1
|
Dejea H, Garcia-Canadilla P, Cook AC, Guasch E, Zamora M, Crispi F, Stampanoni M, Bijnens B, Bonnin A. Comprehensive Analysis of Animal Models of Cardiovascular Disease using Multiscale X-Ray Phase Contrast Tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6996. [PMID: 31061429 PMCID: PMC6502928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the myocardium and vasculature, inducing remodelling of the heart from cellular to whole organ level. To assess their impact at micro and macroscopic level, multi-resolution imaging techniques that provide high quality images without sample alteration and in 3D are necessary: requirements not fulfilled by most of current methods. In this paper, we take advantage of the non-destructive time-efficient 3D multiscale capabilities of synchrotron Propagation-based X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging (PB-X-PCI) to study a wide range of cardiac tissue characteristics in one healthy and three different diseased rat models. With a dedicated image processing pipeline, PB-X-PCI images are analysed in order to show its capability to assess different cardiac tissue components at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The presented technique evaluates in detail the overall cardiac morphology, myocyte aggregate orientation, vasculature changes, fibrosis formation and nearly single cell arrangement. Our results agree with conventional histology and literature. This study demonstrates that synchrotron PB-X-PCI, combined with image processing tools, is a powerful technique for multi-resolution structural investigation of the heart ex-vivo. Therefore, the proposed approach can improve the understanding of the multiscale remodelling processes occurring in CVDs, and the comprehensive and fast assessment of future interventional approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Dejea
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- PhySense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Zamora
- BCNatal, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- BCNatal, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Bijnens
- PhySense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rubiano A, Qi Y, Guzzo D, Rathinasabapathy A, Rowe K, Pepine C, Simmons C. Stem cell therapy restores viscoelastic properties of myocardium in rat model of hypertension. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 59:71-77. [PMID: 26748260 PMCID: PMC4860127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive remodeling of the myocardium is seen in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including systemic hypertension. Stem cell therapy has been proposed to improve the clinical outcomes of hypertension, and we hypothesized that changes in mechanical properties of the myocardium would accompany the progression of disease and the results of treatment conditions. Using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as a model of hypertension, we treated 13-week-old hypertensive rats with a single injection of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) isolated from a normotensive control. We indented the isolated ventricles of control, untreated sham-injected SHR, and ADSC-treated SHR hearts with a custom cantilever-based system and fit the resulting data to a standard linear solid model. SHR animals had higher blood pressure (198.4±25.9mmHg) and lower ejection fraction (69.9±4.2%) than age-matched control animals (109.0±1.6mmHg, 88.2±1.3%), and increased viscoelastic properties accompanied these clinical changes (right ventricle effective stiffness, SHR: 21.97±5.10kPa, Control: 13.14±3.48kPa). ADSC-treated animals saw improvement in clinical parameters compared to the untreated SHR group, which was also accompanied by a significant restoration of viscoelastic properties of the myocardium (ACSD-treated SHR: 9.77±6.96kPa).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Rubiano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, United States
| | - Yanfei Qi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, United States
| | - Dominic Guzzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Kyle Rowe
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, United States
| | - Carl Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, United States
| | - Chelsey Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Varagic J, Frohlich ED, Díez J, Susic D, Ahn J, González A, López B. Myocardial fibrosis, impaired coronary hemodynamics, and biventricular dysfunction in salt-loaded SHR. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 290:H1503-9. [PMID: 16299266 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00970.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arterial pressure in most experimental and clinical hypertensions is exacerbated by salt. The effects of salt excess on right and left ventricular (RV and LV, respectively) functions and their respective coronary vasodilatory responses have been less explored. We therefore examined the effects of 8 wk of NaCl excess (8% in food) on arterial pressure, RV and LV functions (maximal rate of increase and decrease of ventricular pressure; dP/dt(max) and dP/dt(min)), coronary hemodynamics (microspheres), and collagen content (hydroxyproline assay and collagen volume fraction) in young adult normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), aged 16 wk by the end of the study. Prolonged salt excess in WKY and SHR elevated pressure only modestly, but it markedly increased LV mass, especially in SHR. Moreover, salt excess significantly impaired RV and LV diastolic function in SHR but only LV diastolic function in WKY rats. However, salt loading affected neither RV nor LV contractile function in both strains. Interstitial and perivascular collagen deposition was increased, whereas coronary vasodilatory responses to dipyridamole diminished in both ventricles in the salt-loaded SHR but not in WKY rats. Therefore, accumulation of ventricular collagen as well as altered myocardial perfusion importantly contributed to the development of salt-related RV and LV dysfunctions in this model of naturally occurring hypertension. The unique effects of salt loading on both ventricles in SHR, but not WKY rats, strongly suggest that nonhemodynamic mechanisms in hypertensive disease participate pathophysiologically with salt-loading hypertension. These findings point to the conclusion that the concept of "salt sensitivity" in hypertension is far more complex than simply its effects on arterial pressure or the LV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Varagic
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wise RG, Al-Shafei AIM, Carpenter TA, Hall LD, Huang CLH. Simultaneous measurement of blood and myocardial velocity in the rat heart by phase contrast MRI using sparseq-space sampling. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 22:614-27. [PMID: 16193471 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure cardiac blood flow patterns and ventricular wall velocities through the cardiac cycle in anesthetized Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A gradient-echo cine pulse sequence incorporating pulsed field gradients (PFGs) provided phase contrast (PC) motion encoding. We achieved a range of velocity sensitivity that was sufficient to measure simultaneously the large flow velocities within the cardiac chambers and aortic outflow tract (up to 70 cm s(-1) during systole), and the comparatively small velocities of the cardiac wall (0-3 cm s(-1)). A scheme of sparsely sampling q-space combined with a probability-based method of velocity calculation permitted such measurements along three orthogonal axes, and yielded velocity vector maps in all four chambers of the heart and the aorta, in both longitudinal and transverse sections, for up to 12 time-points in the cardiac cycle. RESULTS Left ventricular systole was associated with a symmetrical laminar flow pattern along the cardiac axis, with no appearance of turbulence. In contrast, blood showed a swirling motion within the right ventricle (RV) in the region of the pulmonary outflow tract. During left ventricular diastole a plume of blood entered the left ventricle (LV) from the left atrium. The ventricular flow patterns could also be correlated with measurements of left ventricular wall motion. The greatest velocities of the ventricular walls occurred in the transverse cardiac plane and were maximal during diastolic refilling. The cardiac wall motion in the longitudinal axis demonstrated a caudal-apical movement that may also contribute to diastolic refilling. CONCLUSION The successful measurements of blood and myocardial velocity during normal myocardial function may be extended to quantify pathological cardiac changes in animal models of human cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Wise
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and hypertension is the most common cause of cardiac failure. Recent studies have shown that isolated diastolic dysfunction very often accompanies hypertensive heart disease. Ventricular diastolic function may be divided into an active relaxation phase and a passive compliance period. These two components have been investigated invasively, and they remain the gold standards for the study of diastolic function. However, in the routine clinical setting, echocardiographic and Doppler techniques are most useful for evaluating ventricular filling. Thus, analysis of E and A waves of mitral flow have provided important and useful information. Unfortunately, these indices depend on too many factors. Newer indices obtained from ventricular time intervals, tissue Doppler imaging, and color M-mode echocardiography have enhanced the means to assess diastolic function. In addition, new methods including MRI and cine CT have also provided better understanding of left ventricular filling in hypertension. Using these techniques, diastolic dysfunction has been found to be common in patients with hypertension, even before left ventricular hypertrophy is demonstrable and before hypertension in young, normotensive male offspring of hypertensive parents has developed. Furthermore, it has been made clear recently that myocardial ischemia and fibrosis are two important factors associated with diastolic dysfunction in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Slama
- Hypertension Research Laboratories, Division of Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Current awareness in NMR in biomedicine. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2002; 15:305-312. [PMID: 12112613 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|