Voltammetric investigation of oxidation of zuclopenthixol and application to its determination in dosage forms and in drug dissolution studies

Electrochemical Analysis of Antipsychotics

Introduction:

Schizophrenia is seizures accompanied by severe psychotic symptoms, and a steady state of continuation in the form of periods of stagnation. Antipsychotics are now the basis of treatment for schizophrenia and there is no other molecule that is antipsychotic priority in treatment. Antipsychotics can be classified into two groups; dopamine receptor antagonists such as promazine, fluphenazine etc. and serotonin-dopamine antagonists including risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole etc.

Materials and Methods:

Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of antipsychotic agent just as used in the determination of many drug agents. Nearly all of the antipsychotics are electroactive and can be analyzed by electrochemical methods. Electroanalytical methods offer generally high sensitivity, are compatible with modern techniques, have low cost, low requirements, and compact design. Among the most commonly used types, there are cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry.

Conclusion:

The aim of this review is to evaluate the main line and the advantages and uses of electroanalytical methods that employed for the determination of antipsychotic medication agents used in schizophrenia. Moreover, applications of the methods to pharmaceutical analysis of Antipsychotics upto- date is also summarized in a table.

Piperazine scaffold: A remarkable tool in generation of diverse pharmacological agents

Piperazine is one of the most sought heterocyclics for the development of new drug candidates. This ring can be traced in a number of well established, commercially available drugs. Wide array of pharmacological activities exhibited by piperazine derivatives have made them indispensable anchors for the development of novel therapeutic agents. The review herein highlights the therapeutic significance of piperazine derivatives. Various therapeutically active piperazine derivatives developed by several chemists are reported here.

Spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis of psychotropic drugs

Psychotropic drugs are an important family of compounds from a medical point of view. Their application in therapy requires methods for the determination in pharmaceutical dosage forms and body fluids. Several methods for their analysis have been reported in the literature. Among the methods, spectrophotometric and electrochemical are very useful for the determination of the drugs. Some of the spectrophotometric methods are based on the formation of the binary and ternary compounds with complexes of metals. The formed compounds are sparingly soluble in water, but quantitatively extracted from aqueous phase into organic solvents and the extracts are intensely colored and stable for a few days. These complexes have been employed in pharmaceutical analysis. The electrochemical procedures are very useful in determination of the psychotropic substances in pharmaceutical preparations.

Voltammetric analysis of drugs

A review on the voltammetric analysis of drugs is presented. The review includes a summary of the rules that must be considered for drug analysis and a survey of the use of voltammetry for drug analysis in the period from 1998 till 2002.

Synthesis and analytical evaluation by voltammetric studies of some new indole-3-propionamide derivatives

Some biologically important and melatonin-related indole-3-propionamide derivatives were synthesized. The compounds synthesized were analyzed and characterized first by NMR and mass spectrometry and then investigated by analytical voltammetric techniques. Based on this study a simple, rapid and sensitive voltammetric method was developed for the determination of the indole derivatives that are readily oxidized at the carbon-based electrodes. The oxidative behavior of the indole derivatives was studied as a function of pH at a glassy carbon electrode. The characteristics of the corresponding electrode reaction were discussed.

Flow-injection chemiluminometric determination of some thioxanthene derivatives in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids using the [Ru(dipy)3(2+)]-Ce(IV) system

A flow-injection (FI) methodology using tris(2,2'-dipyridyl)ruthenium(II), [Ru(dipy)3(2+)], chemiluminescence (CL) was developed for the rapid and sensitive determination of three thioxanthene derivatives, namely zuclopenthixol hydrochloride, flupentixol hydrochloride and thiothixene. The method is based on the CL reaction of the studied thioxanthenes with [Ru(dipy)3(2+)] and Ce(IV) in a sulfuric acid medium. Under the optimum conditions, calibration graphs were obtained over the concentration ranges 0.002-6 migrograms/ml for zuclopenthixol hydrochloride, 0.5-15 micrograms/ml for flupentixol hydrochloride and 0.05-7.5 micrograms/ml for thiothixene. The limits of detection (s/n = 3) were 4.2 x 10(-9) mol/l zuclopenthixol hydrochloride, 2 x 10(-8) mol/l flupentixol hydrochloride and 4.5 x 10(-8) mol/l thiothixene. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these compounds in dosage forms and biological fluids.