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H +-Translocating Membrane-Bound Pyrophosphatase from Rhodospirillum rubrum Fuels Escherichia coli Cells via an Alternative Pathway for Energy Generation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020294. [PMID: 36838259 PMCID: PMC9959109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) catalyze an essential reaction, namely, the hydrolysis of PPi, which is formed in large quantities as a side product of numerous cellular reactions. In the majority of living species, PPi hydrolysis is carried out by soluble cytoplasmic PPase (S-PPases) with the released energy dissipated in the form of heat. In Rhodospirillum rubrum, part of this energy can be conserved by proton-pumping pyrophosphatase (H+-PPaseRru) in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient for further ATP synthesis. Here, the codon-harmonized gene hppaRru encoding H+-PPaseRru was expressed in the Escherichia coli chromosome. We demonstrate, for the first time, that H+-PPaseRru complements the essential native S-PPase in E. coli cells. 13C-MFA confirmed that replacing native PPase to H+-PPaseRru leads to the re-distribution of carbon fluxes; a statistically significant 36% decrease in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle fluxes was found compared with wild-type E. coli MG1655. Such a flux re-distribution can indicate the presence of an additional method for energy generation (e.g., ATP), which can be useful for the microbiological production of a number of compounds, the biosynthesis of which requires the consumption of ATP.
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Li X, Chen J, Andersen JM, Chu J, Jensen PR. Cofactor Engineering Redirects Secondary Metabolism and Enhances Erythromycin Production in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:655-670. [PMID: 32078772 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharopolyspora erythraea is used for industrial erythromycin production. To explore the physiological role of intracellular energy state in metabolic regulation by S. erythraea, we initially overexpressed the F1 part of the endogenous F1F0-ATPase in the high yielding erythromycin producing strain E3. The F1-ATPase expression resulted in lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios, which was accompanied by a strong increase in the production of a reddish pigment and a decreased erythromycin production. Subsequent transcriptional analysis revealed that the lower intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios exerted a pleotropic regulation on the metabolism of S. erythraea. The lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios induced physiological changes to restore the energy balance, mainly via pathways that tend to produce ATP or regenerate NADH. The F1-ATPase overexpression strain exhibited a state of redox stress, which was correlated to an alteration of electron transport at the branch of the terminal oxidases, and S. erythraea channeled the enhanced glycolytic flux toward a reddish pigment in order to reduce NADH formation. The production of erythromycin was decreased, which is in accordance with the net ATP requirement and the excess NADH formed through this pathway. Partial growth inhibition by apramycin increased the intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and demonstrated a positive correlation between [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and erythromycin synthesis. Finally, overexpression of the entire F1F0-ATPase complex resulted in 28% enhanced erythromycin production and markedly reduced pigment synthesis in E3. The work illustrates a feasible strategy to optimize the distribution of fluxes in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jun Chen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim M. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter R. Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Luo Z, Zeng W, Du G, Chen J, Zhou J. Enhanced Pyruvate Production in Candida glabrata by Engineering ATP Futile Cycle System. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:787-795. [PMID: 30856339 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism plays an important role in the growth and central metabolic pathways of cells. Manipulating energy metabolism is an efficient strategy to improve the formation of target products and to understand the effects of altering intracellular energy levels on global metabolic networks. Candida glabrata, as a dominant yeast strain for producing pyruvate, principally converts glucose to pyruvate through the glycolytic pathway. However, this process can be severely inhibited by a high intracellular ATP content. Here, in combination with the physiological characteristics of C. glabrata, efforts have been made to construct an ATP futile cycle system (ATP-FCS) in C. glabrata to decrease the intracellular ATP level without destroying F0F1-ATPase function. ATP-FCS was capable of decreasing the intracellular ATP level by 51.0% in C. glabrata. The decrease in the ATP level directly led to an increased pyruvate production and glycolysis efficiency. Moreover, we further optimized different aspects of the ATP-FCS to maximize pyruvate accumulation. Combining ATP-FCS with further genetic optimization strategies, we achieved a final pyruvate titer of 40.2 g/L, with 4.35 g pyruvate/g dry cell weight and a 0.44 g/g substrate conversion rate in 500 mL flasks, which represented increases of 98.5%, 322.3%, and 160%, respectively, compared with the original strain. Thus, these strategies hold great potential for increasing the synthesis of other organic acids in microbes.
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Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y. Regulation of glycolytic flux and overflow metabolism depending on the source of energy generation for energy demand. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:284-305. [PMID: 30576718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overflow metabolism is a common phenomenon observed at higher glycolytic flux in many bacteria, yeast (known as Crabtree effect), and mammalian cells including cancer cells (known as Warburg effect). This phenomenon has recently been characterized as the trade-offs between protein costs and enzyme efficiencies based on coarse-graining approaches. Moreover, it has been recognized that the glycolytic flux increases as the source of energy generation changes from energetically efficient respiration to inefficient respiro-fermentative or fermentative metabolism causing overflow metabolism. It is highly desired to clarify the metabolic regulation mechanisms behind such phenomena. Metabolic fluxes are located on top of the hierarchical regulation systems, and represent the outcome of the integrated response of all levels of cellular regulation systems. In the present article, we discuss about the different levels of regulation systems for the modulation of fluxes depending on the growth rate, growth condition such as oxygen limitation that alters the metabolism towards fermentation, and genetic perturbation affecting the source of energy generation from respiration to respiro-fermentative metabolism in relation to overflow metabolism. The intracellular metabolite of the upper glycolysis such as fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) plays an important role not only for flux sensing, but also for the regulation of the respiratory activity either directly or indirectly (via transcription factors) at higher growth rate. The glycolytic flux regulation is backed up (enhanced) by unphosphorylated EIIA and HPr of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) components, together with the sugar-phosphate stress regulation, where the transcriptional regulation is further modulated by post-transcriptional regulation via the degradation of mRNA (stability of mRNA) in Escherichia coli. Moreover, the channeling may also play some role in modulating the glycolytic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuoka
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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Liu M, Cao Z. Regulation of NADH Oxidase Expression via a Thermo-regulated Genetic Switch for Pyruvate Production in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Improvement of pyruvate production based on regulation of intracellular redox state in engineered Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Yang M, Mu T, Zhong W, Olajuyin A, Xing J. Analysis of gluconate metabolism for pyruvate production in engineeredEscherichia colibased on genome-wide transcriptomes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:165-172. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - T. Mu
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - W. Zhong
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - A.M. Olajuyin
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J. Xing
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Yang M, Zhang X. Construction of pyruvate producing strain with intact pyruvate dehydrogenase and genome-wide transcription analysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:59. [PMID: 28243982 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To obtain strain YP211 with a high tendency for accumulating pyruvate, central metabolic pathways were modified in Escherichia coli MG1655. Specifically, seven genes (ldhA, pflB, pta-ackA, poxB, ppc, frdBC) were knocked out sequentially and full pyruvate dehydrogenase was retained. In batch fermentation with M9 medium, pyruvate yield and production rate reached 0.63 g/g glucose and 1.89 g/(1 h), respectively. Meanwhile, the production of acetate, succinate, and other carboxylates was effectively controlled. To understand the physiological observations, we further completed genome-wide transcription analysis of wild-type and YP211. As the acetic acid pathways were blocked, the pathways of convertion of pyruvate to phosphoenol pyruvate and acetyl CoA were enhanced. The transcription of pck, as an alternative gene for ppc, was increased by 2.6 times. So even if gene ppc was inactivated, the tricarboxylic acid pathway was still enhanced in YP211. In order to balance intracellular NADH/NAD+, oxidative phosphorylation and flagellar assembly system were also up-regulated significantly. Biochemical pathways involved in pyruvate accumulation in YP211 (a). Transcriptional differences of genes related to pyruvate metabolism between strain YP211 and E. coli wild-type (b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Yang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 202 North Industrial Road, Ji'nan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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Maeda S, Shimizu K, Kihira C, Iwabu Y, Kato R, Sugimoto M, Fukiya S, Wada M, Yokota A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulator (PdhR) gene deletion boosts glucose metabolism in Escherichia coli under oxygen-limited culture conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:437-443. [PMID: 28007420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulator (PdhR) is a transcriptional regulator that negatively regulates formation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc), NADH dehydrogenase (NDH)-2, and cytochrome bo3 oxidase in Escherichia coli. To investigate the effects of a PdhR defect on glucose metabolism, a pdhR deletion mutant was derived from the wild-type E. coli W1485 strain by λ Red-mediated recombination. While no difference in the fermentation profiles was observed between the two strains under oxygen-sufficient conditions, under oxygen-limited conditions, the growth level of the wild-type strain was significantly decreased with retarded glucose consumption accompanied by by-production of substantial amounts of pyruvic acid and acetic acid. In contrast, the mutant grew and consumed glucose more efficiently than did the wild-type strain with enhanced respiration, little by-production of pyruvic acid, less production yield and rates of acetic acid, thus displaying robust metabolic activity. As expected, increased activities of PDHc and NDH-2 were observed in the mutant. The increased activity of PDHc may explain the loss of pyruvic acid by-production, probably leading to decreased acetic acid formation, and the increased activity of NDH-2 may explain the enhanced respiration. Measurement of the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio in the mutant revealed more oxidative or more reductive intracellular environments than those in the wild-type strain under oxygen-sufficient and -limited conditions, respectively, suggesting another role of PdhR: maintaining redox balance in E. coli. The overall results demonstrate the biotechnological advantages of pdhR deletion in boosting glucose metabolism and also improve our understanding of the role of PdhR in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soya Maeda
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Chie Kihira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yuki Iwabu
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Masaru Wada
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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ATP-Based Ratio Regulation of Glucose and Xylose Improved Succinate Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157775. [PMID: 27315279 PMCID: PMC4912068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously engineered E. coli YL104H to efficiently produce succinate from glucose. Furthermore, the present study proved that YL104H could also co-utilize xylose and glucose for succinate production. However, anaerobic succinate accumulation using xylose as the sole carbon source failed, probably because of an insufficient supply of energy. By analyzing the ATP generation under anaerobic conditions in the presence of glucose or xylose, we indicated that succinate production was affected by the intracellular ATP level, which can be simply regulated by the substrate ratio of xylose to glucose. This finding was confirmed by succinate production using an artificial mixture containing different xylose to glucose ratios. Using xylose mother liquor, a waste containing both glucose and xylose derived from xylitol production, a final succinate titer of 61.66 g/L with an overall productivity of 0.95 g/L/h was achieved, indicating that the regulation of the intracellular ATP level may be a useful and efficient strategy for succinate production and can be extended to other anaerobic processes.
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Xu H, Zhou Z, Wang C, Chen Z, Cai H. Enhanced succinic acid production in Corynebacterium glutamicum with increasing the available NADH supply and glucose consumption rate by decreasing H(+)-ATPase activity. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1181-6. [PMID: 27053082 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enhance succinic acid production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by increasing the supply of NADH and the rate of glucose consumption by decreasing H(+)-ATPase activity. RESULTS A mutant of C. glutamicum NC-3-1 with decreased H(+)-ATPase activity was constructed. This increased the rate of glycolysis and the supply of NADH. Fermentation of C. glutamicum NC-3-1 gave 39 % higher succinic acid production (113 and 81 g/l), a 29 % higher succinic acid yield (0.94 and 0.73 g succinic acid/g glucose) and decreased by-products formation compared to that of C. glutamicum NC-3 in 5 l bioreactor. CONCLUSION The point mutation in C. glutamicum NC-3-1 increased the rate of glycolysis and resulted in higher succinic acid production, higher succinic acid yield and significantly decreased formation of by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Heng Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Enhanced Valine Production inCorynebacterium glutamicumwith Defective H+-ATPase and C-Terminal Truncated Acetohydroxyacid Synthase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:2959-65. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Aoki R, Wada M, Takesue N, Tanaka K, Yokota A. Enhanced Glutamic Acid Production by a H+-ATPase-Defective Mutant ofCorynebacterium glutamicum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:1466-72. [PMID: 16116273 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that a mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC14067 with reduced H+-ATPase activity, F172-8, showed an approximately two times higher specific rate of glucose consumption than the parent, but no glutamic acid productivity under the standard biotin-limited culture conditions, where biotin concentration was set at 5.5 microg/l in the production medium (Sekine et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 57, 534-540 (2001)). In this study, various culture conditions were tested to check the glutamic acid productivity of strain F172-8. The mutant was found to produce glutamic acid under exhaustive biotin limitation, where the biotin concentration of the medium was set at 2.5 microg/l with much smaller inoculum size. When strain F172-8 was cultured under the same biotin-limited conditions using a jar fermentor, 53.7 g/l of glutamic acid was produced from 100 g/l glucose, while the parent produced 34.9 g/l of glutamic acid in a medium with 5.5 microg/l biotin. The glutamic acid yield of strain F172-8 also increased under Tween 40-triggered production conditions (1.2-fold higher than the parent strain). The amounts of biotin-binding enzymes were investigated by Western blot analysis. As compared to the parent, the amount of pyruvate carboxylase was lower in the mutant; however, the amount of acetyl-CoA carboxylase did not significantly change under the glutamic acid production conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that the H+-ATPase-defective mutant of C. glutamicum is useful in glutamic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Aoki
- Laboratory of Microbial Resources and Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Li S, Chen X, Liu L, Chen J. Pyruvate production inCandida glabrata: manipulation and optimization of physiological function. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 36:1-10. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.811636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ojima Y, Matsuo N, Suparman A, Suryadarma P, Taya M. Altered redox status in Escherichia coli cells enhances pyruvate production in pH-adjusting culture with a fermenter. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:377-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Enhanced acetoin production by Serratia marcescens H32 using statistical optimization and a two-stage agitation speed control strategy. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Metabolomics analysis of Cistus monspeliensis leaf extract on energy metabolism activation in human intestinal cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:428514. [PMID: 22523469 PMCID: PMC3317194 DOI: 10.1155/2012/428514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a very important process to improve and maintain health from the point of view of physiology. It is well known that the intracellular ATP production is contributed to energy metabolism in cells. Cistus monspeliensis is widely used as tea, spices, and medical herb; however, it has not been focusing on the activation of energy metabolism. In this study, C. monspeliensis was investigated as the food resources by activation of energy metabolism in human intestinal epithelial cells. C. monspeliensis extract showed high antioxidant ability. In addition, the promotion of metabolites of glycolysis and TCA cycle was induced by C. monspeliensis treatment. These results suggest that C. monspeliensis extract has an ability to enhance the energy metabolism in human intestinal cells.
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Ojima Y, Suryadarma P, Tsuchida K, Taya M. Accumulation of pyruvate by changing the redox status in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:889-93. [PMID: 22215378 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate was produced from glucose by Escherichia coli BW25113 that contained formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Mycobacterium vaccae. In aerobic shake-flask culture (K (L) a = 4.9 min(-1)), the recombinant strain produced 6.7 g pyruvate l(-1) after 24 h with 4 g sodium formate l(-1) and a yield of 0.34 g pyruvate g glucose(-1). These values were higher than those of the original strain (0.2 g l(-1) pyruvate and 0.02 g pyruvate g glucose(-1)). Based on the reaction mechanism of FDH, the introduction of FDH into E. coli enhances the accumulation of pyruvate by the regeneration of NADH from NAD(+) since NAD(+) is a shared cosubstrate with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which decarboxylates pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). The oxygenation level was enough high to inactivate lactate dehydrogenase, which was of benefit to pyruvate accumulation without lactate as a by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ojima
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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Sawada K, Kato Y, Imai K, Li L, Wada M, Matsushita K, Yokota A. Mechanism of increased respiration in an H+-ATPase-defective mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 113:467-73. [PMID: 22188772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a spontaneous H(+)-ATPase-defective mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum, F172-8, derived from C. glutamicum ATCC 14067, showed enhanced glucose consumption and respiration rates. To investigate the genome-based mechanism of enhanced respiration rate in such C. glutamicum mutants, A-1, an H(+)-ATPase-defective mutant derived from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, which harbors the same point mutation as F172-8, was used in this study. A-1 showed similar fermentation profiles to F172-8 when cultured in a jar fermentor. Enzyme activity measurements, quantitative real-time PCR, and DNA microarray analysis suggested that A-1 enhanced malate:quinone oxidoreductase/malate dehydrogenase and l-lactate dehydrogenase/NAD(+)-dependent-lactate dehydrogenase coupling reactions, but not NADH dehydrogenase-II, for reoxidation of the excess NADH arising from enhanced glucose consumption. A-1 also up-regulated succinate dehydrogenase, which may result in the relief of excess proton-motive force (pmf) in the H(+)-ATPase mutant. In addition, the transcriptional level of cytochrome bd oxidase, but not cytochrome bc(1)-aa(3), also increased, which may help prevent the excess pmf generation caused by enhanced respiration. These results indicate that C. glutamicum possesses intriguing strategies for coping with NADH over-accumulation. Furthermore, these mechanisms are different from those in Escherichia coli, even though the two species use similar strategies to prevent excess pmf generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sawada
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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Zhou J, Huang L, Liu L, Chen J. Enhancement of pyruvate productivity by inducible expression of a F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor INH1 in Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:120-6. [PMID: 19761804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a controllable intracellular ATP content regulation system applied to the enhancement of pyruvate production in Torulopsis glabrata. The INH1 gene, which encodes a F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was expressed under a copper ion inducible promoter in the pyruvate producer Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019. The resultant strain was designated as T. glabrata INH1. The induction efficiency was measured by the inducible expression of an enhanced green fluorescence protein. The copper inducible INH1 gene could control the intracellular ATP content (24 h) in an extensive range between 0.192 mmol/mg protein and 0.642 mmol/mg protein in a flask culture. With T. glabrataINH1, induction with 30 microM of Cu(2+) at 12 h in a 3 L fermentor improved pyruvate yield from glucose on biomass by 29% and its yield by 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Zhang Q, Xiu Z. Metabolic pathway analysis of glycerol metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae incorporating oxygen regulatory system. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:103-15. [PMID: 19224565 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that environmental and genetic perturbations have major effects on the metabolic behavior of cells. In this work, a model that utilizes existing knowledge of oxygen and redox sensing/regulatory system to assist elementary flux modes (EFMs) has been developed and was carried out to predict the metabolic potential of Klebsiella pneumoniae for the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. It was found that the theoretical optimal 1,3-PD yield could reach to 0.844 mol mol(-1) if the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and transhydrogenase had a high flux under anaerobic condition. However, PPP had little influence on the theoretical 1,3-PD yield, and the flux through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was high under aerobic conditions. In addition, the effect of oxygen level on the 1,3-PD and biomass was further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Zhang
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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23
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Zhou J, Liu L, Shi Z, Du G, Chen J. ATP in current biotechnology: regulation, applications and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 27:94-101. [PMID: 19026736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the most important energy source for metabolic reactions and pathways, plays a vital role in the growth of industrial strain and the production of target metabolites. In this review, current advances in manipulating ATP in industrial strains, including altering NADH availability, and regulating NADH oxidation pathway, oxygen supply, proton gradient, the electron transfer chain activity and the F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity, are summarized and discussed. By applying these strategies, optimal product concentrations, yields and productivity in industrial biotechnology have been achieved. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which ATP extends the substrate utilization spectra and enhances the ability to challenge harsh environmental stress have been elucidated. Finally, three critical issues related to ATP manipulation have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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24
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Wada M, Narita K, Yokota A. Alanine production in an H+-ATPase- and lactate dehydrogenase-defective mutant of Escherichia coli expressing alanine dehydrogenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:819-25. [PMID: 17583806 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that pyruvate production was markedly improved in TBLA-1, an H(+)-ATPase-defective Escherichia coli mutant derived from W1485lip2, a pyruvate-producing E. coli K-12 strain. TBLA-1 produced more than 30 g/l pyruvate from 50 g/l glucose by jar fermentation, while W1485lip2 produced only 25 g/l pyruvate (Yokota et al. in Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58:2164-2167, 1994b). In this study, we tested the ability of TBLA-1 to produce alanine by fermentation. The alanine dehydrogenase (ADH) gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus was introduced into TBLA-1, and direct fermentation of alanine from glucose was carried out. However, a considerable amount of lactate was also produced. To reduce lactate accumulation, we knocked out the lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhA) in TBLA-1. This alanine dehydrogenase-expressing and lactate dehydrogenase-defective mutant of TBLA-1 produced 20 g/l alanine from 50 g/l glucose after 24 h of fermentation. The molar conversion ratio of glucose to alanine was 41%, which is the highest level of alanine production reported to date. This is the first report to show that an H(+)-ATPase-defective mutant of E. coli can be used for amino acid production. Our results further indicate that H(+)-ATPase-defective mutants may be used for fermentative production of various compounds, including alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Wada
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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25
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Liu L, Li Y, Li H, Chen J. Significant increase of glycolytic flux in Torulopsis glabrata by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. FEMS Yeast Res 2007; 6:1117-29. [PMID: 16972982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at increasing the glycolytic flux of the multivitamin-auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata by disturbing oxidative phosphorylation. We examined two different strategies to impede oxidative phosphorylation. The first strategy was disruption of the activity of the electron transfer chain (ETC), by either of two approaches. One was separately adding, at 10 mg L1, specific inhibitors of complex I (rotenone) or of the bc1 complex (antimycin A) to the culture broth of T. glabrata CCTCC M202019, which resulted in significantly decreased intracellular ATP levels (43% and 27.7%) and significantly increased rates of glucose consumption (qs) and pyruvate production (qp); another approach was breeding a respiratory-deficient mutant RD-16, in which cytochromes aa3 and b in the ETC were deleted after ethidium bromide mutagenesis, to reduce the ETC activity constitutively. The second strategy was inhibiting F0F1-ATP synthase with 0.05 mM oligomycin. Also, a neomycin-resistant mutant with 65% decreased F0F1-ATPase activity was studied. With the two strategies, the specific activity of phosphofructokinase (R2=0.9971), the average specific glucose consumption rate (R2=0.9967) and the average specific pyruvate production rate (R2=0.965) were closely correlated with the intracellular ATP level, all of them being increased at a lower intracellular ATP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, China
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26
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Liu LM, Li Y, Du GC, Chen J. Increasing glycolytic flux in Torulopsis glabrata by redirecting ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation to substrate-level phosphorylation. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:1043-53. [PMID: 16630005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed at further increasing the pyruvate productivity of a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata by redirecting ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation to substrate-level phosphorylation. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined two strategies to decrease the activity of F0F1-ATPase. The strategies were to inhibit F0F1-ATPase activity by addition of oligomycin, or to disrupt F0F1-ATPase by screening neomycin-resistant mutant. The addition of 0.05 mmol l(-1) oligomycin to the culture broth of T. glabrata CCTCC M202019 resulted in a significantly decreased intracellular ATP level (35.7%) and a significantly increased glucose consumption rate (49.7%). A neomycin-resistant mutant N07 was screened and selected after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of the parent strain T. glabrata CCTCC M202019. Compared with the parent strain, the F0F1-ATPase activity of the mutant N07 decreased about 65%. As a consequence, intracellular ATP level of the mutant N07 decreased by 24%, which resulted in a decreased growth rate and growth yield. As expected, glucose consumption rate and pyruvate productivity of the mutant N07 increased by 34% and 42.9%, respectively. Consistently, the activities of key glycolytic enzymes of the mutant N07, including phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased by 63.7%, 28.8% and 14.4%, respectively. In addition, activities of the key enzymes involved in electron transfer chain of the mutant N07 also increased. CONCLUSIONS Impaired oxidative phosphorylation in T. glabrata leads to a decreased intracellular ATP production, thereby increasing the glycolytic flux. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The strategy of redirecting ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation to substrate-level phosphorylation provides an alternative approach to enhance the glycolytic flux in eukaryotic micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, China
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27
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Liu L, Li Y, Zhu Y, Du G, Chen J. Redistribution of carbon flux in Torulopsis glabrata by altering vitamin and calcium level. Metab Eng 2006; 9:21-9. [PMID: 17008113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of cofactor (thiamine, biotin and Ca(2+)) levels as a potential tool to redistribute carbon flux was studied in Torulopsis glabrata. With sub-optimization of vitamin in fermentation medium, the carbon flux was blocked at the key node of pyruvate, and 69 g/L pyruvate was accumulated. Increasing the concentrations of thiamine and biotin could selectively open the valve of carbon flux from pyruvate to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pyruvate carboxylase (PC) pathway and the channel into the TCA cycle, leading to the over-production of alpha-ketoglutarate. In addition, the activity of PC was enhanced with Ca(2+) present in fermentation medium. By combining high concentration's vitamins and CaCO(3) as the pH buffer, a batch culture was conducted in a 7-L fermentor, with the pyruvate concentration decreased to 21.8 g/L while alpha-ketoglutarate concentration increased to 43.7 g/L. Our study indicated that the metabolic flux could be redistributed to overproduce desired metabolites with manipulating the cofactor levels. Furthermore, the manipulation of vitamin level provided an alternative tool to realize metabolic engineering goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, China
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28
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Liu L, Li Y, Du G, Chen J. Redirection of the NADH oxidation pathway in Torulopsis glabrata leads to an enhanced pyruvate production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:377-85. [PMID: 16404561 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at increasing the pyruvate productivity of a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata by redirecting NADH oxidation from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-production pathway (oxidative phosphorylation pathway) to non-ATP production pathway (fermentative pathway). Two respiratory-deficient mutants, RD-17 and RD-18, were screened and selected after ethidium bromide (EtBr) mutagenesis of the parent strain T. glabrata CCTCC M202019. Compared with the parent strain, cytochrome aa (3) and b in electron transfer chain (ETC) of RD-18 and cytochrome b in RD-17 were disrupted. As a consequence, the activities of key ETC enzymes of the mutant RD-18, including F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase, complex I, complex I + III, complex II + III, and complex IV, decreased by 22.2, 41.6, 53.1, 23.6, and 84.7%, respectively. With the deficiency of cytochromes in ETC, a large amount of excessive cytosolic NADH was accumulated, which hampered the further increase of the glycolytic flux. An exogenous electron acceptor, acetaldehyde, was added to the strain RD-18 culture to oxidize the excessive NADH. Compared with the parent strain, the concentration of pyruvate and the glucose consumption rate of strain RD-18 were increased by 26.5 and 17.6%, respectively, upon addition of 2.1 mM of acetaldehyde. The strategy for increasing the glycolytic flux in T. glabrata by redirecting the NADH oxidation pathway may provide an alternative approach to enhance the glycolytic flux in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Yangtze University, 170 , Huihe Road, Wuxi, 214036, People's Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
The fluorescent glucose analog, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), was used to measure rates of glucose uptake by single Escherichia coli cells. When cell populations were exposed to the glucose analog, 2-NBDG was actively transported and accumulated in single cells to a steady-state level that depended upon its extracellular concentration, the glucose transport capacity of the cells, and the intracellular degradation rate. The dependence upon substrate concentration could be described according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent saturation constant KM = 1.75 microM, and maximum 2-NBDG uptake rate= 197 molecules/cell-second. Specificity of glucose transporters to the analog was confirmed by inhibition of uptake of 2-NBDG by D-glucose, 3-o-methyl glucose, and D-glucosamine, and lack of inhibition by L-glucose. Inhibition of 2-NBDG uptake by D-glucose was competitive in nature. The assay for 2-NBDG uptake is extremely sensitive such that the presence of even trace amounts of D-glucose in the culture medium (approximately 0.2 microM) is detectable. The rates of single-cell analog uptake were found to increase proportionally with cell size as measured by microscopy or single-cell light scattering intensity. The assay was used to identify and isolate mutant cells with altered glucose uptake characteristics. A mathematical model was developed to provide a theoretical basis for estimating single-cell glucose uptake rates from single-cell 2-NBDG uptake rates. The assay provides a novel means of estimating the instantaneous rates of nutrient depletion in the growth environment during a batch cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Natarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Biological Process Technology Institute, University of Minnesota, USA
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