Time to byte the bullet?

Principles for formulating parenteral nutrition for neonates

Total parenteral nutrition in humans began with work on neonates, and every year since then there have been important new discoveries. In the past 12 months there have been important new preliminary findings in parenteral nutrition cholestasis, and in bone mineralization. There has been further work on clinical pathways and other aspects of quality assurance, and scientists continue to find new aspects.

Basic principles for compounding all-in-one parenteral nutrition admixtures

Parenteral nutrition admixtures are complex pharmaceutical entities. The more closely they are examined, the more physico-chemical interactions emerge that could potentially affect stability. The move towards large scale hospital or commercial preparation, with a requirement for extended shelf life, and the increasing use of admixtures as vehicles for drugs and pharmaconutrients have created new formulation challenges for pharmaceutical scientists.