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Bakhchina AV, Arutyunova KR, Sozinov AA, Demidovsky AV, Alexandrov YI. Sample Entropy of the Heart Rate Reflects Properties of the System Organization of Behaviour. Entropy (Basel) 2018; 20:e20060449. [PMID: 33265539 PMCID: PMC7512967 DOI: 10.3390/e20060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac activity is involved in the processes of organization of goal-directed behaviour. Each behavioural act is aimed at achieving an adaptive outcome and it is subserved by the actualization of functional systems consisting of elements distributed across the brain and the rest of the body. This paper proposes a system-evolutionary view on the activity of the heart and its variability. We have compared the irregularity of the heart rate, as measured by sample entropy (SampEn), in behaviours that are subserved by functional systems formed at different stages of individual development, which implement organism-environment interactions with different degrees of differentiation. The results have shown that SampEn of the heart rate was higher during performing tasks that included later acquired knowledge (foreign language vs. native language; mathematical vocabulary vs. general vocabulary) and decreased in the stress and alcohol conditions, as well as at the beginning of learning. These results are in line with the hypothesis that irregularity of the heart rate reflects the properties of a set of functional systems subserving current behaviour, with higher irregularity corresponding to later acquired and more complex behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia V. Bakhchina
- Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind Named after V.B. Shvyrkov, 129366 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychophysiology, National Research University Nizhny Novgorod State University Named after N.I. Lobachevsky, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-964-638-8360
| | - Karina R. Arutyunova
- Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind Named after V.B. Shvyrkov, 129366 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Sozinov
- Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind Named after V.B. Shvyrkov, 129366 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Demidovsky
- Computer Science Department, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 603014 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; or
| | - Yurii I. Alexandrov
- Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind Named after V.B. Shvyrkov, 129366 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
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Pasic J, Zarkowski P, Nordstrom K, Wilson MP. Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Cocaine-Related Presentations. J Emerg Med 2017; 53:383-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Carrico AW, Shoptaw S, Cox C, Stall R, Li X, Ostrow DG, Vlahov D, Plankey MW. Stimulant use and progression to AIDS or mortality after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 67:508-13. [PMID: 25271387 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-positive persons who use stimulants (eg, methamphetamine) experience profound health disparities, but it remains unclear whether these persist after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation. Conducted within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, this investigation examined whether stimulant use is associated with progression to AIDS or all-cause mortality after the initiation of HAART. METHODS Using marginal structural modeling, the cumulative proportion of visits where any stimulant use was reported (ie, 0%, 1%-49%, 50%-99%, and 100%) was examined as a time-varying predictor of (1) all-cause mortality and (2) AIDS or all-cause mortality. RESULTS Among the 1313 men who have sex with men (MSM) who initiated HAART, findings showed no significant association of any level of stimulant use with all-cause mortality. A competing risk analysis indicated that no level of stimulant use was associated with increased AIDS-related or non-AIDS mortality separately. Among the 648 participants without AIDS at HAART initiation, a secondary analysis indicated that stimulant use at 50% or more of study visits was associated with a 1.5-fold increase in the odds of progression to AIDS or all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 1.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.02 to 2.33; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HIV-positive stimulant-using MSM receiving HAART seem to face no greater overall risks for all-cause, AIDS-related, or non-AIDS mortality compared with nonusers. However, men without AIDS at HAART initiation who more frequently reported stimulant use demonstrated modestly increased odds of progression to AIDS or all-cause mortality. Comprehensive approaches are needed to optimize the effectiveness of HAART with stimulant-using MSM.
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Yun K, Park HK, Kwon DH, Kim YT, Cho SN, Cho HJ, Peterson BS, Jeong J. Decreased cortical complexity in methamphetamine abusers. Psychiatry Res 2012; 201:226-32. [PMID: 22445216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if methamphetamine (MA) abusers exhibit alterations in complexity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and to determine if these possible alterations are associated with their abuse patterns. EEGs were recorded from 48 former MA-dependent males and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Approximate Entropy (ApEn), an information-theoretical measure of irregularity, of the EEGs was estimated to quantify the degree of cortical complexity. The ApEn values in MA abusers were significantly lower than those of healthy subjects in most of the cortical regions, indicating decreased cortical complexity of MA abusers, which may be associated with impairment in specialization and integration of cortical activities owing to MA abuse. Moreover, ApEn values exhibited significant correlations with the clinical factors including abuse patterns, symptoms of psychoses, and their concurrent drinking and smoking habits. These findings provide insights into abnormal information processing in MA abusers and suggest that ApEn of EEG recordings may be used as a potential supplementary tool for quantitative diagnosis of MA abuse. This is the first investigation to assess the "severity-dependent dynamical complexity" of EEG patterns in former MA abusers and their associations with the subjects' abuse patterns and other clinical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongsik Yun
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
AbstractWe investigated whether women show larger heart rate variability (HRV) than men after controlling for a large number of health-related covariates, using two indices of HRV, namely respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and approximate entropy (ApEn). In a twin design, the heritability of both indices was examined. The covariation between RSA and ApEn, a measure of heart rate dynamics derived from nonlinear dynamical systems theory, was decomposed into genetic and environmental components. Subjects were 196 male and 210 female middle-aged twins. Females showed larger HRV than men before (ApEn: p < .001; RSA: p = .052) and after adjustment for covariates (ApEn: p < .001; RSA: p = .015). This sex difference was confirmed by significant intrapair differences in the opposite-sex twin pairs for both ApEn (p < .001) and RSA (p = .03). In addition to sex, only heart period and age (both p < .001) were found to be independent predictors of ApEn, whereas RSA was also influenced by respiration rate and smoking (both p < .001). Age explained 16% and 6% of the variance in RSA and ApEn, respectively. Oral contraceptive use and menopausal status had no effect on HRV. Genetic model fitting yielded moderate heritability estimates for RSA (30%) and ApEn (40%) for both males and females. The correlation between RSA and ApEn (r = .60) could be attributed to genetic factors (48%), environmental factors (36%) and age (16%). The present study found support for a gender difference in HRV with women having greater HRV than men even after controlling for a large number of potential confounders. Indices of heart rate dynamics derived from nonlinear dynamical systems theory are moderately heritable and may be more sensitive than traditional indices of HRV to reveal subtle sex differences with important implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Weinberg A, Klonsky ED, Hajcak G. Autonomic impairment in Borderline Personality Disorder: A laboratory investigation. Brain Cogn 2009; 71:279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khiabani HZ, Mørland J, Bramness JG. Frequency and irregularity of heart rate in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of cannabis. Eur J Intern Med 2008; 19:608-12. [PMID: 19046727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major active component of cannabis. Cardiovascular effects of THC have previously been reported: tachycardia after intake, but also bradycardia at higher doses. The purpose of this study was, firstly, to investigate the frequency and irregularity of heart rate in a group of cannabis users in their natural surroundings. We also compared THC-positive drivers with a regular pulse with THC-positive drivers with an irregular pulse. METHODS The division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse (DFTDA) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Heath analyzes blood samples from all drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. We studied pulse rate and regularity in 502 THC-positive drivers who tested negative for other substances. As a control group, we randomly selected 125 drug-negative cases from the database of the DFTDA; no alcohol, narcotics, or medicinal drugs of abuse were detected. RESULTS The Delta9-THC-positive drivers had a higher mean pulse rate than the control group [82.8 beats/min (SD 16.3) versus 75.6 beats/min (SD 9.2)] and more cases with tachycardia were detected in the Delta9-THC-positive group (19.4% versus 1.6%). There was only one driver with an irregular heart beat in the control group, while there were nine among the Delta9-THC-positive drivers. The drivers with an irregular pulse were over-represented amongst those with the lowest blood Delta9-THC concentrations. CONCLUSION This report represents a large study of subjects in a real-life situation and includes observations on pulse frequency, regularity, and blood Delta9-THC concentration. A substantial fraction of Delta9-THC-positive drivers had tachycardia, but there was no correlation between blood Delta9-THC concentration and pulse rate in the present study. We had no further diagnostic information on the cause of the pulse irregularities, but our results indicate that occasional users of cannabis tend to have irregular heart rates at low THC concentrations and at low pulse rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Z Khiabani
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Post Office Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo Norway.
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Abstract
Betel-quid is widely used around the world as a stimulant for the autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of betel-quid chewing on autonomic nervous modulation by using spectral heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Twenty healthy young adults were included in this study. Each subject chewed a single betel-quid containing one betel nut or a piece of chewing-gum for 60 min on different days in random order. Spectral HRV measures were obtained before, and 5, 30 and 60 min after starting to chew betel-quid or gum. Sequential changes in HRV measures were compared between chewing gum and betel-quid. Heart rate was significantly elevated after 5 min chewing betel-quid, but not after chewing gum. The normalized low-frequency power and low-/high-frequency power ratio were elevated after 5 min chewing gum or betel-quid; however, the normalized high-frequency power was reduced after 5 min chewing gum or betel-quid. The percentage changes in total power after 5, 30 and 60 min chewing betel-quid were significantly lower than those after chewing gum. This study confirms that novice chewing of betel-quid modulates autonomic nervous system activity; transiently enhancing sympathetic activity and gradually suppressing vagal activity in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-S Chiou
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate excessive tearfulness as a sign to help determine the etiology of depressive symptoms. METHODS Clinicians were instructed to document the occurrence of excessive tearfulness in all patients seen in the Psychiatric Emergency Service. Excessive tearfulness was defined as crying to the severity that at least 1 tear drops off the face. A comparison group was formed from the general population of the Psychiatric Emergency Service. RESULTS Excessive tearfulness was documented in 36 different patients. The prevalence of the sign in the general population was 1.9%. Patients with excessive tearfulness were more likely to have cocaine in their urine (P < .0001, chi(2) test), receive a substance-related primary diagnosis (P < .0001, chi(2) test), and be admitted for psychiatric hospitalization (P < .001 chi(2) test). Patients with excessive tearfulness had significantly shorter voluntary hospital stays (P < .05, t test). CONCLUSION Excessive tearfulness could be a useful clinical sign of cocaine-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarkowski
- Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA.
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Abstract
Cocaine-related myocardial infarction is a well-known phenomenon. Concurrent heroin use can mask signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction. We discuss an unusual presentation of myocardial infarction, associated with both cocaine and heroin ("speedball") self-injection, that initially went undiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Attaran
- University of Arizona Affiliated Hospitals, University Medical Center, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Abstract
Autonomic responses to mental tasks requiring sustained attention were examined in individuals with autism and age- and ability-matched controls. Cardiac autonomic function (CAF) was evaluated based on heart rate variability. While the control group showed a significant decrease in the parasympathetic function during mental tasks, the autistic group showed no significant changes in CAF. When examined individually, parasympathetic function was suppressed in all subjects in the control group. On the other hand, parasympathetic function was activated in half of the autistic subjects. The paradoxical autonomic response suggests that some autistic subjects were more stressed under 'resting' conditions than while performing mechanical or repetitive mental tasks. The results seem to support autonomic hyperarousal in some people with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomi Toichi
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Human epilepsy is associated with abnormalities in cardiac regulation, as measured by reductions of heart rate variability (HRV) and approximate entropy (ApEn), but it is not known how these abnormalities are related to seizure experience. METHODS Baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded from seizure-naive rats. They were subjected daily to maximal electroshock (MES), which induced tonic seizures with hindlimb extension, for a total of 10 days. ECG was obtained for 30 min before and after the first and last seizure. R-R variability, spectral variability, and ApEn were calculated to determine changes in pre- and postictal cardiac regulation. Before the last seizure, interictal parameters were compared with baseline values to determine changes in interictal HRV as a consequence of seizure repetition. Postictal values obtained after the last seizure were compared with the initial postictal data to look for changes in postictal cardiac regulation. RESULTS During the postictal state, a mild, but significant, loss of ApEn was present after either the first or last seizure. Seizure repetition induced loss of R-R variability and high-frequency spectral band, which was present both interictally and postictally. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that convulsive seizures are associated with an immediate reduction of the complexity of cardiac rhythm regulation, as reflected by reductions of ApEn. Seizure repetition may induce long-term neural abnormalities in neurocardiac regulatory systems, especially parasympathetic, which limit appropriate autonomic responses. These acquired abnormalities may, in turn, predispose individuals to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean K Naritoku
- Neurology and Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794, USA
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Abstract
Substance abuse with cocaine is associated with multiple cardiovascular conditions, including myocardial infarction, dissection, left ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, sudden death, and cardiomyopathy. Cocaine has effects to potentiate the physiologic actions of catecholamines and has direct effects on voltage-dependent sodium ion channels related to local anesthetic properties. The effects of cocaine can be augmented with concomitant alcohol consumption. Acute myocardial ischemia caused by cocaine may be related to in situ thromboisis and/or coronary vasospasm. Treatment strategies for cocaine-induced myocardial infarction would include antiplatelet therapy, thrombolysis, and vasodilators (eg, nitrates, nifedipine). Beta-adrenergic blockers should not be used unless concomitant vasodilator therapy is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Frishman
- Departments of Medicine, The New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic control of the heart. After intrauterine cocaine exposure, asymptomatic newborn infants within 72 hours of life have decreased HRV. It is unknown whether these alterations are transient (acute effect) or persist in older infants and possibly reflect a teratogenic effect of cocaine. METHODS This study prospectively evaluated HRV in 2- to 6-month-old infants who were exposed to cocaine in-utero (Group 1, n = 71). Their data were compared to normal controls (Group 3, n = 77) and to newborns exposed to drugs other than cocaine (Group 2, n = 89). Based on our previous study, heavy and light cocaine exposure was also defined a priori as the amount of cocaine used during the pregnancy that was more than or less than the 70th percentile, respectively. RESULTS At the age of 2 to 6 months, infants with in-utero cocaine exposure had higher vagal tone and higher HRV (total power) than normal controls (no exposure to drugs). Most of this increase in vagal tone occurred in the light-cocaine-exposure group. HRV and vagal tone in the heavy-cocaine-exposure group were similar to the noncocaine-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS At 2 to 6 months of age, asymptomatic infants exposed to cocaine in-utero have recovered from lower HRV seen within 72 hours of age. Infants exposed to light cocaine recovered by a rebound by increasing their vagal tone to above-normal levels. A similar response was blunted in heavily-cocaine-exposed infants. These alterations noted at follow up suggest a possible teratogenic effect of cocaine on the developing autonomic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Ken Mehta
- Fairview Hospital and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44111-5656, USA.
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Abstract
Abnormal heart rate characteristics of reduced variability and transient decelerations are present early in the course of neonatal sepsis. To investigate the dynamics, we calculated sample entropy, a similar but less biased measure than the popular approximate entropy. Both calculate the probability that epochs of window length m that are similar within a tolerance r remain similar at the next point. We studied 89 consecutive admissions to a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit, among whom there were 21 episodes of sepsis, and we performed numerical simulations. We addressed the fundamental issues of optimal selection of m and r and the impact of missing data. The major findings are that entropy falls before clinical signs of neonatal sepsis and that missing points are well tolerated. The major mechanism, surprisingly, is unrelated to the regularity of the data: entropy estimates inevitably fall in any record with spikes. We propose more informed selection of parameters and reexamination of studies where approximate entropy was interpreted solely as a regularity measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Lake
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac autonomic changes accompany complex partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and participate, at least partially, in the sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the simplest ways of providing insight into autonomic functions. The entropy quantifies the repetition of complex patterns in a signal and refers to systems randomness, regularity, and predictability. Clinical investigations have reported that entropy decreases in patients with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of the maximal electroshock (MES) on the entropy of HRV, monitored in the immediate postictal stage in the model of the freely moving rat. METHODS Entropy changes were correlated with the high and low frequencies of spectral analysis, which reflect the participation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. RESULTS MES-induced arrhythmia is characterized by an HRV increase, an imbalance in favor of the parasympathetic activity, and a decrease in the entropy. Entropy decrease was restricted to the duration of the arrhythmia, suggesting that the postictal arrhythmia may be associated with a higher risk of lethal cardiac complications. Nevertheless, entropy changes did not correlate with spectral changes. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the imbalance demonstrated in the spectral domain explains only partially the contribution of each autonomic system in the complexity of the heart rate during the postictal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Darbin
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9637, U.S.A
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