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Differential activity of 2-methylene-19-nor vitamin D analogs on growth factor gene expression in rhino mouse skin and comparison to all-trans retinoic acid. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188887. [PMID: 29182680 PMCID: PMC5705097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While all 2-methylene-19-nor analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) tested produce an increase in epidermal thickness in the rhino mouse, only a subset reduce utricle size (comedolysis). All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) also causes epidermal thickening and a reduction in utricle size in the rhino mouse. We now report that 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxybishomopregnacalciferol (2MbisP), a comedolytic analog, increases epidermal thickening more rapidly than does atRA, while both reduce utricle area at an equal rate. Whereas unlike atRA, 2MbisP does not alter the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, it does increase the expression of both amphiregulin and epigen mRNA, even after a single dose. In situ hybridization reveals an increase in these transcripts throughout the closing utricle as well as in the interfollicular epidermis. The mRNAs for other EGFR ligands including betacellulin and transforming growth factor-α, as well as the epidermal growth factor receptor are largely unaffected by 2MbisP. Another analog, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-26,27-dimethylene-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (CAGE-3), produces epidermal thickening but fails to reduce utricle size or increase AREG mRNA levels. CAGE-3 modestly increases epigen mRNA levels, but only after 5 days of dosing. Thus, 2-MbisP produces unique changes in epidermal growth factor receptor ligand mRNAs that may be responsible for both epidermal proliferation and a reduction in utricle size.
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Yan XM, Seo MS, Hwang EJ, Cho IH, Hahn SK, Sohn UD. Improved synthesis of hyaluronic acid hydrogel and its effect on tissue augmentation. J Biomater Appl 2011; 27:179-86. [PMID: 21527495 DOI: 10.1177/0885328211398508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HA-HMDA hydrogels were developed by direct amide bond formation between the carboxyl groups of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) with an optimized carboxyl group modification in the preliminary experiment. However, these HA-HMDA hydrogels transformed into an unstable liquid form after steam sterilization, and were problematic for application to actual dermal filler. A new method to overcome the problem of the previously developed HA-HMDA hydrogels is to prepare them by adjusting the pH in this study. Not only are these improved HA-HMDA hydrogels prepared with lower amounts of cross-linking and activation agents compared to the previously developed hydrogels, but they also maintain a stable form after steam sterilization. These improved HA-HMDA hydrogels showed higher viscoelasticity and longer lasting effects than the previous ones, despite the fact that the amount of the HMDA used as a cross-linking agent as well as 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrated (HOBt) used as activation agents were substantially reduced. According to an in vivo test using a wrinkled mouse model, the improved HA-HMDA hydrogels exhibited significantly improved tissue augmentation effects compared to a positive control of Restylane, which is widely used for the tissue augmentation throughout the world. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed excellent biocompatibility and safety of the improved synthesized HA-HMDA hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Mei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Nieves NJ, Ahrens JM, Plum LA, DeLuca HF, Clagett-Dame M. Identification of a unique subset of 2-methylene-19-nor analogs of vitamin D with comedolytic activity in the rhino mouse. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2359-67. [PMID: 20535127 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), and a series of 2-methylene-19-nor analogs of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the size of utricles (comedolytic activity) in a rhino mouse model of acne. All analogs tested, as well as the native hormone, increased the skin epidermal thickness. In contrast, only a subset of analogs that lacked a full side chain and 25-hydroxyl group were found to possess comedolytic activity. A reduction in comedone area could be achieved without adversely affecting serum calcium levels. Although all compounds that contained a side chain ranging from 2 to 5 carbons in length had similar potency as comedolytic agents, increasing the length of the side chain resulted in a progressive increase in calcemic liability. Dose-response studies of the comedolytic analogs showed that an increase in epidermal thickness was achieved at a lower dose than that needed to induce comedolysis. Thus, we have identified a unique subset of vitamin D analogs that produce comedolysis in the absence of hypercalcemia. Further, the activity of vitamin D analogs in causing epidermal hyperproliferation has been distinguished from that resulting in a reduction in utricle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirca J Nieves
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Yeom J, Bhang SH, Kim BS, Seo MS, Hwang EJ, Cho IH, Park JK, Hahn SK. Effect of Cross-Linking Reagents for Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Dermal Fillers on Tissue Augmentation and Regeneration. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:240-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9002647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junseok Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Moo Seok Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Eui Jin Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Il Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Biotechnology Department, Central Research Institute of Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Company, 434-4 Moknae-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi 425-100, Korea
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Hayashi N, Watanabe H, Yasukawa H, Uratsuji H, Kanazawa H, Ishimaru M, Kotera N, Akatsuka M, Kawashima M. Comedolytic effect of topically applied active vitamin D3
analogue on pseudocomedones in the rhino mouse. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155:895-901. [PMID: 17034516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids and active vitamin D(3) analogues regulate the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and are effective in the treatment of psoriasis. Retinoids are known to be effective against acne vulgaris through comedolysis. However, the comedolytic effect of active vitamin D(3) analogues has not been reported. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether maxacalcitol, one of the active vitamin D(3) analogues, has a comedolytic effect by using spontaneously comedogenic rhino mice. METHODS Rhino mice were treated topically with tretinoin and maxacalcitol once daily for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The dermal side of the epidermal sheet was observed to determine the size of the utricle. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained vertical sections were used to measure utricle diameter and density and to evaluate histological changes. RESULTS Maxacalcitol (25 microg g(-1)) and tretinoin (0.1%) significantly decreased the size and the diameter of the utricle after 1 week of treatment. However, maxacalcitol did not affect the density while tretinoin did have an effect. Histopathologically, maxacalcitol and tretinoin markedly induced epidermal hyperplasia accompanied by a minor accumulation of inflammatory cells in the dermis, with and without hypercornification, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that maxacalcitol has a prominent effect on comedolysis and that its mechanism of action may be different from that of retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hayashi
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd, Chudoji, Kyoto 600-8815, Japan.
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Hara M, Ma T, Verkman AS. Selectively Reduced Glycerol in Skin of Aquaporin-3-deficient Mice May Account for Impaired Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Barrier Recovery. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46616-21. [PMID: 12270942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the epidermal water/glycerol transporter aquaporin-3 (AQP3) in mice reduced superficial skin conductance by approximately 2-fold (Ma, T., Hara, M., Sougrat, R., Verbavatz, J. M., and Verkman, A. S. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17147-17153), suggesting defective stratum corneum (SC) hydration. Here, we demonstrate significant impairment of skin hydration, elasticity, barrier recovery, and wound healing in AQP3 null mice in a hairless (SKH1) genetic background and investigate the cause of the functional defects by analysis of SC morphology and composition. Utilizing a novel (3)H(2)O distribution method, SC water content was reduced by approximately 50% in AQP3 null mice. Skin elasticity measured by cutometry was significantly reduced in AQP3 null mice with approximately 50% reductions in elasticity parameters Uf, Ue, and Ur. Although basal skin barrier function was not impaired, AQP3 deletion produced an approximately 2-fold delay in recovery of barrier function as measured by transepidermal water loss after tape stripping. Another biosynthetic skin function, wound healing, was also approximately 2-fold delayed by AQP3 deletion. By electron microscopy AQP3 deletion did not affect the structure of the unperturbed SC. The SC content of ions (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and small solutes (urea, lactic acid, glucose) was not affected by AQP3 deletion nor was the absolute amount or profile of lipids and free amino acids. However, AQP3 deletion produced significant reductions in glycerol content in SC and epidermis (in nmol/microg protein: 5.5 +/- 0.4 versus 2.3 +/- 0.7 in SC; 0.037 +/- 0.007 versus 0.022 +/- 0.005 in epidermis) but not in dermis or blood. These results establish hydration, mechanical, and biosynthetic defects in skin of AQP3-deficient mice. The selective reduction in epidermal and SC glycerol content in AQP3 null mice may account for these defects, providing the first functional evidence for physiologically important glycerol transport by an aquaporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, USA
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