored by all host-microbiota interactions.
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Temprano-Vera F, Rodríguez-Navarro DN, Acosta-Jurado S, Perret X, Fossou RK, Navarro-Gómez P, Zhen T, Yu D, An Q, Buendía-Clavería AM, Moreno J, López-Baena FJ, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Vinardell JM. Sinorhizobium fredii Strains HH103 and NGR234 Form Nitrogen Fixing Nodules With Diverse Wild Soybeans ( Glycine soja) From Central China but Are Ineffective on Northern China Accessions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2843. [PMID: 30519234 PMCID: PMC6258812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii indigenous populations are prevalent in provinces of Central China whereas Bradyrhizobium species (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. diazoefficiens, B. elkanii, and others) are more abundant in northern and southern provinces. The symbiotic properties of different soybean rhizobia have been investigated with 40 different wild soybean (Glycine soja) accessions from China, Japan, Russia, and South Korea. Bradyrhizobial strains nodulated all the wild soybeans tested, albeit efficiency of nitrogen fixation varied considerably among accessions. The symbiotic capacity of S. fredii HH103 with wild soybeans from Central China was clearly better than with the accessions found elsewhere. S. fredii NGR234, the rhizobial strain showing the broadest host range ever described, also formed nitrogen-fixing nodules with different G. soja accessions from Central China. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an effective symbiosis between S. fredii NGR234 and G. soja. Mobilization of the S. fredii HH103 symbiotic plasmid to a NGR234 pSym-cured derivative (strain NGR234C) yielded transconjugants that formed ineffective nodules with G. max cv. Williams 82 and G. soja accession CH4. By contrast, transfer of the symbiotic plasmid pNGR234a to a pSym-cured derivative of S. fredii USDA193 generated transconjugants that effectively nodulated G. soja accession CH4 but failed to nodulate with G. max cv. Williams 82. These results indicate that intra-specific transference of the S. fredii symbiotic plasmids generates new strains with unpredictable symbiotic properties, probably due to the occurrence of new combinations of symbiotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastian Acosta-Jurado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Xavier Perret
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain K Fossou
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Navarro-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Tao Zhen
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi An
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ana Maria Buendía-Clavería
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Baena
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Enrique Ruiz-Sainz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Vinardell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
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Liu LX, Li QQ, Zhang YZ, Hu Y, Jiao J, Guo HJ, Zhang XX, Zhang B, Chen WX, Tian CF. The nitrate-reduction gene cluster components exert lineage-dependent contributions to optimization of Sinorhizobium symbiosis with soybeans. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4926-4938. [PMID: 28967174 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Receiving nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes does not guarantee rhizobia an effective symbiosis with legumes. Here, variations in gene content were determined for three Sinorhizobium species showing contrasting symbiotic efficiency on soybeans. A nitrate-reduction gene cluster absent in S. sojae was found to be essential for symbiotic adaptations of S. fredii and S. sp. III. In S. fredii, the deletion mutation of the nap (nitrate reductase), instead of nir (nitrite reductase) and nor (nitric oxide reductase), led to defects in nitrogen-fixation (Fix- ). By contrast, none of these core nitrate-reduction genes were required for the symbiosis of S. sp. III. However, within the same gene cluster, the deletion of hemN1 (encoding oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase) in both S. fredii and S. sp. III led to the formation of nitrogen-fixing (Fix+ ) but ineffective (Eff- ) nodules. These Fix+ /Eff- nodules were characterized by significantly lower enzyme activity of glutamine synthetase indicating rhizobial modulation of nitrogen-assimilation by plants. A distant homologue of HemN1 from S. sojae can complement this defect in S. fredii and S. sp. III, but exhibited a more pleotropic role in symbiosis establishment. These findings highlighted the lineage-dependent optimization of symbiotic functions in different rhizobial species associated with the same host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Biliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hu G, Li W, Zhou J. Incompatibility behavior of a symbiotic plasmid pMH7653Rb in Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:738-742. [PMID: 20602277 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesorhizobium huakuii strain 7653R harbored two indigenous plasmids named pMH7653Ra and pMH7653Rb. The larger plasmid pMH7653Rb (symbiotic plasmid) was transferred to M. huakuii HN308SR harboring three plasmids: pMHHN308a, pMHHN308b and pMHHN308c, and HN3015SR harboring three plasmids: pMHHN3015a, pMHHN3015b and pMHHN3015c by tri-parent mating. Two stable indigenous plasmids, pMHHN308b and pMHHN308c of HN308SR, were co-eliminated due to the introduction of pMH7653Rb, and the transconjugant was named HN308SRN14. The results implied that pMH7653Rb and pMHHN308b, pMHHN308c were incompatible and might have been ascribed to the same incompatible group. The plasmid profiles of transconjugant HN3015SRN14 showed that the second largest plasmid pMHHN3015b of HN3015SR was cured due to the introduction of pMH7653Rb. The results also implied that pMH7653Rb and pMHHN3015b were incompatible. Results from plant nodulation tests showed that pMH7653Rb could only maintain the nodulation ability in transconjugant HN308SRN14 and its nodule number was more than that of wild strain HN308SR, but could not replace the nitrogen fixation effect of pMHHN308b and pMHHN308c. The plasmid cured mutant HN308SRN14D harboring only pMHHN308a formed null nodules that demonstrated pMHHN308a was relevant to nodulation ability. HN3015SRN14 harboring pMH7653Rb, pMHHN3015a and pMHHN3015c formed null nodules while HN3015SRN14D containing pMHHN3015a and pMHHN3015c lost the nodulation ability. The plasmid replication repC-like gene sequences were detected by a polymerase chain reaction from 7653R, HN308, HN3015, HN308SRN14 and HN3015SRN14. The repC gene sequence similarities of the strains tested attained 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoYuan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China.
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Romero F, Buendía-Clavería A, Ruiz-Sainz JE. Broad host-range effective mutants of Rhizobium fredii strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb05192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Incompatibility behavior of a megaplasmid pMhHN3015c in Mesorhizobium huakuii HN3015. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Miao L, Zhou K, Zhou J, Chen D, Xie F. Apparent incompatibility of plasmid pSfrYC4b of Sinorhizobium fredii with two different plasmids in another strain. Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:359-67. [PMID: 16010525 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii YC4B is a spontaneous mutant derivative of strain YC4 that is unable to nodulate soybeans. The second-largest plasmid of strain YC4B, termed pSfrYC4b (810 kb), was transferred to S. fredii HN01SR, a strain which contains three large indigenous plasmids (pSfrHN01a, pSfrHN01b and pSfrHN01c). Surprisingly, two stable indigenous plasmids (pSfrHN01a and pSfrHN01b) of strain HN01SR were cured simultaneously by the introduction of pSfrYC4b. Furthermore, a novel, unstable plasmid (pHY4) became visible in agarose gels. The electrophoretic mobility of plasmid pHY4 was slower than that shown by the cured plasmids, indicating that the molecular weight of the former is higher than that of plasmids pSfrYC4b and pSfrHN01b. Replication gene repC-like sequences were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on pSfrHN01a and pSfrYC4b, but not on pSfrHN01b. Sau3AI and PstI restriction patterns of the PCR-amplified repC-like sequences from HN01SR and YC4B were very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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9
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Lamrabet Y, Bellogín RA, Cubo T, Espuny R, Gil A, Krishnan HB, Megias M, Ollero FJ, Pueppke SG, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Spaink HP, Tejero-Mateo P, Thomas-Oates J, Vinardell JM. Mutation in GDP-fucose synthesis genes of Sinorhizobium fredii alters Nod factors and significantly decreases competitiveness to nodulate soybeans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1999; 12:207-17. [PMID: 10065558 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We mutagenized Sinorhizobium fredii HH103-1 with Tn5-B20 and screened about 2,000 colonies for increased beta-galactosidase activity in the presence of the flavonoid naringenin. One mutant, designated SVQ287, produces lipochitooligosaccharide Nod factors (LCOs) that differ from those of the parental strain. The nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residues of all of the LCOs of mutant SVQ287 lack fucose and 2-O-methylfucose substituents. In addition, SVQ287 synthesizes an LCO with an unusually long, C20:1 fatty acyl side chain. The transposon insertion of mutant SVQ287 lies within a 1.1-kb HindIII fragment. This and an adjacent 2.4-kb HindIII fragment were sequenced. The sequence contains the 3' end of noeK, nodZ, and noeL (the gene interrupted by Tn5-B20), and the 5' end of nolK, all in the same orientation. Although each of these genes has a similarly oriented counterpart on the symbiosis plasmid of the broad-host-range Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, there are significant differences in the noeK/nodZ intergenic region. Based on amino acid sequence homology, noeL encodes GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, and nolK encodes a NAD-dependent nucleotide sugar epimerase/dehydrogenase. We show that expression of the noeL gene is under the control of NodD1 in S. fredii and is most probably mediated by the nod box that precedes nodZ. Transposon insertion into neoL has two impacts on symbiosis with Williams soybean: nodulation rate is reduced slightly and competitiveness for nodulation is decreased significantly. Mutant SVQ287 retains its ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on other legumes, but final nodule number is attenuated on Cajanus cajan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lamrabet
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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10
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Gil-Serrano AM, Franco-Rodríguez G, Tejero-Mateo P, Thomas-Oates J, Spaink HP, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Megías M, Lamrabet Y. Structural determination of the lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nodulation signals produced by Rhizobium fredii HH103. Carbohydr Res 1997; 303:435-43. [PMID: 9403989 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium fredii HH103 produces extracellular signal molecules that are able to induce deformation of root hairs and nodule organogenesis of soybean. This strain produces a large variety of nodulation factors, consisting of a linear backbone of GlcNAc with different degrees of polymerization, bearing on the non-reducing residue various different N-acyl residues. The reducing terminal residue is 2-O-methylfucosylated at position 6. Several analogous molecules substituted with fucose were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gil-Serrano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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