Anesthesia for patients with a mediastinal mass

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation bridging for chemotherapy in obstructing mediastinal mass after cardiopulmonary arrest

BACKGROUND

In a sedated patient, airway compression by a large mediastinal mass can cause acute fatal cardiopulmonary arrest. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been investigated to protect the airway and provided cardiopulmonary stability. The use of ECMO in the management of mediastinal masses was reported, however, the management complicated by cardiopulmonary arrest is poorly documented.

CASE PRESENTATION

32-year-old female presented with acute onset of left arm swelling and subacute onset of dry cough. Further investigation showed a deep venous thrombosis in left upper extremity as well as a large mediastinal mass. She underwent mediastinoscopy with biopsy of the mass which was complicated by cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to airway obstruction by the mediastinal mass. Venoarterial ECMO was initiated, while concurrently treating with a chemotherapy. The mediastinal mass responded to the chemotherapy and reduced in size during 2 days of ECMO support. She was extubated successfully and decannulated after 2 days of ECMO and discharged later.

CONCLUSIONS

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can serve as a viable strategy to facilitate cardiopulmonary support while concurrently treating the tumor with chemotherapy, ultimately allowing for the recovery of cardiopulmonary function, and achieving satisfactory outcomes.

Mediastinal epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma with the EML4-ALK fusion: A case report and literature review

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is an aggressive subtype of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour which rarely affects the chest cavity. We, for the first time, report a case of mediastinal EIMS with the EML4-ALK fusion. A young woman presented to our hospital with cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Computed tomography (CT) showed a mixed attenuation soft-tissue mass in the right middle and upper mediastinum. Negative results were obtained from bronchoscopy forceps biopsy and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration. CT-guided percutaneous biopsy was finally performed. However, due to the rapidly progressed EIMS that compressed the trachea and right main bronchus, the patient died of respiratory failure 1 day before diagnosis. EIMS progresses rapidly, and an early diagnosis is important. For mediastinal EIMS, CT-guided percutaneous biopsy may be useful. Next-generation sequencing of blood may be instructive to EIMS patients who are intolerant to invasive biopsy.

Anesthetic management of mini sternotomy and excision of mediastinal neurogenic tumor: Brain-Heart crosstalk

Brachial plexus tumors are rare and pose challenges for neurosurgeons due to their anatomical complexity. Retrosternal extension of a tumor makes it more difficult for the surgeons as well as for the anesthesiologists to secure a definitive airway. A cardiopulmonary bypass would be lifesaving in the event of acute cardiorespiratory decompensation. Multidisciplinary collaboration and cooperation between the neurosurgeon, oncosurgeon, cardiothoracic surgeon, and anesthesiologist are imperative to ensure good patient outcomes. Meticulous preoperative evaluation and operative planning are essentially the key factors in anesthetic management. Here we report a successful management of a 49-year-old male patient presented with a large painless mass arising from his right supraclavicular region and compressing the roots of the brachial plexus, trachea, and esophagus and extending up to the apex of the lungs, posted for mini sternotomy and excision of the mass.

Intercostal nerve block is effective in open biopsies of the anterior mediastinal region: Case report and review

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE

Anterior mediastinal masses are rare conditions that can become symptomatic through compression of the airways and vascular structures. Fatal or severe complications can occur during anesthesia and surgery. With this review we aim to describe the state of the art in peri-anesthetic management of mediastinal tumors, which we illustrate with a clinical case.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We report a case of a young female patient suffering from a large anterior mediastinal mass that underwent an open biopsy after intercostal nerve blocks (INB) in six consecutive right intercostal spaces (2nd to 7th). A right anterior mediastinotomy was performed and an excellent analgesic effect was achieved. The patient was awake and did not experience significant pain or cough, having received paracetamol 1 g and returned home later in the day. The diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was later confirmed.

DISCUSSION

Our review showed that anesthesia for mediastinal masses' resection or open biopsy is rare and prone to severe complications. Such complications are more important in children, patients in supine position, under general anesthesia and already symptomatic prior to the procedure. INB presents some advantages against paravertebral block (PVB) and thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA), is easier to reproduce and has a shorter learning curve. Airway stenting with a rigid bronchoscope can be an alternative.

CONCLUSION

Multilevel medial axillary line INBs are safer and easier to reproduce than PVB, have less hemodynamic repercussion than TEA and can, therefore, be preferable for open anterior mediastinal biopsies or small masses resection.

Procedural Sedation with Dexmedetomidine for Anterior Mediastinotomy in a High-Risk Patient

Perioperative management of patients with mediastinal masses still poses a challenge for the anesthesiologist, as the use of general anesthesia can be associated with acute perioperative cardiorespiratory impairment resulting from the mass collapsing on the airway or vascular structures. Dexmedetomidine can be used for procedural sedation due to its reversible sedative and anxiolytic properties with dose-dependent effects, while not interfering with ventilatory drive. These features are of particular interest for the perioperative management of patients with large anterior mediastinal masses. In this case, we report our anesthetic management of a 22-year-old male scheduled for anterior mediastinotomy, with a large anterior mediastinal mass, with 50% distal tracheal compression and marked collapse of the superior vena cava and brachiocephalic trunk. In the operation theatre, an infusion of dexmedetomidine was titrated to adequate anesthetic depth while keeping the patient under spontaneous ventilation with oxygen (O2) supplementation and local anesthetic infiltration of the surgical site. Mediastinotomy lasted for about 30 minutes, during which the patient maintained appropriate ventilation and hemodynamic stability. No adverse events occurred perioperatively. Diagnostic procedures such as mediastinotomy for tissue biopsy are necessary to achieve a histological diagnosis. High-risk patients may present with severe postural symptoms, stridor, cyanosis, and radiological evidence of more than 50% airway obstruction, tracheal compression with bronchial compression, pericardial effusion, or superior vena cava syndrome. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles under general anesthesia increases the risk of airway obstruction. In this case, with the use of dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthetic infiltration, spontaneous ventilation and muscle tone were preserved, decreasing the probability of intraoperative complications. It is our opinion that dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthetic infiltration can be a safe option for procedural sedation in patients presenting with high-risk anterior mediastinal masses for mediastinotomy.

Esophageal Cancer, Central Airway Obstruction, and Lots More: A Collaborative Approach to a Challenging Scenario

Esophageal cancer is the most common cause of extrapulmonary malignant central airway obstruction (MCAO). MCAO is usually managed by a multidisciplinary approach involving tumor debulking, stent placement, and palliative radiotherapy. MCAO is a challenge in itself; here, it becomes even more challenging as it was accompanied by grade 3 oral submucous fibrosis, nasal synechiae, and multiple enlarged cervical nodes causing excessive compression of the trachea along with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Herein, a 65-year-old woman with multiple challenges, where death was imminent, managed with a collaborative approach involving awake nasal intubation in the sitting position and placement of a stent via a flexible bronchoscope, as rigid bronchoscopy was not possible in view of limited mouth opening. Overcoming these challenges led to completing the procedure successfully and palliating the symptoms.

Performance and safety of diagnostic procedures in superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is an uncommon condition resulting from extrinsic compression or intraluminal blockade of the superior vena cava. The increased upper body venous pressure results in distended subcutaneous vessels and oedema of the head, neck and arms. SVCS can be a medical emergency if associated with laryngeal or cerebral oedema. The most common SVCS aetiologies are intrathoracic malignancies, accounting for 60 to 86% of cases [1–3].

Standard bronchoscopy and EBUS-TBNA have good diagnostic yield and are relatively safe procedures in the setting of SVCS. However, complications may arise from the underlying malignancy and its proximity to central vital structures.https://bit.ly/37HXFUY

Anesthetic Management of Resection of a Large Anterior Mediastinal Carcinoid Tumor

This case report presents a 66-year-old man with chest pain and shortness of breath who had a 16 cm × 9 cm × 12-cm anterior mediastinal atypical carcinoid tumor with compression causing severe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. We were consulted for anesthetic management of surgical resection of this tumor. Thoracic epidural, femoral, and radial arterial catheterizations, and femoral central venous access were performed with sedation. Upon ensuring adequate surgical site analgesia under thoracic epidural, chest incision was performed. Thereafter, induction and intubation were performed without complication. During intubation, fiberoptic bronchoscopy highlighted external compression of the left mainstem bronchus. The procedure was completed, and the patient was extubated in the operating room and transported to the intensive care unit in stable condition without complications.

Pediatric oncologic emergencies: Clinical and imaging review for pediatricians

Children with cancer are at increased risk of life-threatening emergencies, either from the cancer itself or related to the cancer treatment. These conditions need to be assessed and treated as early as possible to minimize morbidity and mortality. Cardiothoracic emergencies encompass a variety of pathologies, including pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, massive hemoptysis, superior vena cava syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia. Abdominal emergencies include bowel obstruction, intussusception, perforation, tumor rupture, intestinal graft-versus-host disease, acute pancreatitis, neutropenic colitis, and obstructive uropathy. Radiology plays a vital role in the diagnosis of these emergencies. We here review the clinical features and imaging in pediatric patients with oncologic emergencies, including a review of recently published studies. Key radiological images are presented to highlight the radiological approach to diagnosis. Pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, and pediatric radiologists need to work together to arrive at the correct diagnosis and to ensure prompt and appropriate treatment strategies.

Dyspnea in Pregnancy: A Case Report of a Third Trimester Mediastinal Mass in Pregnancy

BACKGROUND Dyspnea in pregnancy is common and attributable to a variety of etiologies including normal physiology. The obstetric provider is challenged with distinguishing between physiologic versus pathologic dyspnea. CASE REPORT A 31-year-old G2 P1001 female at 34 weeks gestation presented with dyspnea, tachycardia, and inability to lie supine. Imaging revealed a large heterogeneous anterior mediastinal mass (14.8×11.5 cm). Multidisciplinary coordinated care led to diagnosis of B cell lymphoma, delivery via cesarean section under regional anesthesia in steep Trendelenberg position, followed by chemotherapy postpartum. CONCLUSIONS Dyspnea in pregnancy is common but might represent underlying pathology. While an obstetrician is knowledgeable of physiologic pregnancy changes, he or she should remain vigilant for underlying pathologic causes of dyspnea, including malignancy. Anterior mediastinal masses propose unique anesthetic challenges including respiratory impairment and cardiopulmonary collapse requiring collaborative care and planning.

Anesthetic management for bronchoscopy and debulking of obstructing intratracheal tumor

Primary tracheal tumors comprise a rare group of benign and malignant tumors. Bronchoscopy is required for diagnosis and staging of tracheal neoplasms as well as debulking of the tumor. The management of anesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy in a patient with tracheal neoplasm presents with many challenges to the anesthetist. We present anesthetic management of an 18-year-old female who presented with orthopnea. Computed tomography scan of the thorax revealed a polypoidal lesion in the trachea proximal to carina and consolidation in the right middle lobe. The patient was scheduled for rigid bronchoscopy and debulking of the tumor. Case was successfully managed by providing positive pressure ventilation and oxygenation during rigid bronchoscopy using manual ventilation through the side port of the rigid bronchoscope. The procedure was uneventful, and patient improved symptomatically in the immediate postoperative period. The successful management of this case demonstrates the airway management in a patient with tracheal tumor for rigid bronchoscopy.

Anesthesia for cesarean delivery in a patient with large anterior mediastinal tumor presenting as intrathoracic airway compression

Anterior mediastinal mass is a rare pathology that presents considerable anesthetic challenges due to cardiopulmonary compromise. We present a case that was referred to us in the third trimester of pregnancy with severe breathlessness and orthopnea. An elective cesarean delivery was performed under combined spinal epidural anesthesia with a favorable outcome. We discuss the perioperative considerations in these patients with a review of the literature.

Hemodynamic collapse induced by general anesthesia in a patient with an unruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm: a case report

Background

Compression of the trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary arteries are complications in patients with large thoracic aortic aneurysms. In this case, we report unexpected cardiopulmonary collapse manifested by general anesthesia before surgery in an asymptomatic patient with a large thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 32-year-old man with a 10-cm aneurysm in the ascending aorta. A total aortic arch replacement was planned. After intravenous anesthesia, his aneurysm occluded the left main bronchus and right pulmonary artery simultaneously, and induced severe hypoxia. Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support was conducted and the patient recovered from cardiopulmonary collapse successfully. After the patient regained consciousness from anesthesia, the findings of organ compressions disappeared. At the second surgery, percutaneous cardiopulmonary support was initiated with local anesthesia before general anesthesia and intubation. The operation was performed successfully without any adverse events.

Conclusion

We experienced a case of hemodynamic collapse induced by general anesthesia in a patient of an unruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm. It is important to recognize that fatal organ compression might be caused by general anesthesia even in asymptomatic patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Effects of anesthetics, sedatives, and opioids on ventilatory control

This article provides a comprehensive, up to date summary of the effects of volatile, gaseous, and intravenous anesthetics and opioid agonists on ventilatory control. Emphasis is placed on data from human studies. Further mechanistic insights are provided by in vivo and in vitro data from other mammalian species. The focus is on the effects of clinically relevant agonist concentrations and studies using pharmacological, that is, supraclinical agonist concentrations are de-emphasized or excluded.

Anaesthetic management of two different cases of mediastinal mass

We report the management of two paediatric cases undergoing median sternotomy and right lateral thoracotomy for mediastinal mass. An 8-year-old boy presented with a history of intermittent fever and episodes of respiratory illness since 3 years and a 16-year-old girl presented with dyspnoea, cough, fever and dysphagia for solid foods. Radiological investigation confirmed the diagnoses. Absence of pressure symptoms pointed towards a compressible mass in the boy and indicated a non-compressible mass in the girl. We discuss the anaesthetic management of the younger patient with an uneventful course as opposed to the older patient where airway obstruction ensued soon after induction and led to near-cardiopulmonary arrest necessitating rescue measures. Swift measures at securing airway while simultaneously resuscitating the patient served to successfully revert an otherwise fateful eventuality.

Perioperative management of the pregnant patient with an anterior mediastinal mass

This article describes the perioperative risks of pregnant patients with anterior mediastinal masses, and demonstrates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the management of high-risk patients. Mediastinal mass syndrome is defined as immediate right heart failure secondary to vascular compression when positive pressure ventilation is initiated. Greater emphasis on the potential for cardiovascular collapse (versus respiratory collapse) challenges the conventional teaching of risks associated with mediastinal masses in the adult population.

Anesthetic management of superior vena cava syndrome due to anterior mediastinal mass

Anesthetic management of superior vena cava syndrome carries a possible risk of life-threatening complications such as cardiovascular collapse and complete airway obstruction during anesthesia. Superior vena cava syndrome results from the enlargement of a mediastinal mass and consequent compression of mediastinal structures resulting in impaired blood flow from superior vena cava to the right atrium and venous congestion of face and upper extremity. We report the successful anesthetic management of a 42-year-old man with superior vena cava syndrome posted for cervical lymph node biopsy.

Anterior Mediastinal Mass Biopsy and Resection

The perioperative management of the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass (AMM) is viewed as one of the more challenging anesthetic endeavors. Diligent preoperative planning is essential and often involves imaging studies using multiple modalities, pulmonary function assessment, and minimally invasive biopsy for tissue diagnosis prior to arriving in the operating room. Anesthetic induction, often without major risks in most patients, can be catastrophic in AMM patients, with possible complications that include complete airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse. The authors present the case of a biopsy via anterior mediastinotomy under monitored anesthesia care (MAC)/sedation in a 39-year-old man, who presented with a large AMM causing significant right heart compression without tracheobronchial involvement. This procedure was followed by definitive mass resection approximately 6 weeks later. This review will explore the following: (1) the use of MAC/sedation for AMM biopsy, (2) methods of safely securing the airway in patients undergoing definitive mass resection via median sternotomy, (3) current opinions regarding the need for preoperative pulmonary function testing in these patients, (4) current opinions regarding the need for and timing of cardiopulmonary bypass in these cases, (5) the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during resection, and (6) the characteristics of mediastinal germ-cell tumors with sarcomatous conversion. Though multiple anesthetic methods have been proposed for the management of patients undergoing tissue biopsy and resection of an AMM, this case report presents 2 successful anesthetic options for 2 distinct surgical procedures. In every instance, the anesthetic management options must be tailored to the unique physiological needs of the patient presenting for surgery.

Large mediastinal tumor in a neonate: an anesthetic challenge

Mediastinal tumors pose a grave risk of cardiopulmonary complications during the perioperative course, particularly in neonates and small children. These tumors can cause displacement and compression of vital thoracic structures such as the tracheobronchial tree, the heart, and the great vessels. Catastrophic complications often occur during induction of anesthesia, use of muscle relaxants, positioning, and at the time of extubation. We present our experience of anesthetic management of a neonate with a mediastinal mass who had features of both airway and vascular obstruction.

Rigid bronchoscopy for malignant central airway obstruction from small cell lung cancer complicated by SVC syndrome

Central airway obstruction (CAO) and superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome are potentially life-threatening complications in locally advanced lung cancer. Therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy has become an critical component in the treatment of the lung cancer patients with CAO who are not surgical candidates. However, the technique may pose significant risks in patients with coexisting SVC syndrome, especially, and even more so perhaps in patients over the age of eighty. In this case report, we address the potential risks and known benefits of therapeutic bronchoscopic intervention in an 85-year-old man with small cell lung cancer who presented with acute dyspnea secondary to advanced SVC syndrome and CAO involving the lower trachea and right main bronchus. Emergent therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy resulted in a marked improvement, in dyspnea, atelectasis, and postobstructive pneumonia, allowing rapid administration of systemic chemotherapy.

Femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass for the resection of an anterior mediastinal mass

The perioperative management of patients with mediastinal mass is challenging. Complete airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse may occur during the induction of general anaesthesia, tracheal intubation, and positive pressure ventilation. The intubation of trachea may be difficult or even impossible due to the compressed, tortuous trachea. Positive pressure ventilation may increase pre-existing superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction, reducing venous return from the SVC causing cardiovascular collapse and acute cerebral oedema. We are describing here the successful management of a patient with a large anterior mediastinal mass by anaesthetizing the patient through a femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass (fem-fem CPB).

Patient repositioning and the amelioration of airway obstruction by an anterior mediastinal tumor during general anesthesia -A case report-

An 18-year-old male with huge anterior mediastinum mass was scheduled for thoracotomic incisional biopsy under general anesthesia after failed fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous needle biopsy. Under propofol and succinylcholine anesthesia, intubation was successfully achieved using a Univent tube. However, when we changed the patient's position from supine to right lateral decubitus, oxygen saturation declined. He was then positioned supine, but hypoxemia did not improve. Because the tumor expanded toward the left thoracic field, we considered that the left lateral decubitus position might help relieve the mass effect on the main bronchus. His position was changed accordingly and soon after, hypoxemia improved and surgery was undertaken under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The biopsy was successfully performed under CPB without complication.

Vasoactive mediastinal mass in an infant

The case of a 6 week-old infant who presented with an anterior mediastinal mass that extended to the left neck is reported. During surgical dissection of the mass, the patient exhibited extreme hemodynamic instability consistent with a vasoactive tumor. The patient had a neuroblastoma with its origin in the posterior mediastinum, but with its mass effect in the anterior mediastinum and neck.

Acute respiratory distress secondary to posterior mediastinal goiter: a case report

Large posterior mediastinal goiters are extremely rare. Progressive enlargement and possible compression of adjacent structures, as well as malignant potential necessitate that these goiters should be surgically excised. A review of mediastinal tumors, specifically intra-thoracic goiters is presented along with a case report of acute respiratory compromise secondary to tracheal compression by a large posterior goiter.

Intraoperative strategy in patients with extended involvement of mediastinal structures

The mediastinum is a virtual space containing several vital organs and structures. Biopsy and resection of lesions located within this region often require several considerations that bear on intraoperative strategy. To optimize outcome, clinicians must be able to predict which patients are at highest risk of anesthetic complications. Superior vena cava involvement, extensive compression of the airway, and pericardial effusion have a clear impact on the decision-making of the anesthetist and surgeon, who should plan together when forming the surgical strategy.

Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a woman with lung cancer: case report and review

A 33-year-old woman pregnant with twins was diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer during pregnancy. Her multidisciplinary care raised many medical and ethical issues. To help decide on the best anaesthetic technique for caesarean section, a literature search of published case reports of pregnancy associated with lung cancer was performed. Thirty-five cases of primary lung cancer associated with pregnancy were found. Anaesthetic technique was reported in only five of the 20 patients who underwent caesarean section: one spinal, three epidurals and one general anaesthetic. Of the 11 patients who delivered vaginally, only one was reported to have received epidural analgesia. As published data regarding anaesthesia and analgesia are limited for women with lung cancer in pregnancy, we describe our perioperative approach and review the potential challenging aspects of management in a pregnant patient with metastatic lung cancer.

A pediatric patient with a mediastinal mass and pulmonary embolus

When anesthetizing a patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, sudden hypoxaemia and cardiovascular collapse may result from compression of a large airway or vascular structure in the mediastinum. We report the case of a pediatric cancer patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, who developed sudden and fatal hypoxaemia and cardiovascular collapse in the hours following sedation. A massive pulmonary thromboembolism was diagnosed at autopsy. We suggest that pulmonary embolism should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient with a mediastinal mass develops perioperative hypoxaemia, cardiovascular collapse, or both.

Pediatric thoracic anesthesia

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Surgical interventions, including video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries, are increasingly being performed in the neonatal and pediatric populations. Thoracic anesthesia in infants and children poses special challenges for the anesthesiologist. These include assessment of the patient's clinical condition, obtaining and maintaining single lung ventilation, and maintaining adequate ventilation and oxygenation while the surgery is in progress.

RECENT FINDINGS

This review will outline the anesthetic management of infants and children undergoing thoracic surgery, including preoperative assessment, and anesthetic induction and maintenance. The physiology and methods of single lung ventilation will be reviewed, including the use of bronchial blockers, Univent tubes and double-lumen tubes. Special considerations for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, pectus repair and mediastinal masses will be discussed.

SUMMARY

These techniques will provide the anesthesiologist with a number of strategies for assessing the pediatric thoracic patient and for managing pediatric single lung ventilation.

Perioperative Management with Epidural Anesthesia for a Parturient with Superior Vena Caval Obstruction

Perioperative management of patients with superior vena cava obstruction presents an anesthetic challenge because of severe cardiopulmonary compromise. This is particularly important in the parturient because of increased upper airway edema and inferior vena caval compression. We describe the management of a parturient who presented at 34 wk of gestation with signs and symptoms of superior vena cava obstruction from metastatic breast cancer. The patient was scheduled for a cesarean delivery followed by chemotherapy, as other therapies were deemed excessively risky because of the anatomic characteristics of the large mediastinal mass. This report describes the successful use of regional anesthesia in this setting and discusses the relevant anesthetic and perioperative management considerations for this complex scenario.

IMPLICATIONS

Perioperative management of patients with superior vena caval obstruction presents an anesthetic challenge because of the severe cardiopulmonary compromise. This case report describes a parturient who presented for cesarean delivery with superior vena caval obstruction resulting from metastasis from breast cancer.

Intermittent airway obstruction and superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with an undiagnosed mediastinal mass after cesarean delivery

Airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse may follow the induction of general anesthesia in patients with mediastinal masses. We present a case in which a patient with a diagnosis of an upper gastrointestinal bleed presented for an emergency cesarean delivery. At the conclusion of surgery, the patient had complete airway obstruction during an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients may encounter airway compromise during instrumentation of the esophagus, and the presence of an intrathoracic mass should be included in the differential diagnosis of airway obstruction.

Anaesthesia and tracheobronchial stenting for central airway obstruction in adults

In the last decade, stents suitable for the management of tracheobronchial stenoses and obstruction have evolved from bulky prostheses requiring tracheal resection to small devices that are self-expanding and can be inserted using fibreoptic techniques. The experience base for this review is more than 100 patients between 1989 and 2001 who have been anaesthetized for stent insertion. Early cases required rigid bronchoscopy for the routine of insertion. Anaesthetic techniques have evolved from those that were designed and developed for laser surgery in the central airways. The advent of modern devices now extends the variety of anaesthetic management techniques that can be used. But the original one, based on the requirement for use of a rigid bronchoscope, is best for dealing with complications and extracting problem stents. The most frequent complication of the processes of stent insertion has been respiratory failure because of carbon dioxide retention, consequent on obstruction with secretions in the area of the carina. The nature of central airway problems suggests that anaesthesia induction, management and teaching should not be founded on the conventional model-base of upper airway obstruction.

Spontaneous breathing combined with high frequency ventilation during bronchoscopic resection of a large tracheal tumour

A patient with learning difficulties had a large tracheal tumour at the carina that caused severe respiratory distress. I.v. anaesthesia with propofol, spontaneous breathing through a tracheal tube, and high frequency jet ventilation were successfully employed during bronchoscopic resection of the tumour.