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Herr DW, Freeborn DL, Degn L, Martin SA, Ortenzio J, Pantlin L, Hamm CW, Boyes WK. Neurophysiological assessment of auditory, peripheral nerve, somatosensory, and visual system function after developmental exposure to gasoline, E15, and E85 vapors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 54:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Oshiro W, Beasley T, McDaniel K, Evansky P, Martin S, Moser V, Gilbert M, Bushnell P. Prenatal exposure to vapors of gasoline–ethanol blends causes few cognitive deficits in adult rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 49:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bushnell PJ, Beasley TE, Evansky PA, Martin SA, McDaniel KL, Moser VC, Luebke RW, Norwood J, Copeland CB, Kleindienst TE, Lonneman WA, Rogers JM. Toxicological assessments of rats exposed prenatally to inhaled vapors of gasoline and gasoline–ethanol blends. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 49:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Health assessment of gasoline and fuel oxygenate vapors: Developmental toxicity in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:S69-79. [PMID: 24845242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roberts L, Gray T, Marr M, Tyl R, Trimmer G, Hoffman G, Murray F, Clark C, Schreiner C. Health assessment of gasoline and fuel oxygenate vapors: Developmental toxicity in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:S58-68. [PMID: 24979735 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Swick D, Jaques A, Walker JC, Estreicher H. Gasoline toxicology: overview of regulatory and product stewardship programs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:S3-S12. [PMID: 24956589 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to characterize the toxicological properties of gasoline. There have been both mandatory and voluntary toxicology testing programs to generate hazard characterization data for gasoline, the refinery process streams used to blend gasoline, and individual chemical constituents found in gasoline. The Clean Air Act (CAA) (Clean Air Act, 2012: § 7401, et seq.) is the primary tool for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate gasoline and this supplement presents the results of the Section 211(b) Alternative Tier 2 studies required for CAA Fuel and Fuel Additive registration. Gasoline blending streams have also been evaluated by EPA under the voluntary High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program through which the petroleum industry provide data on over 80 refinery streams used in gasoline. Product stewardship efforts by companies and associations such as the American Petroleum Institute (API), Conservation of Clean Air and Water Europe (CONCAWE), and the Petroleum Product Stewardship Council (PPSC) have contributed a significant amount of hazard characterization data on gasoline and related substances. The hazard of gasoline and anticipated exposure to gasoline vapor has been well characterized for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Swick
- American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005, United States.
| | - Andrew Jaques
- RegNet, 1250 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, United States.
| | - J C Walker
- Keller and Heckman LLP, 1001 G Street, N.W., Suite 500W, Washington, DC 20001, United States.
| | - Herb Estreicher
- Keller and Heckman LLP, 1001 G Street, N.W., Suite 500W, Washington, DC 20001, United States.
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Henley M, Letinski DJ, Carr J, Caro ML, Daughtrey W, White R. Health assessment of gasoline and fuel oxygenate vapors: generation and characterization of test materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:S13-7. [PMID: 24852493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In compliance with the Clean Air Act regulations for fuel and fuel additive registration, the petroleum industry, additive manufacturers, and oxygenate manufacturers have conducted comparative toxicology testing on evaporative emissions of gasoline alone and gasoline containing fuel oxygenates. To mimic real world exposures, a generation method was developed that produced test material similar in composition to the re-fueling vapor from an automotive fuel tank at near maximum in-use temperatures. Gasoline vapor was generated by a single-step distillation from a 1000-gallon glass-lined kettle wherein approximately 15-23% of the starting material was slowly vaporized, separated, condensed and recovered as test article. This fraction was termed vapor condensate (VC) and was prepared for each of the seven test materials, namely: baseline gasoline alone (BGVC), or gasoline plus an ether (G/MTBE, G/ETBE, G/TAME, or G/DIPE), or gasoline plus an alcohol (G/EtOH or G/TBA). The VC test articles were used for the inhalation toxicology studies described in the accompanying series of papers in this journal. These studies included evaluations of subchronic toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity. Results of these studies will be used for comparative risk assessments of gasoline and gasoline/oxygenate blends by the US Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Henley
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA 94801-2016, USA.
| | - Daniel J Letinski
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22, East Annandale, NJ 08801-3059, USA.
| | - John Carr
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA 94801-2016, USA.
| | - Mario L Caro
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, CA 94801-2016, USA.
| | - Wayne Daughtrey
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22, East Annandale, NJ 08801-3059, USA.
| | - Russell White
- American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L. Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
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Boyes WK, Degn LL, Martin SA, Lyke DF, Hamm CW, Herr DW. Neurophysiological assessment of auditory, peripheral nerve, somatosensory, and visual system functions after developmental exposure to ethanol vapors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 43:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McKee RH, White R. The mammalian toxicological hazards of petroleum-derived substances: an overview of the petroleum industry response to the high production volume challenge program. Int J Toxicol 2013; 33:4S-16S. [PMID: 24351873 DOI: 10.1177/1091581813514024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum-derived substances are complex and composed of aliphatic (normal-, iso-, and cycloparaffins), olefinic, and/or aromatic constituents. Approximately 400 of these complex substances were evaluated as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency voluntary High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge program. The substances were separated into 13 groups (categories), and all available data were assessed. Toxicology testing was conducted as necessary to fully address the end points encompassed by the HPV initiative. In a broad sense, volatile hydrocarbons may cause acute central nervous system effects, and those that are liquids at room temperature pose aspiration hazards if taken into the lungs as liquids and may also cause skin irritation. Higher boiling substances may contain polycyclic aromatic constituents (PACs) that can be mutagenic and carcinogenic and may also cause developmental effects. Substances containing PACs can also cause target organ and developmental effects. The effects of aliphatic constituents include liver enlargement and/or renal effects in male rats via an α-2u-globulin-mediated process and, in some cases, small but statistically significant reductions in hematological parameters. Crude oils may contain other constituents, particularly sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, which are removed during refining. Aside from these more generic considerations, some specific petroleum substances may contain unusually toxic constituents including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and/or n-hexane, which should also be taken into account if present at toxicologically relevant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H McKee
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc, 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA.
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A GHS-consistent approach to health hazard classification of petroleum substances, a class of UVCB substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:409-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McKee RH, Steup D, Schreiner C, Podhasky P, Malley LA, Roberts L. Toxicological Assessment of Heavy Straight Run Naphtha in a Repeated Dose/Reproductive Toxicity Screening Test. Int J Toxicol 2013; 33:52S-67S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813504224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gasoline blending stocks (naphthas) are comprised of normal, iso- and cycloparaffins and aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers ranging from C4 to C12. Heavy straight run naphtha (HSRN, CAS number 64741-41-9) was selected for toxicity screening because substances of this type contain relatively high levels (28%) of cycloparaffins by comparison to other naphtha streams and the data complement toxicity information on other gasoline blending streams. Rats were exposed by inhalation to wholly vaporized material at levels of approximately 100, 500, or 3000 parts per million (ppm) daily to screen the potential for systemic toxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental effects to postnatal day 4. All animals survived the treatment period. Principal effects of repeated exposure included increased liver weights in males and females, increased kidney weights in males, and histological changes in the thyroid, secondary to liver enzyme induction. These changes were not considered to be toxicologically meaningful and are not relevant to humans. There were no treatment-related effects in functional observation tests or motor activity; no significant reductions in fertility or changes in other reproductive parameters; and no evidence of developmental toxicity in offspring. The overall no observed adverse effect concentration was 3000 ppm (approximately 13 600 mg/m3). In conclusion the HSRN effects on liver and kidney are consistent with the results of other studies of volatile fractions or other naphthas or formulated gasoline, and there were no HSRN effects on neurological developmental or reproductive parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Roberts
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, San Ramon, CA, USA
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