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Chen Y, Pei C, Chen Y, Xiao X, Zhang X, Cai K, Deng S, Liang R, Xie Z, Li P, Liao Q. Kidney tea ameliorates hyperuricemia in mice via altering gut microbiota and restoring metabolic profile. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 376:110449. [PMID: 36921834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu, also known as kidney tea (KT), has been widely employed in kidney protection in Chinese Medicine. It has been reported that KT can lower uric acid (UA) and mitigate gout, while the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Given the close relationship between hyperuricemia (HUA), intestinal flora and host metabolism, this study aimed to explore the mechanism by which KT lowers UA from the perspective of the fecal microbiome and metabolome. Initially, mice were intraperitoneally injected with potassium oxonate to induce the HUA model. The results showed that KT markedly reduced the serum level of UA and impaired renal damage in HUA mice. Subsequently, the result of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that KT administration appeared a significant improvement in the structure of the intestinal flora, especially increased the abundances of Roseburia and Enterorhabdus, while decreased the abundances of Ileibacterium and UBA1819. Moreover, the levels of differential metabolites (including twenty-five in feces and eight in serum) identified by untargeted metabolomics returned to normal after KT intervention. Taken together, the mechanism of KT in alleviating HUA is related to the regulation of the intestinal flora and the remodeling of metabolic disorders, which will lay a theoretical foundation for KT as a UA-lowering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Chaoying Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Kaiwei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Song Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Rongyao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518106, China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Panyu District, No. 232, Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
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Abdul Aziz AH, Putra NR, Nian Yian L, Mohd Rasidek NA, Che Yunus MA. Parametric and kinetic study of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction on sinensetin from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. leaves. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1917613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nicky Rahmana Putra
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Lee Nian Yian
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Eco Bee Shop Sdn Bhd, Johor, Kulai, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azwani Mohd Rasidek
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azizi Che Yunus
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Saidan NH, Kaus NHM, Aisha A, Hamil MSR, Ismail Z. Accelerated stability study of Orthosiphon stamineus standardised ethanolic extract and its solid dispersion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/596/1/012091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Genotype selection for phytochemical content and pharmacological activities in ethanol extracts of fifteen types of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves using chemometric analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20945. [PMID: 33262368 PMCID: PMC7708627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. of the Lamiaceae family, called as kumis kucing in Indonesia, is a valuable medicinal plant for their pharmacological properties. The present study comprised of fifteen genotypes of O. aristatus was undertaken to evaluate the genotypes based on phytochemical content and pharmacological activities of leaves ethanol extract. Chemometric analysis (correlation and principal component analysis) was also used to investigate the genetic variability based on phytochemical content and pharmacological activities of O. aristatus genotypes. Results of phytochemical characterization showed that total phenolic ranged from 1.48 to 36.08 (maximum in A15) mg GAE/g DW, total flavonoid ranged from 0.10 to 3.07 (maximum in A15) mg QE/g DW, sinensetin ranged from 0.36 to 4.02 (maximum in A11) mg/g DW, and rosmarinic acid ranged 0.06 to 7.25 (maximum in A7) mg/g DW. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and FRAP assay. Antioxidant results showed that DPPH ranged from 1.68 to 15.55 (maximum in A15) μmol TE/g DW and FRAP ranged from 0.07 to 1.60 (maximum in A1 and A7) μmol TE/g DW. The genotype A8 showed the highest cytotoxic activities against HeLa (66.25%) and MCF-7 (61.79%) cell lines. Maximum α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was recorded in genotype A2 with the value of 62.84%. The genotypes A1, A2, A7, A11, and A15 were identified as superior based on their phytochemicals content and pharmacological activities coupled with chemometric analysis. This finding is important for breeding studies and also the pharmaceutical perspective of O. aristatus.
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Chen WD, Zhao YL, Sun WJ, He YJ, Liu YP, Jin Q, Yang XW, Luo XD. "Kidney Tea" and Its Bioactive Secondary Metabolites for Treatment of Gout. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9131-9138. [PMID: 32786873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clerodendranthus spicatus, popularly known as "kidney tea" in China, is consumed traditionally as a functional food for treatment of renal inflammation, dysuria, and gout. We evaluated the effects of C. spicatus on gout by assessing activities of antihyperuricemia, anti-gouty arthritis, and analgesia in vivo, and the results indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction shows potential activities. Subsequent phytochemical investigation of this fraction led to the isolation of 32 compounds, consisting of 20 diterpenoids (including the new orthosiphonones E and F), 2 triterpenoids, 6 flavonoids, 2 lignanoids, and 2 phenolic acid derivatives. Pharmacological investigation of the pure compounds in the cellular model of hyperuricemia indicated that 12 compounds could promote the excretion of uric acid at 10 μg/mL, and compounds 3, 4, 5, and 21 had better effects than that of benzbromarone, a famous uricosuric drug. Furthermore, compounds 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 23, 26, and 31 showed significant anti-gouty arthritis activity in monosodium urate (MSU)-induced joint swelling at the dose of 50 mg/kg, while compounds 4, 5, 7, 9, and 26 exhibited significant inhibition of pain induced by acetic acid. Our findings provided scientific justification to support the traditional application of "kidney tea" for treating gout and suggested its good application prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, People's Republic of China
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Samidurai D, Pandurangan AK, Krishnamoorthi SK, Perumal MK, Nanjian R. Sinensetin isolated from Orthosiphon aristatus inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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In Vitro Regeneration and ISSR-Based Genetic Fidelity Analysis of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus has been widely used as traditional remedy for various illnesses and diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and epileptic seizures. In this study, direct regeneration through nodal segment of this species was attempted using Kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). Optimum regeneration media was identified as MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg L−1 Kin plus 0.5 mg L−1 IAA. This yielded the highest number of shoots (5.57 ± 0.42) and leaves (20.53 ± 1.91) per explant. Acclimatization of the resulting in vitro regenerants was successful in all potting mixtures tested. However, potting mixture PF (1:1:1 ratio of black soil/red soil/compost) was identified as the best medium for acclimatization of this species, as it yielded 100% survival percentage after 90 days of acclimatization. Ten in vitro regenerants of O. stamineus were randomly collected after the third subculture and subjected to genetic variation analysis using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Out of 20 ISSR markers tested, 10 working primers were observed to produce satisfactory amplification of bands, with an average of 7.11 bands per primer. A total of 610 bands were produced by the 10 primers. The percentage of polymorphism was observed to be very low, yielding only 7.32% polymorphism among all samples. Jaccard dissimilarity analysis was also conducted and very low genetic distance (about 0.1) was found among the in vitro regenerants and between the regenerants with the mother plant, thus ascertaining the clonal nature of the plantlets produced in this study.
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Orthosiphon stamineus as a potential antidiabetic drug in maternal hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Integr Med Res 2019; 8:173-179. [PMID: 31334030 PMCID: PMC6624239 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring. Insulin is the standard treatment of hyperglycemia with the aim to reduce risks of complications, however, due to several restrictions, the search for more effective drugs from traditional medicinal plants continues. Methods The antidiabetic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus (O . stamineus ) in non-pregnant and pregnant streptozotocin-induced Sprague Dawley rats were identified. The effect of different concentrations of O. stamineouson insulin level using isolated pancreatic islets in response to low and high concentrations of glucose was identified. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed in both pregnant and non-pregnant rats prior to and after treatment with O. stamineus (0.1 g/100 g of body weight). O. stamineus was given orally daily for 2 weeks in non-pregnant and 10 days in pregnant rats. Results Oral glucose tolerance test indicated that treatment with O. stamineus in non-pregnant and pregnant rats significantly reduced blood glucose level and stimulated glucose-induced insulin secretion. No mortality was recorded throughout the study and no signs of toxicity during the experimental period including in both mother and foetus. For plasma analysis, the interactions of peptides such as GLP-1 and ghrelin level might contribute to the glucose lowering effect by O. stamineus via stimulation of insulin. The incubation of islets showed that O . stamineussignificantly stimulated insulin release in response to high glucose. Conclusion O. stamineus could be a potential source of a specific oral hypoglycaemic agent to treat glucose intolerance in pregnancy.
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Cirri M, Maestrini L, Maestrelli F, Mennini N, Mura P, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Design, characterization and in vivo evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) as a new drug delivery system for hydrochlorothiazide oral administration in pediatric therapy. Drug Deliv 2019; 25:1910-1921. [PMID: 30451015 PMCID: PMC6249610 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1529209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) low solubility and permeability give rise to limited and variable bioavailability; its low stability makes it difficult to develop stable aqueous liquid formulations; its low dose makes the achievement of a homogeneous drug distribution very difficult. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a strategy based on the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) as an innovative oral pediatric formulation of HCT with improved therapeutic efficacy. The performance of various synthetic and natural liquid lipids was examined and two different preparation methods were employed, i.e. homogenization-ultrasonication (HU) and microemulsion (ME), in order to evaluate their influence on the NLC properties in terms of size, polydispersity index, ζ-potential, entrapment efficiency, gastric stability, and drug release properties. Precirol®ATO5 was used as solid lipid and Tween®80 and Pluronic®F68 as surfactants, formerly selected in a previous study focused on the development of HCT-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The presence of Pluronic®F68 did not allow ME formation. On the contrary, using Tween®80, the ME method enabled a higher entrapment efficiency than the HU. Regardless of the preparation method, NLCs exhibited great entrapment efficiency values clearly higher than previous SLNs. Moreover, NLC-ME formulations provided a prolonged release, which lasted for 6 h. In particular, NLC-ME containing Tween®20 as Co-Surfactant showed the best performances, giving rise to a complete drug release, never achieved with previous SLN formulations, despite their successful results. In vivo studies on rats confirmed these results, displaying their best diuretic profile. Moreover, all HCT-loaded NLC formulations showed higher stability than the corresponding SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Cirri
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Maestrelli
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Natascia Mennini
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Paola Mura
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- c Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- c Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Nutraceutics of Lamiaceae. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64185-4.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tnah L, Lee S, Tan A, Lee C, Ng K, Ng C, Nurul Farhanah Z. DNA barcode database of common herbal plants in the tropics: a resource for herbal product authentication. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Romulo A, Zuhud EAM, Rondevaldova J, Kokoska L. Screening of in vitro antimicrobial activity of plants used in traditional Indonesian medicine. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:287-293. [PMID: 29656672 PMCID: PMC6130619 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1462834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In many regions of Indonesia, there are numerous traditional herbal preparations for treatment of infectious diseases. However, their antimicrobial potential has been poorly studied by modern laboratory methods. OBJECTIVE This study investigates in vitro antimicrobial activity of 49 ethanol extracts from 37 plant species used in Indonesian traditional medicine for treatment against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plants were collected from the Biopharmaca collection garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The plant material was dried, finely grounded, extracted using ethanol, concentrated, and the dried residue was dissolved in 100% DMSO. Antimicrobial activity was determined in terms of a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. RESULTS The extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (Lamiaceae) leaf produced the strongest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL), E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC 256 μg/mL). The leaf extract of Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. (Lythraceae) also exhibited significant effect against C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL) and E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL). Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MIC 256 µg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC 256 µg/mL). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The leaf extract of O. aristatus and W. floribunda exhibited a significant anti-candidal effect. Therefore, both of these plants can serve as prospective source materials for the development of new anti-candidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Romulo
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ervizal A. M. Zuhud
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Johana Rondevaldova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jain A, Parihar D. Antibacterial, biofilm dispersal and antibiofilm potential of alkaloids and flavonoids of Curcuma. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Chua LS, Lau CH, Chew CY, Ismail NIM, Soontorngun N. Phytochemical profile of Orthosiphon aristatus extracts after storage: Rosmarinic acid and other caffeic acid derivatives. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 39:49-55. [PMID: 29433683 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. is a medicinal herb which is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and kidney diseases in South East Asia. Previous studies reported higher concentration of antioxidative phytochemicals, especially rosmarinic acid (ester of caffeic acid) and other caffeic acid derivatives in this plant extract than the other herbs such as rosemary and sage which are usually used as raw materials to produce rosmarinic acid supplement in the market. PURPOSE The phytochemical profile of O. aristatus was investigated at different storage durations for quality comparison. METHODS The phytochemicals were extracted from the leaves and stems of O. aristatus using a reflux reactor. The extracts were examined for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as their antioxidant capacities, in terms of radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power. The phytochemical profiles were also analyzed by unsupervised principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, in relation to the factor of storage at 4 °C for 5 weeks. RESULTS The leaf extract was likely to have more phytochemicals than stem extract, particularly caffeic acid derivatives including glycosylated and alkylated caffeic acids. This explains higher ratio of total phenolic content to total flavonoid content with higher antioxidant capacities for the leaf extracts. Rosmarinic acid dimer and salvianolic acid B appeared to be the major constituents, possibly contributing to the previously reported pharmacological properties. However, the phytochemical profiles were found changing, even though the extracts were stored in the refrigerator (4 °C). The change was significantly observed at the fifth week based on the statistical pattern recognition technique. CONCLUSION O. aristatus could be a promising source of rosmarinic acid and its dimer, as well as salvianolic acid B with remarkably antioxidant properties. The phytochemical profile was at least stable for a month stored at 4 °C. It is likely to be a good choice of herbal tea with comparable radical scavenging activity, but lower caffeine content than other tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Suan Chua
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia.
| | - Cher Haan Lau
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Chee Yung Chew
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izzati Mohd Ismail
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Nitnipa Soontorngun
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology, 49, Tianthalay Road, Tha Kham, Bang Khuntian, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
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Ashraf K, Sultan S, Adam A. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. is an Outstanding Food Medicine: Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018; 10:109-118. [PMID: 30237681 PMCID: PMC6142889 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_253_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lamiaceae) is a valued medicinal plant in traditional folk medicine. Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotection, antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, cardioactive, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activies. This review is a comprehensive summary of the presently available chemical, pharmacological investigations as well as the traditional and therapeutic uses of this plant. Important and different experimental data have been addressed along with a review of all phytochemicals identified in this plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils. O. stamineus has wide traditional and pharmacological uses in various pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, it is an attractive subject for further experimental and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ashraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Atta-urRahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Atta-urRahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Aishah Adam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Azam AA, Pariyani R, Ismail IS, Ismail A, Khatib A, Abas F, Shaari K. Urinary metabolomics study on the protective role of Orthosiphon stamineus in Streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in rats via 1H NMR spectroscopy. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:278. [PMID: 28545435 PMCID: PMC5445454 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a herb known in ethnomedicine for treating diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, a 1H NMR based urine metabolomics tool has been used for the first time to identify the metabolic protective mechanism of OS in DM using Streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental model in rats. Methods Four different solvent extracts of OS, namely aqueous, ethanolic, 50% aqueous ethanolic and methanolic, at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) were orally administered for 14 days to diabetic rats induced via intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg bw STZ. NMR metabolomics approach using pattern recognition combined with multivariate statistical analysis was applied in the rat urine to study the resulted metabolic perturbations. Results OS aqueous extract (OSAE) caused a reversal of DM comparable to that of 10 mg/kg bw glibenclamide. A total of 15 urinary metabolites, which levels changed significantly upon treatment were identified as the biomarkers of OSAE in diabetes. A systematic metabolic pathways analysis identified that OSAE contributed to the antidiabetic activity mainly through regulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Conclusions The results of this study validated the ethnopharmacological use of OS in diabetes and unveiled the biochemical and metabolic mechanisms involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1777-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Development and in vivo evaluation of an innovative "Hydrochlorothiazide-in Cyclodextrins-in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles" formulation with sustained release and enhanced oral bioavailability for potential hypertension treatment in pediatrics. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:73-83. [PMID: 28229944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An innovative pediatric oral formulation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) (2mg/mL), endowed with improved bioavailability and sustained release properties and suitable for the hypertension treatment in pediatric patients, was developed by combining the drug-cyclodextrin complexation and the incorporation of the complex into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN). Precirol®ATO5-based SLN, with two different surfactants (Pluronic®F68 and Tween®80) loaded with the drug as such or as binary system with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCd) and sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBEβCd) both as physical mixture (P.M.) or coground product (GR), were prepared using the hot high-shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. Loading of the drug:HPβCd both as P.M. and GR gave rise to nanoparticle formation, differently from the HCT:SBEβCd ones, with an entrapment efficiency of about 65%. Such SLN formulations showed an improvement of the drug release rate compared both to the drug suspension and to the free drug-loaded SLN. In all cases the SLN containing the GR systems exhibited better performances than the corresponding with P.M. However, the presence of Tween®80 gave rise to the complete drug release after only 150min, without providing a sustained release, whereas Pluronic®F68-based SLN containing GR were able to assure a sustained release over the time achieving more than 75% drug released at the end of the test, maintaining a constant 1.8-fold increase respect to simple drug suspension. Pluronic®F68-based SLN showed a pharmaceutically acceptable stability up to three months. In vivo studies highlighted the effectiveness of such formulations, enabling a concomitant increased diuretic effect and a sustained drug release and, consequently, enhanced HCT oral bioavailability.
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Pariyani R, Ismail IS, Azam A, Khatib A, Abas F, Shaari K, Hamza H. Urinary metabolic profiling of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and nephroprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves elucidated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 135:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang Y, Diao Z, Li J, Ren B, Zhu D, Liu Q, Liu Z, Liu X. Chicoric acid supplementation ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by oxidative stress via promotion of antioxidant defense system. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Illustration of effects of chicoric acid on neuroprotection againstd-gal-induced memory impairmentviainflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Zhijun Diao
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Bo Ren
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Di Zhu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- China
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Phytochemical Screening and Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Java Tea Leaf Extracts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:742420. [PMID: 26819955 PMCID: PMC4706859 DOI: 10.1155/2015/742420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The term Java tea refers to the decoction of Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) Benth (Lamiaceae) leaves, which are widely consumed by the people in Europe and South East Asian countries. The OS leaves are known for their use in traditional medicinal systems as a prophylactic and curative agent for urinary stone, diabetes, and hypertension and also as a diuretic agent. The present study was aimed at evaluating its possible toxicity. Herein, the major phytochemical constituents of microwave dried OS leaf, which is the common drying process for tea sachets in the market, were also identified. The acute oral toxicity test of aqueous, 50% aqueous ethanolic, and ethanolic extracts of OS was performed at a dose of 5000 mg/Kg body weight of Sprague-Dawley rats. During the 14-day study, the animals were observed for any mortality, behavioral, motor-neuronal abnormalities, body weight, and feed-water consumption pattern. The hematological and serum biochemical parameters to assess the kidney and liver functions were carried out, along with the histological analysis of these organs. It was found that all microwave dried OS leaf extracts did not cause any toxic effects or mortality at the administered dose. No abnormality was noticed in all selected parameters in rats of both sexes as compared with their respective control groups. Thus, the possible oral lethal dose for microwave dried Java tea leaves is more than 5000 mg/Kg body weight.
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Evaluation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of 50% Ethanolic Standardized Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:754931. [PMID: 26649063 PMCID: PMC4663316 DOI: 10.1155/2015/754931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus was tested for its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In vivo assays of the extract (containing 1.02%, 3.76%, and 3.03% of 3′hydroxy-5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin, resp.) showed that it possessed an inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in normal rats loaded with starch and sucrose. The results showed that 1000 mg/kg of the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the plasma glucose levels of the experimental animals in a manner resembling the effect of acarbose. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, only the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma glucose levels after starch loading. Hence, α-glucosidase inhibition might be one of the mechanisms by which O. stamineus extract exerts its antidiabetic effect. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus can be considered as a potential agent for the management of diabetes mellitus.
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Effects of a Proprietary Standardized Orthosiphon stamineus Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Enhancing Memory in Sprague Dawley Rats Possibly via Blockade of Adenosine A 2A Receptors. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:375837. [PMID: 26649059 PMCID: PMC4655036 DOI: 10.1155/2015/375837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore a propriety standardized ethanolic extract from leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth in improving impairments in short-term social memory in vivo, possibly via blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). The ethanolic extract of O. stamineus leaves showed significant in vitro binding activity of A2AR with 74% inhibition at 150 μg/ml and significant A2AR antagonist activity with 98% inhibition at 300 μg/mL. A significant adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) antagonist activity with 100% inhibition was observed at 300 μg/mL. Its effect on learning and memory was assessed via social recognition task using Sprague Dawley rats whereby the ethanolic extract of O. stamineus showed significant (p < 0.001) change in recognition index (RI) at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg p.o and 120 mg/kg i.p., respectively, compared to the vehicle control. In comparison, the ethanolic extract of Polygonum minus aerial parts showed small change in inflexion; however, it remained insignificant in RI at 200 mg/kg p.o. Our findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of O. stamineus leaves improves memory by reversing age-related deficits in short-term social memory and the possible involvement of adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A as a target bioactivity site in the restoration of memory.
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Singh MK, Gidwani B, Gupta A, Dhongade H, Kaur CD, Kashyap PP, Tripathi D. A Review of the Medicinal Plants of Genus Orthosiphon (Lamiaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2015.318.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effect of PGRs in adventitious root culture in vitro: present scenario and future prospects. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Comparative Studies on Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Diuretic Effects of Nigella sativa L. (Black Cumin) and Nigella damascena L. (Lady-in-a-Mist) Seeds. Molecules 2015; 20:9560-74. [PMID: 26016547 PMCID: PMC6272570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the phenolic profile, antioxidant and diuretic effects of black cumin and lady-in-a-mist seeds. In the phenolic profile, differences between the two species are significant. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phenolic compounds were performed using a HPLC-UV/MS method. Hyperoside was the only identified flavonoid glycoside (1.08 ± 0.01 μg∙g−1 dw plant material), in the N. damascena extract. Regarding the flavonol profile, kaempferol was identified before the hydrolysis, only in the N. sativa extract (6.06 ± 0.02 μg∙g−1 dw plant material) and quercetin only in N. damascena seeds (14.35 ± 0.02 μg∙g−1 dw plant material). The antioxidant potential of the two species was tested through several electron transfer assays, which indicated, excepting for the FRAP assay, N. damascena as exhibiting a higher free radical scavenging activity. The diuretic activity of the two extracts was tested using a rat-experimental model on acute diuresis. Administration of the ethanolic extract of N. sativa (100 mg∙kg−1) resulted in a significant increase in urine volume, although less than found with the reference drug; in addition N. damascena extract did not present a diuretic effect. In reference to the elimination of Na+, K+ and uric acid, the black cumin extract exhibited a higher natriuretic than kaluretic effect and a similar uricosuric effect with control and N. damascena. For N. damascena, the Na+/K+ ratio was sub unitary, but not due to an increasing of the kaluretic effect, but mostly to a decrease of Na+ excretion.
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Optimization of Cat's Whiskers Tea (Orthosiphon stamineus) Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Selective Chemotherapeutic Potential against Prostate Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:396016. [PMID: 25276215 PMCID: PMC4170752 DOI: 10.1155/2014/396016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) leaves extracts were prepared using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) with full factorial design to determine the optimum extraction parameters. Nine extracts were obtained by varying pressure, temperature, and time. The extracts were analysed using FTIR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated on human (colorectal, breast, and prostate) cancer and normal fibroblast cells. Moderate pressure (31.1 MPa) and temperature (60°C) were recorded as optimum extraction conditions with high yield (1.74%) of the extract (B2) at 60 min extraction time. The optimized extract (B2) displayed selective cytotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC3) cells (IC50 28 µg/mL) and significant antioxidant activity (IC50 42.8 µg/mL). Elevated levels of caspases 3/7 and 9 in B2-treated PC3 cells suggest the induction of apoptosis through nuclear and mitochondrial pathways. Hoechst and rhodamine assays confirmed the nuclear condensation and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells. B2 also demonstrated inhibitory effects on motility and colonies of PC3 cells at its subcytotoxic concentrations. It is noteworthy that B2 displayed negligible toxicity against the normal cells. Chemometric analysis revealed high content of essential oils, hydrocarbon, fatty acids, esters, and aromatic sesquiterpenes in B2. This study highlights the therapeutic potentials of SC-CO2 extract of cat's whiskers in targeting prostate carcinoma.
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Tnah LH, Lee CT, Lee SL, Ng CH, Ng KKS. Development and characterization of microsatellites of an important medicinal plant Orthosiphon stamineus (misai kucing). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kong C, Tan MW, Nathan S. Orthosiphon stamineus protects Caenorhabditis elegans against Staphylococcus aureus infection through immunomodulation. Biol Open 2014; 3:644-55. [PMID: 24972867 PMCID: PMC4154301 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidst growing concerns over the spread of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, the identification of alternative therapeutic molecules has become paramount. Previously, we utilized a Caenorhabditis elegans–S. aureus screening platform to identify potential anti-infective agents from a collection of natural extracts and synthetic compounds. One of the hits obtained from the screen was the aqueous extract of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (UE-12) that enhanced the survival of infected nematodes without interfering with bacterial growth. In this study, we used a fluorescent transgenic reporter strain and observed that the repressed expression of the lys-7 defense gene in infected nematodes was restored in the presence of UE-12. Analysis of a selected panel of PMK-1 and DAF-16-regulated transcripts and loss-of-function mutants in these pathways indicates that the protective role of UE-12 is mediated via the p38 MAP kinase and insulin-like signaling pathways. Further analysis of a panel of known bioactive compounds of UE-12 proposed eupatorin (C18H16O7) as the possible candidate active molecule contributing to the anti-infective property of UE-12. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that the O. stamineus leaf extract is a promising anti-infective agent that confers an advantage in survival against S. aureus infection by modulating the immune response of the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cin Kong
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA Present address: Department of Infectious Disease, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sheila Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lee J, Scagel CF. Chicoric acid: chemistry, distribution, and production. Front Chem 2013; 1:40. [PMID: 24790967 PMCID: PMC3982519 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Though chicoric acid was first identified in 1958, it was largely ignored until recent popular media coverage cited potential health beneficial properties from consuming food and dietary supplements containing this compound. To date, plants from at least 63 genera and species have been found to contain chicoric acid, and while the compound is used as a processing quality indicator, it may also have useful health benefits. This review of chicoric acid summarizes research findings and highlights gaps in research knowledge for investigators, industry stakeholders, and consumers alike. Additionally, chicoric acid identification, and quantification methods, biosynthesis, processing improvements to increase chicoric acid retention, and potential areas for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Unit WorksiteParma, ID, USA
| | - Carolyn F. Scagel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research UnitCorvallis, OR, USA
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Antioxidant and toxicity studies of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:351602. [PMID: 24490155 PMCID: PMC3899703 DOI: 10.1155/2013/351602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity and potential toxicity of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus (Lamiaceae) leaves (MEOS) after acute and subchronic administration in rats. Superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extract. In acute toxicity study, single dose of MEOS, 5000 mg/kg, was administered to rats by oral gavage, and the treated rats were monitored for 14 days. While in the subchronic toxicity study, MEOS was administered orally, at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. From the results, MEOS showed good superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, and antilipid peroxidation activities. There was no mortality detected or any signs of toxicity in acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in bodyweight, relative organ weight, and haematological and biochemical parameters between both male and female treated rats in any doses tested. No abnormality of internal organs was observed between treatment and control groups. The oral lethal dose determined was more than 5000 mg/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of MEOS for both male and female rats is considered to be 5000 mg/kg per day.
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Xiao H, Xie G, Wang J, Hou X, Wang X, Wu W, Liu X. Chicoric acid prevents obesity by attenuating hepatic steatosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Xiao H, Wang J, Yuan L, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X. Chicoric acid induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1509-1520. [PMID: 23363008 DOI: 10.1021/jf3050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chicoric acid has been reported to possess various bioactivities. However, the antiobesity effects of chicoric acid remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of chicoric acid on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and its molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Chicoric acid inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes which was characterized by chromatin condensation and poly ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, Bax/Bcl-2 dysregulation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation were observed, indicating mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induced by chicoric acid. Furthermore, PI3K/Akt and MAPK (p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2) signaling pathways were involved in chicoric acid-induced apoptosis. The employment of protein kinase inhibitors LY294002, SB203580, SP600125, and U0126 revealed that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway interplayed with MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, chicoric acid induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly blocked cell death and changes of Akt and MAPK signalings induced by chicoric acid. In addition, chicoric acid down regulated HO-1 and COX-2 via the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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Zhong YS, Yu CH, Ying HZ, Wang ZY, Cai HF. Prophylactic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. extracts on experimental induction of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:761-767. [PMID: 23123267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) popularly known as "diuretic agent" are traditionally used in folk medicine in the treatment of hyperuricemia, rheumatism, gout, nephritis, nephrolithiasis, urethritis and cystitis. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate prophylactic potentials of total flavonoids, total phenolics and polysaccharides from OS on experimental induction of calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nephrolithic rats were induced by treating with 1.0% ethylene glycol and 1.0% ammonium chloride for 7 days. Rats in the treated groups were also given OS extracts at the doses of 80 mg/kg and 160 mg/kg. Urine samples (4h) and serum samples were collected at 7th day for biochemical analysis. Kidney tissues were stained with H.E. and analyzed by light microscopy. Expressions of OPN protein were detected by immunohistochemistry. Rates of nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals were derived from 20-min time-course measurements of optic density at 620 nm after mixing solutions containing calcium chloride, sodium oxalate and OS extracts at 37°C, pH 5.7. RESULTS Polysaccharides exhibited the most significant prophylactic effects by reversing BUN and S(cr) levels, ameliorating histopathological changes, increasing urine C(2)O(4)(2-) and Ca(2+) excretion and down-regulating OPN protein expression of kidney in the model rats in comparison with those effects of total flavonoids and total phenolics. Polysaccharides could also significantly inhibit both nucleation and aggregation of CaOx crystals. CONCLUSIONS Polysaccharides were the main therapeutic materials in OS. It had impressive prophylactic effects on CaOx stones in nephrolithic rats, playing a role as a regulator of OPN protein expression to increase urine C(2)O(4)(2-) and Ca(2+) excretion and also as an inhibitor of CaOx crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sen Zhong
- Experimental Animal centre, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
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Potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of standardized 50% ethanolic extracts and sinensetin from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth as anti-diabetic mechanism. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:176. [PMID: 23039079 PMCID: PMC3533584 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background In the present study, we tested a 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus plants and its isolated bioactive compound with respect to their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Methods Bioactive flavonoid sinensetin was isolated from 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus. The structure of this pure compound was determined on the NMR data and the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated sinensetin and 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus were evaluated. Results In vitro studies of a 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus and the isolated sinensetin compound showed inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase (IC50: 4.63 and 0.66 mg/ml, respectively) and α-amylase (IC50: 36.70 mg/ml and 1.13 mg/ml, respectively). Inhibition of these enzymes provides a strong biochemical basis for the management of type 2 diabetes via the control of glucose absorption. Conclusion Alpha-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition could the mechanisms through which the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus and sinensetin exert their antidiabetic activity, indicating that it could have potential use in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Bel-Rhlid R, Pagé-Zoerkler N, Fumeaux R, Ho-Dac T, Chuat JY, Sauvageat JL, Raab T. Hydrolysis of chicoric and caftaric acids with esterases and Lactobacillus johnsonii in Vitro and in a gastrointestinal model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9236-41. [PMID: 22920606 DOI: 10.1021/jf301317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chicoric acid (ChA) and caftaric acid (CafA) were identified as bioactive components of chicory and have been ascribed a number of health benefits. This study investigated the hydrolysis of ChA and CafA with enzymes and a probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii (La1). Esterase from Aspergillus japonicus (24 U/mg) hydrolyzed 100% of ChA (5 mM) and CafA (5 mM) after 3 h, at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. Under the same reaction conditions, 100% hydrolysis of ChA and CafA was achieved with a spray-dried preparation of La1. The addition of La1 (100 mg/mL, 3.3 E9 cfu/g) to CafA solution in a gastrointestinal model (GI model) resulted in 65% hydrolysis of CafA. This model simulates the physicochemical conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. No hydrolysis of CafA was observed after passage through the GI model in the absence of La1. The results of this study support the hypothesis that ChA and CafA are degraded by gut microflora before absorption and metabolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Bel-Rhlid
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P.O. Box 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Dolečková I, Rárová L, Grúz J, Vondrusová M, Strnad M, Kryštof V. Antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects of flavone eupatorin, an active constituent of chloroform extract of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1000-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Asmawi MZ, Ibraheem ZO, Yam MF. Orthosiphon stamineus: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. J Med Food 2012; 15:678-90. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Z. Ameer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim M. Salman
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zaid O. Ibraheem
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Alshawsh MA, Abdulla MA, Ismail S, Amin ZA, Qader SW, Hadi HA, Harmal NS. Free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of Orthosiphon stamineus. Molecules 2012; 17:5385-95. [PMID: 22569417 PMCID: PMC6268021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus is considered an important traditional folk medicine. In this study ethanol and aqueous extracts of O. stamineus were evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant, antimicrobial as well as for their immunomodulatory properties on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The DPPH radical scavenging method was used for the determination of antioxidant activity, while the antibacterial efficacy was investigated by both disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against four bacterial strains (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). Furthermore, the immunomodulatory potential of the extracts was investigated through the MTT assay. Aqueous extract of O. stamineus exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity with IC50 9.6 µg/mL, whereas the IC50 for the ethanol extract was 21.4 µg/mL. The best antimicrobial activity was shown by the aqueous extract of O. stamineus against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zone of 10.5 mm and MIC value 1.56 mg/mL. Moreover, the results observed from the MTT assay showed that both plant extracts stimulated the PBMCs proliferation in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, but the aqueous extract has remarkable activity against PBMCs. These findings indicate that O. stamineus showed high antioxidant activity and may be considered as an immunomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Alshawsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.A.A.); (M.A.A.); Tel.: +6-017-259-3425 (M.A.A.); Fax: +6-037-967-4957 (M.A.A.)
| | - Mahmood A. Abdulla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.A.A.); (M.A.A.); Tel.: +6-017-259-3425 (M.A.A.); Fax: +6-037-967-4957 (M.A.A.)
| | - Salmah Ismail
- Institute of Biological Science (ISB), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Zahra A. Amin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Suhailah W. Qader
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Hamid A. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Nabil S. Harmal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; E-Mail:
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Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE. Primary, secondary metabolites, H2O2, malondialdehyde and photosynthetic responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to different irradiance levels. Molecules 2012; 17:1159-76. [PMID: 22286668 PMCID: PMC6268385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The resource availability hypothesis predicts an increase in the allocation to secondary metabolites when carbon gain is improved relative to nutrient availability, which normally occurs during periods of low irradiance. The present work was carried out to confirm this hypothesis by investigating the effects of decreasing irradiance on the production of plant secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) in the herbal plant Orthosiphon stamineus, and to characterize this production by carbohydrate, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, net photosynthesis, leaf chlorophyll content and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). Four levels of irradiance (225, 500, 625 and 900 µmol/m2/s) were imposed onto two-week old seedlings for 12 weeks in a randomized complete block design experiment. Peak production of total flavonoids, phenolics, soluble sugar, starch and total non-structural carbohydrate ocurred under low irradiance of 225 µmol/m2/s, and decreased with increasing irradiance. The up-regulation of secondary metabolites could be explained by the concomitant increases in H2O2 and MDA activities under low irradiance. This condition also resulted in enhanced C/N ratio signifying a reduction in nitrogen levels, which had established significant negative correlations with net photosynthesis, total biomass and total chlorophyll content, indicating the possible existence of a trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism under low irradiance with reduced nitrogen content. The competition between total chlorophyll and secondary metabolites production, as exhibited by the negative correlation coefficient under low irradiance, also suggests a sign of gradual switch of investment from chlorophyll to polyphenols production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; or ; Tel.: +60-12-372-3585; Fax: +60-38-943-5973
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Ahamed MBK, Aisha AFA, Nassar ZD, Siddiqui JM, Ismail Z, Omari SMS, Parish CR, Majid AMSA. Cat's whiskers tea (Orthosiphon stamineus) extract inhibits growth of colon tumor in nude mice and angiogenesis in endothelial cells via suppressing VEGFR phosphorylation. Nutr Cancer 2011; 64:89-99. [PMID: 22136553 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.630160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) is commonly used as Java tea to treat kidney stones including a variety of angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as tumorous edema, rheumatism, diabetic blindness, and obesity. In the present study, antitumor potential of standardized 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus leaves (EOS) was evaluated against colorectal tumor in athymic mice and antiangiogenic efficacy of EOS was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). EOS at 100 mg/kg caused 47.62 ± 6.4% suppression in tumor growth, while at 200 mg/kg it caused 83.39 ± 4.1% tumor regression. Tumor histology revealed significant reduction in extent of vascularization. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed EOS (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in vitro (211 ± 0.26 pg/ml cell lysate) as well as in vivo (90.9 ± 2 pg/g tissue homogenate) when compared to the control (378 ± 5 and 135.5 ± 4 pg, respectively). However, EOS was found to be noncytotoxic to colon cancer and endothelial cells. In vitro, EOS significantly inhibited the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). EOS suppressed VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 in HUVECs. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of EOS showed high rosmarinic acid contents, whereas phytochemical analysis revealed high protein and phenolic contents. These results demonstrated that the antitumor activity of EOS may be due to its VEGF-targeted antiangiogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B Khadeer Ahamed
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Penang, Malaysia
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Nuengchamnong N, Krittasilp K, Ingkaninan K. Characterisation of phenolic antioxidants in aqueous extract of Orthosiphon grandiflorus tea by LC–ESI-MS/MS coupled to DPPH assay. Food Chem 2011; 127:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hepatoprotective Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:103039. [PMID: 21647311 PMCID: PMC3106356 DOI: 10.1155/2011/103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus as medicinal plant is commonly used in Malaysia for treatment of hepatitis and jaundice; in this study, the ethanol extracts were applied to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects in a thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxic model in Sprague Dawley rats. Five groups of adult rats were arranged as follows: Group 1 (normal control group), Group 2 Thioacetamide (TAA) as positive control (hepatotoxic group), Group 3 Silymarin as a well-known standard drug (hepatoprotective group), and Groups 4 and 5 as high and low dose (treatment groups). After 60-day treatment, all rats were sacrificed. The hepatotoxic group showed a coarse granulation on the liver surface when compared to the smooth aspect observed on the liver surface of the other groups. Histopathological study confirmed the result; moreover, there was a significant increase in serum liver biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and Bilirubin) and the level of liver Malondialdehyde (MDA), accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of total protein and Albumin in the TAA control group when compared with that of the normal group. The high-dose treatment group (200 mg/kg) significantly restored the elevated liver function enzymes near to normal. This study revealed that 200 mg/kg extracts of O. stamineus exerted a hepatoprotective effect.
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Mohamed EAH, Lim CP, Ebrika OS, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A, Yam MF. Toxicity evaluation of a standardised 50% ethanol extract of Orthosiphon stamineus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:358-63. [PMID: 20937371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of standardised 50% ethanol extract of Orthosiphon stamineus plant by determining its potential toxicity after acute and subchronic administration in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS For acute toxicity study, up and down method (limit dose) was adapted. A single dose of 5000 mg/kg of the standardised 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus was given orally to 5 healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) female adult rats. The rats were observed for mortality and clinical signs for 3 h and then periodically for 14 days. While in the subchronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg per day for 28 days to female and male SD rats, respectively. The animals were sacrificed, followed by examination of their organs and blood serum. RESULTS In the acute toxicity study, standardised 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus at a dose of 5000 mg/kg caused neither visible signs of toxicity nor mortality. All five rats survived until the end of observation period. While in subchronic toxicity, administration of the standardised 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus at 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg for 28 days did not produce any mortality and there were no significant differences in the general condition, growth, organ weights, hematological parameters, clinical chemistry values, or gross and microscopic appearance of the organs from the treatment groups as compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Standardised 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus did not cause any death nor did it cause abnormalities in necropsy and histopathology findings. There were no acute or subchronic toxicity observed and this extract could be devoid of any toxic risk. The NOAEL for the standardised 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus is 5000 mg/kg per day for 28 days.
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In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. extracts against food-borne bacteria. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Honegr J, Šafra J, Polášek M, Pospíšilová M. Large-Volume Sample Stacking with Polarity Switching in CE for Determination of Natural Polyphenols in Plant Extracts. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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HPLC and anti-inflammatory studies of the flavonoid rich chloroform extract fraction of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves. Molecules 2010; 15:4452-66. [PMID: 20657453 PMCID: PMC6264410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extracts and to identify the active compound(s) contributing to its anti-inflammatory activity using a developed HPLC method. Active chloroform extract of O. stamineus was fractionated into three fractions using a dry flash column chromatography method. These three fractions were investigated for anti-peritoneal capillary permeability, in vitro nitric oxide scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method. The flavonoid rich chloroform extract fraction (CF2) [containing sinensetin (2.86% w/w), eupatorin (5.05% w/w) and 3’-hydroxy-5,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone (1.101% w/w)], significantly reduced rat hind paw edema, NO and decreased dye leakage to peritoneal cavity at p < 0.05. IC50 of in vitro NO scavenging of CF2 was 0.3 mg/mL. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these CF2 may possibly be due to the presence of flavonoid compounds capable of affecting the NO pathway.
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Chicoric acid levels in commercial basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Echinacea purpurea products. J Funct Foods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abdullah NR, Ismail Z, Ismail Z. Acute toxicity of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth standardized extract in Sprague Dawley rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:222-6. [PMID: 17498941 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of standardized extract of Orthosiphon stamineus was studied in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were administered a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally on Day 0 and observed for 14 days. There were no deaths recorded and the animals did not show signs of toxicity during the experimental period. The effect of the extract on general behavior, BW, food and water intake, relative organ weight per 100 g BW, hematology and clinical biochemistry were measured. All the parameters measured were unaffected as compared to the control. The acute toxicity LD(50) was estimated to be > 5000 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Rain Abdullah
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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