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Anjos MC, Campos LC, Depes VCA, Faccin TC, Pereira PFV, Bracarense APFRL, Flaiban KKMC, Lisbôa JAN. Accidental monensin poisoning in goats. Toxicon 2023; 235:107314. [PMID: 37857004 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Sodium monensin is the most frequently used ionophore as a growth promoter in ruminant diets. It has numerous benefits; however its toxic effects have also been observed in several animal species. Naturally occurring cases have not yet been reported in goats. This study describes an outbreak of accidental poisoning, characterizing its clinical, laboratory and pathological findings. Thirty-seven of 40 Anglo Nubian goat kids became intoxicated after receiving a diet that was erroneously supplemented with sodium monensin. They ingested an estimated toxic dose between 25 and 39 mg/kg BW. Clinical evolution was monitored (n = 27), followed by serum creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities measurements, and blood gas analysis. Postmortem examinations were performed between 1 and 8 days of evolution (n = 14). Clinical signs began 5 h after ingestion and included reticuloruminal hypomotility, lethargy, anorexia, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, wet cough, pulmonary and tracheal crackles, and serous nasal discharge. The morbidity and lethality rates were 92.5 and 62.1%, respectively. CK and AST activities increased, reaching median values of 10,860 and 1596 U/L, respectively; the hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was mild. The lesions were characterized by degeneration and necrosis of the cardiac and skeletal muscles, pulmonary congestion and edema, and passive liver congestion. The kids essentially developed cardiomyopathy with left and right congestive heart failures. Unlike in other ruminant species, skeletal muscle functional disability was infrequent. It can be concluded that monensin is toxic to goats and should be used with caution in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Anjos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - L C Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - V C A Depes
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - T C Faccin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - P F V Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A P F R L Bracarense
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - K K M C Flaiban
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J A N Lisbôa
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, S/n, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Woodward KN. Veterinary pharmacovigilance. Part 3. Adverse effects of veterinary medicinal products in animals and on the environment. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:171-84. [PMID: 15842306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Like humans, animals may experience adverse effects when treated with medicinal products. These effects may be related to the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the substances used or they may arise because of hypersensitivity. Veterinary medicinal products may also possess the ability to harm the environment. This paper reviews the potential of veterinary medicinal products to cause adverse effects in animals and on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Woodward
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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