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Chen H, Shen T, Tan LT. Three cases of non-infectious necrotizing stromal keratitis after corneal refractive surgery. J Surg Case Rep 2024; 2024:rjad653. [PMID: 38495052 PMCID: PMC10941807 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We reported three cases of aseptic necrotizing stromal keratinitis after corneal refractive surgery (two with small incision lenticule extraction and one with femtosecond laser-laser-assisted insitu keratomileusis). There were three young women who had undergone corneal refractive surgery had white aseptic infiltrating foci along or away from the stroma in both eyes or one eye on regular review, all of whom denied systemic disease or chronic ocular disease. Two patients were diagnosed with aseptic necrotizing corneal stromal inflammation, and one patient was diagnosed with delayed necrotizing corneal stromal inflammation. In our opinion, before corneal refractive surgery, medical history inquiry is very important. More attention should be paid to patients with vaccination history and foreign travel history. In addition, the possibility of delayed corneal stromal inflammation should be considered for patients with poor binocular corrected vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Ophthalmology, Gongshu District, Hangzhou City, Shangtang road No. 158, Hangzhou City, 310000, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Ophthalmologic Center, the Eye Hospital of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, CN15268105588, China
| | - Ling Tong Tan
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Ophthalmology, Gongshu District, Hangzhou City, Shangtang road No. 158, Hangzhou City, 310000, China
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Ruiz-Lozano RE, Salan-Gomez M, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Quiroga-Garza ME, Ramos-Dávila EM, Perez VL, Azar NS, Merayo-Lloves J, Hernandez-Camarena JC, Valdez-García JE. Wessely corneal ring phenomenon: An unsolved pathophysiological dilemma. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00041-3. [PMID: 36882129 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is a densely innervated, avascular tissue showing exceptional inflammatory and immune responses. The cornea is a site of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic privilege devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels that limits the entry of inflammatory cells from the adjacent and highly immunoreactive conjunctiva. Immunological and anatomical differences between the central and peripheral cornea are also necessary to sustain passive immune privilege. The lower density of antigen-presenting cells in the central cornea and the 5:1 peripheral-to-central corneal ratio of C1 are 2 main features conferring passive immune privilege. C1 activates the complement system by antigen-antibody complexes more effectively in the peripheral cornea and, thus, protects the central corneas' transparency from immune-driven and inflammatory reactions. Wessely rings, also known as corneal immune rings, are non-infectious ring-shaped stromal infiltrates usually formed in the peripheral cornea. They result from a hypersensitivity reaction to foreign antigens, including those of microorganism origin. Thus, they are thought to be composed of inflammatory cells and antigen-antibody complexes. Corneal immune rings have been associated with various infectious and non-infectious causes, including foreign bodies, contact lens wear, refractive procedures, and drugs. We describe the anatomical and immunologic basis underlying Wessely ring formation, its causes, clinical presentation, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Ruiz-Lozano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Salan-Gomez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Manuel E Quiroga-Garza
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eugenia M Ramos-Dávila
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Victor L Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadim S Azar
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio C Hernandez-Camarena
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jorge E Valdez-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Monterrey, Mexico.
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Casablanca-Piñera A, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Peraza-Nieves J, Spencer-Vicent F, Torras-Sanvicens J, Sabater-Cruz N. Late-onset sterile corneal infiltrate after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:e601-e603. [PMID: 34244000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Casablanca-Piñera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Rocha-de-Lossada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Peraza-Nieves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Spencer-Vicent
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Torras-Sanvicens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Sabater-Cruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Gogri P, Parkar M, Bhalerao SA. Visual outcomes of sterile corneal infiltrates after photorefractive keratectomy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:2956-2959. [PMID: 33229677 PMCID: PMC7856972 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1300_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sterile infiltrates following laser refractive surgery is an uncommon complication. This study was undertaken to analyze the visual outcomes of sterile infiltrates following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Methods: This retrospective study included 14 eyes that developed sterile infiltrates following PRK out of a total of 6280 eyes that underwent PRK between 2014 and 2017. Medical records of these patients, including patient demographics, characteristics of the infiltrate, presenting visual acuity, and treatment outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results: The incidence of sterile corneal infiltrates post-PRK in our study was 0.22% (14/6280). The mean age of the patients was 27.42 ± 4.87 years. The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at presentation was 0.49 ± 0.13 log MAR units. The mean size of the infiltrate was 3.22 ± 2.85 mm2. All cases were successfully managed medically with topical steroids. The mean UCVA and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the last follow-up visit were 0.08 ± 0.08 and 0.05 ± 0.07 log MAR units, respectively. The mean time taken for resolution of the infiltrate was 8.91 ± 4.57 days. Conclusion: Sterile infiltrates following PRK can be effectively treated with aggressive topical steroids. The outcome is generally favorable and does not require surgical intervention if treatment is instituted early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Gogri
- Consultant Ophthalmologist, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mubashir Parkar
- Fellow Ophthalmologist, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sushank A Bhalerao
- Consultant Ophthalmologist, Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Services, The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ma J, Zhang L, Li M, Wang Y. Hypersensitivity reactions after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction: a case report of corneal infiltrates. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:101. [PMID: 33292492 PMCID: PMC7661148 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Femtosecond laser corneal refractive surgery is generally considered safe and effective; however, this procedure is rarely associated with severe allergic reactions. We reported a rare case of hypersensitivity reactions which caused bilateral peripheral corneal infiltrates after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule (SMILE) surgery in a man with a history of fruits allergy. CASE PRESENTATION Here we report the case of a young man who developed white, ring-shaped bilateral peripheral infiltrates that appeared 1 day after an uneventful SMILE surgery. The overlying corneal epithelium was intact; the infiltrate was negative for bacterial culture, but high titers of immunoglobulin E was demonstrated in the blood. Symptomatically, a clinical diagnosis of sterile corneal infiltrates was made, and the patient was treated with topical and systemic steroids. The infiltrates were immunogenic in origin, which may be caused by the contact lenses used for suction duration in surgery. It resolved without corneal scarring in the subsequent months following steroid treatment. The patient's visual acuity improved. CONCLUSIONS When patients with a history of allergy who aim to perform corneal refractive surgery, surgeons must consider possible hypersensitivity reactions after treatment. More studies are needed to clarify the relationship between contact glass used in femtosecond laser corneal refractive surgery and IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaonan Ma
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No 4. Gansu Road, He-ping District, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No 4. Gansu Road, He-ping District, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, No 4. Gansu Road, He-ping District, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No 4. Gansu Road, He-ping District, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No 4. Gansu Road, He-ping District, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, No 4. Gansu Road, He-ping District, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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Burkholder BM, Kuo IC. Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis following Laser in situ Keratomileusis. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2016; 7:9-15. [PMID: 26889153 PMCID: PMC4748760 DOI: 10.1159/000443324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We report a case of a patient with a history of glomerulonephropathy, not disclosed prior to laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), who developed severe postoperative peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) soon after surgery. Method Case report. Results Within a week of surgery, the patient, who had no blepharitis or ocular surface disease, also developed diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) that was not contiguous with the PUK. Microbiologic evaluation of the flap interface disclosed no organisms, and no epithelial ingrowth was found. Both PUK and DLK resolved with topical and oral steroid therapy, and the patient's induced refractive error improved over the 12 months following LASIK. Conclusions Necrotizing keratitis has been described after LASIK surgery in patients with or without autoimmune disease. However, to our knowledge, there has been no case of PUK following LASIK. As shown by our patient's clinical course and the typical association of PUK with systemic conditions, patients with a history of atypical postinfectious sequelae may require additional preoperative counseling, vigilant postoperative monitoring, and possibly additional intervention. Because patients do not always divulge medical details, especially if an extraocular site was involved or illness occurred many years prior, this case demonstrates the importance of performing a diligent history that excludes autoimmune disorders or atypical postinfectious sequelae prior to proceeding with keratorefractive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn M Burkholder
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
| | - Irene C Kuo
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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Jin HY, Yao K, Yang YB, Jin XM, Jin CF. Successful Diagnosis and Treatment of a Single Case of Bilateral Necrotizing Keratitis following Femtosecond-LASIK. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2014; 24:231-6. [PMID: 25084539 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.941504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-ying Jin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hang-Zhou , China
| | - Ke Yao
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hang-Zhou , China
| | - Ya-bo Yang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hang-Zhou , China
| | - Xiu-ming Jin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hang-Zhou , China
| | - Chong-fei Jin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hang-Zhou , China
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Idiopathic peripheral necrotizing keratitis after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2012; 38:544-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peripheral sterile corneal infiltrate in two brothers after photorefractive keratectomy. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2011; 25:305-8. [PMID: 23960942 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a report of two brothers who underwent bilateral photorefractive keratectomy and developed bilateral peripheral corneal infiltrate on the third day following surgery. The patients were treated with antibiotics and low concentration steroid until negative culture was reported 48 h later, when intensive topical steroid was started. The infiltrate resolved by day 10 with residual subepithelial haze that was apparent 8 months after surgery. Sterile infiltrate has been reported as complication of photorefractive keratectomy and can be managed successfully with excellent outcome. The fact that it happened in two brothers may raise the possibility of genetic predisposition.
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Lifshitz T, Levy J, Mahler O, Levinger S. Peripheral sterile corneal infiltrates after refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1392-5. [PMID: 16105612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report 5 eyes of peripheral sterile corneal infiltrates after refractive surgery. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel, and Enaim Ophthalmological Center, Jerusalem, Israel. METHODS Three patients had bilateral refractive procedures for correcting myopia. The procedures included laser epithelial keratectomy in 2 eyes, laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in 2 eyes using a keratome, and LASIK in 1 eye using femtosecond laser. RESULTS All the patients complained of ocular pain between 1 and 3 days after the procedure. A ring stromal infiltrate peripheral to the flap edge with intact epithelium and an intervening clear zone between the peripheral corneal infiltrates and the limbus was observed in 5 eyes without anterior chamber reaction. All cases improved after several days of topical steroid and antibiotic treatment and systemic steroid. Final visual acuity was 20/25 or better in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The exact mechanism of this complication is still unknown, which can be confused with infectious keratitis. It is important to maintain a high degree of suspicion for infectious keratitis because the management is very different. The potential outcome can be much worse if the keratitis is due to an infectious etiology which can appear after all types of refractive laser procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Lifshitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Randleman JB, Hewitt SM, Stulting RD. Delayed Reactivation of Presumed Adenoviral Subepithelial Infiltrates After Laser In Situ Keratomileusis. Cornea 2004; 23:302-5. [PMID: 15084866 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200404000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the reactivation of presumed adenoviral keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS Case report and literature review. RESULTS The patient underwent uneventful LASIK more than 5 years after an episode of adenoviral keratitis that left subepithelial corneal scarring. Three months after LASIK, new subepithelial infiltrates appeared in the right eye. These lesions resolved without sequelae during treatment with topical steroids. The patient's uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity returned to her postoperative baseline. CONCLUSION LASIK may cause delayed exacerbation of subepithelial infiltrates caused by adenoviral keratitis. However, good visual outcomes can be achieved with recognition of this reactivation and treatment with topical corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Randleman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Emory Vision Refractive Surgery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30319, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report two different cases of sterile, peripheral keratitis following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS A report of two cases (two eyes of two patients). RESULTS In two patients, peripheral infiltrates appeared 1 day after LASIK. One patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis and both had peripheral corneal changes that may have represented prior inflammatory events. The presentations were quite different, with one occurring in association with an epithelial defect at the edge of the flap and the other occurring without an epithelial defect peripheral to the microkeratome cut. In the second case a similar infiltrate showed up in the unoperated fellow eye. Both patients were treated with aggressive antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy. Both patients recovered well with no loss of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. CONCLUSION Peripheral keratitis can occur in patients following LASIK; preoperative evidence of previous inflammation may be a marker for patients at higher risk. Rheumatoid arthritis patients may be at increased risk for this complication. With careful and aggressive management excellent visual outcomes are still possible.
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