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Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114454. [PMID: 35597009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a disease of poverty is a communicable infection with a reasonably high mortality rate worldwide. 10 Million new cases of TB were reported with approx 1.4 million deaths in the year 2019. Due to the growing number of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis cases, there is a vital need to develop new and effective candidates useful to combat this deadly disease. Despite tremendous efforts to identify a mechanism-based novel antitubercular agent, only a few have entered into clinical trials in the last six decades. In recent years, triazoles have been well explored as the most valuable scaffolds in drug discovery and development. Triazole framework possesses favorable properties like hydrogen bonding, moderate dipole moment, enhanced water solubility, and also the ability to bind effectively with biomolecular targets of M. tuberculosis and therefore this scaffold displayed excellent potency against TB. This review is an endeavor to summarize an up-to-date innovation of triazole-appended hybrids during the last 10 years having potential in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity with structure activity relationship analysis. This review may help medicinal chemists to explore the triazole scaffolds for the rational design of potent drug candidates having better efficacy, improved selectivity and minimal toxicity so that these hybrid NCEs can effectively be explored as potential lead to fight against M. tuberculosis.
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2
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Lu L, Åkerbladh L, Ahmad S, Konda V, Cao S, Vocat A, Maes L, Cole ST, Hughes D, Larhed M, Brandt P, Karlén A, Mowbray SL. Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Quinolinyl Pyrimidines Targeting Type II NADH-Dehydrogenase (NDH-2). ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:482-498. [PMID: 35184552 PMCID: PMC8922281 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Type II NADH dehydrogenase
(NDH-2) is an essential component of
electron transfer in many microbial pathogens but has remained largely
unexplored as a potential drug target. Previously, quinolinyl pyrimidines
were shown to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis NDH-2, as well as the growth of the bacteria [ShirudeP. S.; 2012, 3, 736−74024900541]. Here, we synthesized a number of novel quinolinyl pyrimidines
and investigated their properties. In terms of inhibition of the NDH-2
enzymes from M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis, the best compounds were
of similar potency to previously reported inhibitors of the same class
(half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in
the low-μM range). However, a number of the compounds had much
better activity against Gram-negative pathogens, with minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MICs) as low as 2 μg/mL. Multivariate analyses
(partial least-squares (PLS) and principle component analysis (PCA))
showed that overall ligand charge was one of the most important factors
in determining antibacterial activity, with patterns that varied depending
on the particular bacterial species. In some cases (e.g., mycobacteria), there was a clear correlation between the IC50 values and the observed MICs, while in other instances,
no such correlation was evident. When tested against a panel of protozoan
parasites, the compounds failed to show activity that was not linked
to cytotoxicity. Further, a strong correlation between hydrophobicity
(estimated as clog P) and cytotoxicity was
revealed; more hydrophobic analogues were more cytotoxic. By contrast,
antibacterial MIC values and cytotoxicity were not well correlated,
suggesting that the quinolinyl pyrimidines can be optimized further
as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Åkerbladh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box
574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shabbir Ahmad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vivek Konda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box
574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anthony Vocat
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SV/GHI/UPCOL, Global Health Institute, Station no. 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SV/GHI/UPCOL, Global Health Institute, Station no. 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box
574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box
574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box
574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sherry L. Mowbray
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box
596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Pleiotropic actions of phenothiazine drugs are detrimental to Gram-negative bacterial persister cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:217. [PMID: 35264714 PMCID: PMC8907348 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persister cells are temporarily tolerant to bactericidal antibiotics but are not necessarily dormant and may exhibit physiological activities leading to cell damage. Based on the link between fluoroquinolone-mediated SOS responses and persister cell recovery, we screened chemicals that target fluoroquinolone persisters. Metabolic inhibitors (e.g., phenothiazines) combined with ofloxacin (OFX) perturbed persister levels in metabolically active cell populations. When metabolically stimulated, intrinsically tolerant stationary phase cells also became OFX-sensitive in the presence of phenothiazines. The effects of phenothiazines on cell metabolism and physiology are highly pleiotropic: at sublethal concentrations, phenothiazines reduce cellular metabolic, transcriptional, and translational activities; impair cell repair and recovery mechanisms; transiently perturb membrane integrity; and disrupt proton motive force by dissipating the proton concentration gradient across the cell membrane. Screening a subset of mutant strains lacking membrane-bound proteins revealed the pleiotropic effects of phenothiazines potentially rely on their ability to inhibit a wide range of critical metabolic proteins. Altogether, our study further highlights the complex roles of metabolism in persister cell formation, survival and recovery, and suggests metabolic inhibitors such as phenothiazines can be selectively detrimental to persister cells.
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4
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Mi J, Gong W, Wu X. Advances in Key Drug Target Identification and New Drug Development for Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5099312. [PMID: 35252448 PMCID: PMC8896939 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5099312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious disease worldwide. The increasing emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has markedly hampered TB control. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-TB drugs to treat drug-resistant TB and shorten the standard therapy. The discovery of targets of drug action will lay a theoretical foundation for new drug development. With the development of molecular biology and the success of Mtb genome sequencing, great progress has been made in the discovery of new targets and their relevant inhibitors. In this review, we summarized 45 important drug targets and 15 new drugs that are currently being tested in clinical stages and several prospective molecules that are still at the level of preclinical studies. A comprehensive understanding of the drug targets of Mtb can provide extensive insights into the development of safer and more efficient drugs and may contribute new ideas for TB control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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5
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Vasudha Mallam, Kumar MR, Kumar BV. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel N-Alkyl/Aryl-1-Nitro-10H-Phenothiazine-3-Sulfonamide Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021060170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Venkatesan K, Satyanarayana VSV, Sivakumar A, Ramamurthy C, Thirunavukkarusu C. Synthesis, spectral characterization and antitumor activity of phenothiazine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasi Venkatesan
- Department of Humanities and SciencesCVR College of Engineering Hyderabad India
| | | | - Amaravadi Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced SciencesVIT University Vellore India
| | - Chitteti Ramamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life SciencesPondicherry University Pondicherry India
| | - Chinnasamy Thirunavukkarusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life SciencesPondicherry University Pondicherry India
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7
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Bayoumy NM, Fekri A, Tawfik EH, Fadda AA. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some New Heterocycles Incorporating Phenothiazine Moiety. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1636832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nesma M. Bayoumy
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fekri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Tawfik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Ulla, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Fadda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Onoabedje EA, Egu SA, Ezeokonkwo MA, Okoro UC. Highlights of molecular structures and applications of phenothiazine & phenoxazine polycycles. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Blanco P, Sanz-García F, Hernando-Amado S, Martínez JL, Alcalde-Rico M. The development of efflux pump inhibitors to treat Gram-negative infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:919-931. [PMID: 30198793 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1514386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the possibilities for reducing the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is the use of anti-resistance compounds capable of resensitizing resistant microorganisms to current antimicrobials. For this purpose, multidrug efflux pumps, whose inhibition may increase bacterial susceptibility to several antibiotics, including macrolides to which Gram-negatives are considered intrinsically resistant, have emerged as suitable targets. Areas covered: In the current review, the authors discuss different mechanisms that can be exploited for inhibiting multidrug efflux pumps and describe the properties and the potential therapeutic value of already studied efflux pumps inhibitors. Although efforts have already been made to develop these inhibitors, there are currently no good candidates for treating infectious diseases. Consequently, the authors also discuss potential approaches for their development. Expert opinion: Classical anti-resistance drugs such as beta-lactamases inhibitors, while useful, are only purposeful for treating infections caused by beta-lactamase producers. However, inhibitors of multidrug efflux pumps, which are present on all organisms, can sensitize both susceptible and resistant bacteria to antibiotics belonging to several different structural families. Since some efflux pumps are involved in bacterial infections, their inhibition may also reduce the infectivity of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Blanco
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando Sanz-García
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sara Hernando-Amado
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
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10
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Zheng M, Zhang R, Tian X, Zhou X, Pan X, Wong A. Assessing the Risk of Probiotic Dietary Supplements in the Context of Antibiotic Resistance. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:908. [PMID: 28579981 PMCID: PMC5437161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are known to harbor intrinsic and mobile genetic elements that confer resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics. Their high amounts in dietary supplements can establish a reservoir of antibiotic resistant genes in the human gut. These resistant genes can be transferred to pathogens that share the same intestinal habitat thus resulting in serious clinical ramifications. While antibiotic resistance of probiotic bacteria from food, human and animal sources have been well-documented, the resistant profiles of probiotics from dietary supplements have only been recently studied. These products are consumed with increasing regularity due to their health claims that include the improvement of intestinal health and immune response as well as prevention of acute and antibiotic-associated diarrhea and cancer; but, a comprehensive risk assessment on the spread of resistant genes to human health is lacking. Here, we highlight recent reports of antibiotic resistance of probiotic bacteria isolated from dietary supplements, and propose complementary strategies that can shed light on the risks of consuming such products in the context of a global widespread of antibiotic resistance. In concomitant with a broader screening of antibiotic resistance in probiotic supplements is the use of computational simulations, live imaging and functional genomics to harvest knowledge on the evolutionary behavior, adaptations and dynamics of probiotics studied in conditions that best represent the human gut including in the presence of antibiotics. The underlying goal is to enable the health benefits of probiotics to be exploited in a responsible manner and with minimal risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Ruijia Zhang
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Xutong Pan
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Aloysius Wong
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean UniversityWenzhou, China
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11
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Antimicrobial activity of new dumbbell-shaped phenothiazine cinnamides. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Hamama WS, Gouda MA, Kamal El-din HA, Zoorob HH. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Binary Pyrazoles Containing Core Phenothiazine Moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa S. Hamama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street 35516 Mansoura Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla; Taibah University; Medina Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadwah A. Kamal El-din
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Hanafi H. Zoorob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street 35516 Mansoura Egypt
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13
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Rossato L, Loreto ÉS, Zanette RA, Chassot F, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In vitro synergistic effects of chlorpromazine and sertraline in combination with amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:399-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Homa M, Galgóczy L, Tóth E, Tóth L, Papp T, Chandrasekaran M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Vágvölgyi C. In vitro antifungal activity of antipsychotic drugs and their combinations with conventional antifungals against Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria isolates. Med Mycol 2015; 53:890-5. [PMID: 26316212 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, in vitro antifungal activities of five antipsychotic drugs (i.e., chlorpromazine hydrochloride, CPZ; trifluoperazine hydrochloride, TPZ; amantadine hydrochloride; R-(-)-deprenyl hydrochloride, and valproic acid sodium salt) and five conventional antifungal drugs (i.e., amphotericin B, AMB; caspofungin, CSP; itraconazole; terbinafine, TRB and voriconazole, VRC) were investigated in broth microdilution tests against four clinical and five environmental Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria isolates. When used alone, phenothiazines CPZ and TPZ exerted remarkable antifungal effects. Thus, their in vitro combinations with AMB, CSP, VRC, and TRB were also examined against the clinical isolates. In combination with antifungal agents, CPZ was able to act synergistically with AMB and TRB in cases of one and two isolates, respectively. In all other cases, indifferent interactions were revealed. Antagonism was not observed between the tested agents. These combinations may establish a more effective and less toxic therapy after further in vitro and in vivo studies for Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Homa
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Szeged, Hungary Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eszter Tóth
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Liliána Tóth
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Papp
- King Saud University, Botany and Microbiology Department, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- King Saud University, Botany and Microbiology Department, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- King Saud University, Botany and Microbiology Department, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Szeged, Hungary King Saud University, Botany and Microbiology Department, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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15
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Onoabedje EA, Okoro UC, Knight DW, Sarkar A. Fuctionalization of Linear and Angular Phenothiazine and Phenoxazine Ring Systems via Pd(0)/XPhos Mediated Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-coupling Reactions. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Efeturi A. Onoabedje
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka Nigeria
| | - Uchechukwu C. Okoro
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka Nigeria
| | - David W. Knight
- School of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry; Cardiff University; Wales UK
| | - Amitabha Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry; India Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata 700032 India
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16
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Fadda AA, Fekri A, Bayoumy NM. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and molecular modeling of some novel phenothiazine derivatives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of phenothiazine derivatives were synthesized and examined for antimicrobial activity. Most of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited high antimicrobial activity and the results were proven using theoretical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Fadda
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fekri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Nesma M. Bayoumy
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
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17
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Bansode TN, Rangari RP, Shimpi PA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel 6-(Substituted Phenyl)-4-(10H-Phenothiazin-10-YL)Pyrimidin-2(1H)-Ones/Thiones. Pharm Chem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-014-1125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Siddiqui AB, Trivedi AR, Kataria VB, Shah VH. 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine containing phenothiazines as antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1493-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Nigam A, Gupta D, Sharma A. Treatment of infectious disease: beyond antibiotics. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:643-51. [PMID: 24661689 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several antibiotics have been discovered following the discovery of penicillin. These antibiotics had been helpful in treatment of infectious diseases considered dread for centuries. The advent of multiple drug resistance in microbes has posed new challenge to researchers. The scientists are now evaluating alternatives for combating infectious diseases. This review focuses on major alternatives to antibiotics on which preliminary work had been carried out. These promising anti-microbial include: phages, bacteriocins, killing factors, antibacterial activities of non-antibiotic drugs and quorum quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Nigam
- IPLS Building, School of Life Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - Divya Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202145, India
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Viveiros M, Martins M, Couto I, Rodrigues L, Machado D, Portugal I, Amaral L. Molecular tools for rapid identification and novel effective therapy against MDRTB/XDRTB infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:465-80. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Amaral L, Martins A, Spengler G, Molnar J. Efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria: what they do, how they do it, with what and how to deal with them. Front Pharmacol 2014; 4:168. [PMID: 24427138 PMCID: PMC3879458 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the relationship of the efflux pump (EP) system of Gram-negative bacteria to other antibiotic resistance mechanisms of the bacterium such as quorum sensing, biofilms, two component regulons, etc. The genetic responses of a Gram-negative to an antibiotic that render it immune to an antibiotic are also discussed. Lastly, the methods that have been developed for the identification of bacteria that over-express their EP system are presented in detail. Phenothiazines are well-known antipsychotic drugs with reported activity against bacterial EPs and other ancillary antibiotic mechanisms of the organism. Therefore these compounds will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Amaral
- Travel Medicine of the Centro de Malária e Doenças Tropicais, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana Martins
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary ; Unit of Parasitology and Medical Microbiology, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joseph Molnar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Shaydyuk Y, Turrell S, Moissette A, Hureau M, Gomza Y, Klepko V, Lebovka N. New phenothiazine–laponite hybrid systems: Adsorption and ionization. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Rational design, synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine-[1,2,3]triazole hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:233-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Field SK. Safety and Efficacy of Delamanid in the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s11675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is declining but the proportion of drug-resistant cases has increased. Strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin, and possibly other antibiotics, called multidrug-resistant (MDR), are particularly difficult to treat. Poorer outcomes, including increased mortality, occur in patients infected with MDR strains and the costs associated with treatment of MDR-TB are substantially greater. The recent recognition of MDR-TB and strains with more complex resistance patterns has stimulated the development of new TB medications including fluoroquinolones, oxazolidinones, diarylquinolines, nitroimidazopyrans, ethylenediamines, and benzothiazinones. Bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline, was approved for the treatment of MDR-TB in 2012. Addition of delamanid to WHO-approved treatment improved outcomes for MDR-TB and for extensively drug-resistant TB in a large randomized, controlled phase II clinical trial and is undergoing evaluation in a large international phase III study. This review will focus on MDR-TB and the role of delamanid in its treatment.
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25
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Zięba A, Latocha M, Sochanik A. Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activity of novel 12( H)-quino[3,4- b][1,4]benzothiazine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2013; 22:4158-4163. [PMID: 23914127 PMCID: PMC3720991 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel method of N-dealkylating quinobenzothiazinium salts 2, promoted by reaction with benzimidazole, led to a series of new azaphenothiazine derivatives having 12(H)-quino[3,4-b][1,4] benzothiazine 4 structure. Reaction of compounds 4 in an alkaline milieu with alkylating agents occur as N-alkylation of the thiazine nitrogen and yields quinobenzothiazine derivatives 7. In vitro antiproliferative activity of compounds 4 and 7 was tested using two cancer cell lines (SNB-19 and C-32) and cisplatin as a reference. Most of the studied azaphenothiazine derivatives showed activity against both cell lines investigated (5.6-12.4 μg/ml concentration range tested). Compounds 4(b-e) containing a halogen atom or methyl group at the 9-position of the quinobenzothiazine ring show activity in the tested concentration range only against C-32 cell line. Compound 4f with methyl group in 11-position of quinobenzothiazine ring lacked activity against either cell line. The presence of additional aminoalkyl substituents at the thiazine nitrogen atom in compounds 7 increases their activity against both examined cell lines, when compared to compounds 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zięba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksander Sochanik
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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26
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Pascu ML, Danko B, Martins A, Jedlinszki N, Alexandru T, Nastasa V, Boni M, Militaru A, Andrei IR, Staicu A, Hunyadi A, Fanning S, Amaral L. Exposure of chlorpromazine to 266 nm laser beam generates new species with antibacterial properties: contributions to development of a new process for drug discovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55767. [PMID: 23405212 PMCID: PMC3566004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phenothiazines when exposed to white light or to UV radiation undergo a variety of reactions that result in degradation of parental compound and formation of new species. This process is slow and may be sped up with exposure to high energy light such as that produced by a laser. METHODS Varying concentrations of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride (CPZ) (2-20 mg/mL in distilled water) were exposed to 266 nm laser beam (time intervals: 1-24 hrs). At distinct intervals the irradiation products were evaluated by spectrophotometry between 200-1500 nm, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Diode Array Detection, HPLC tandem mass spectrometry, and for activity against the CPZ sensitive test organism Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. RESULTS CPZ exposure to 266 nm laser beam of given energy levels yielded species, whose number increased with duration of exposure. Although the major species produced were Promazine (PZ), hydroxypromazine or PZ sulfoxide, and CPZ sulfoxide, over 200 compounds were generated with exposure of 20 mg/mL of CPZ for 24 hrs. Evaluation of the irradiation products indicated that the bioactivity against the test organism increased despite the total disappearance of CPZ, that is due, most probably, to one or more new species that remain yet unidentified. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of CPZ to a high energy (6.5 mJ) 266 nm laser beam yields rapidly a large number of new and stable species. For biological grade phenothiazines (in other words knowing the impurities in the samples: solvent and solute) this process may be reproducible because one can control within reasonably low experimental errors: the concentration of the parent compound, the laser beam wavelength and average energy, as well as the duration of the exposure time. Because the process is "clean" and rapid, it may offer advantages over the pyrogenically based methods for the production of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Lucian Pascu
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele/Ilfov, Romania.
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27
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Bansode TN, Meshram GA. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 4-(10H-Phenothiazin-2-yl)-pyrimidin-2(1H)-one/thione Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gangadhar A. Meshram
- Department of Chemistry; University of Mumbai; Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santacruz (East); Mumbai; 400 098; India
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28
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Shirude PS, Paul B, Roy Choudhury N, Kedari C, Bandodkar B, Ugarkar BG. Quinolinyl Pyrimidines: Potent Inhibitors of NDH-2 as a Novel Class of Anti-TB Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:736-40. [PMID: 24900541 DOI: 10.1021/ml300134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NDH-2 is an essential respiratory enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which plays an important role in the physiology of Mtb. Herein, we present a target-based effort to identify a new structural class of inhibitors for NDH-2. High-throughput screening of the AstraZeneca corporate collection resulted in the identification of quinolinyl pyrimidines as the most promising class of NDH-2 inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies showed improved enzyme inhibition (IC50) against the NDH-2 target, which in turn translated into cellular activity against Mtb. Thus, the compounds in this class show a good correlation between enzyme inhibition and cellular potency. Furthermore, early ADME profiling of the best compounds showed promising results and highlighted the quinolinyl pyrimidine class as a potential lead for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin S. Shirude
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Beena Paul
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Nilanjana Roy Choudhury
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Chaitanya Kedari
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Balachandra Bandodkar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Bheemarao G. Ugarkar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
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29
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Field SK, Fisher D, Jarand JM, Cowie RL. New treatment options for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2012; 6:255-68. [PMID: 22763676 DOI: 10.1177/1753465812452193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of effective treatments, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem. TB continues to infect new victims and kills nearly 2 million people annually. The problem is much greater in resource-limited countries but is present worldwide. Inadequate public health resources, cost, the obligatory long treatment period, and adverse drug effects contribute to treatment failures and relapses. Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains arise spontaneously and are propagated by inadequate treatment. According to World Health Organization global data, 17% of MTB strains in new, previously untreated cases are resistant to at least one drug. Approximately, 3.3% of new MTB cases are resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin, also called multidrug resistant (MDR), and rates of MDR-TB are greater than 60% in previously treated patients in some countries. Approximately 5% of cases of MDR-TB are also resistant to fluoroquinolones and to injectable drugs, and are called extensively drug resistant (XDR). Recently, XDR strains have been isolated that are also resistant to all standard second-line anti-TB medications. Successful drug treatment of TB with complex resistance profiles is virtually impossible with currently available drugs. There is a desperate need for new compounds that cure strains resistant to currently available drugs and for drugs that are better tolerated and will shorten treatment regimens. In the short term, new strategies for the management of drug-resistant TB with currently available drugs are being explored. These include the use of high-dose isoniazid, substitution of rifabutin in a small proportion of rifampin-resistant cases, linezolid, fluoroquinolones, and phenothiazines. A number of novel drugs are undergoing clinical testing and will hopefully be available in the near future. These include the newer oxazolidinones, diarylquinolines, nitroimidazopyrans, ethenylenediamines, pyrroles, and benzothiazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Field
- Health Science Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena
- Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi; 110007; India
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi; 110007; India
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31
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Why thioridazine in combination with antibiotics cures extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:376-80. [PMID: 22445204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thioridazine (TDZ) in combination with antibiotics to which extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is initially resistant yields a cure. This is due to the fact that TDZ enhances the killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis by non-killing macrophages, inhibits the genetic expression of efflux pumps of M. tuberculosis that extrude antibiotics prior to reaching their intended targets, and inhibits the activity of existing efflux pumps that contribute to the multidrug-resistant phenotype of M. tuberculosis. The combination of these effects of TDZ probably contributes to the successful recent cures of XDR-TB cases when the phenothiazine TDZ is used in combination with antibiotics to which the patient with XDR-TB was initially unresponsive.
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32
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Belei D, Bicu E, Jones PG, Birsa ML. A selective synthesis of enamines versus aziridines. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Trivedi AR, Siddiqui AB, Dodiya DK, Soalnki MJ, Shah VH. A new synthetic approach and biological evaluation of novel phenothiazines bearingtert-butyl group. J Sulphur Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990903173511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Bansode TN, Dongre PM, Dongre VG. Synthesis, antibacterial and antifungal activity of 1, 3-di(2-substituted 10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propan-1-one. Pharm Chem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-009-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Bansode TN, Shelke JV, Dongre VG. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new N-acyl substituted phenothiazines. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:5094-8. [PMID: 19651462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-substituted N-acylphenothiazines were synthesized by using imides, N-carboxymethyl imides and the structures of these newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses. All new compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some compounds showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji N Bansode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400 098, India
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36
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Mazumdar K, Dastidar SG, Park JH, Dutta NK. The anti-inflammatory non-antibiotic helper compound diclofenac: an antibacterial drug target. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:881-91. [PMID: 19399540 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium (Dc) was found to possess antibacterial activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium spp., in addition to its potent anti-inflammatory activity. The time-kill curve study indicates that this non-steroidal drug exhibits bactericidal activity against Listeria, E. coli, and M. tuberculosis. The antibacterial activity of Dc comes, in part, from its ability to inhibit the DNA synthesis of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Dc could protect murine listeriosis, salmonellosis, and tuberculosis at doses ranged within its maximum recommended human or non-toxic ex-vivo dose. Dc possesses anti-plasmid activity and acts as a 'helper compound' in synergistic combination with streptomycin against E. coli and Mycobacterium or gentamicin against Listeria. This review focuses on the possible use of Dc, a non-antibiotic helper compound, in infections and inflammatory conditions, rationalized on the basis of the activities of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mazumdar
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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37
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Potential role of non-antibiotics (helper compounds) in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: mechanisms for their direct and indirect activities. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Tomioka H. Development of new antituberculous agents based on new drug targets and structure–activity relationship. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 3:21-49. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Vitale RG, Afeltra J, Meis JFGM, Verweij PE. Activity and post antifungal effect of chlorpromazine and trifluopherazine against Aspergillus, Scedosporium and zygomycetes. Mycoses 2007; 50:270-6. [PMID: 17576318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenothiazine compounds chlorpromazine and trifluopherazine are antipsychotic agents that exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria, some protozoa and yeasts. Data of activity against filamentous fungi are lacking. The in vitro activity and postantifungal effect (PAFE) of chlorpromazine and trifluopherazine was determined against Aspergillus species, zygomycetes and Scedosporium species. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed with CLSI M38A and the PAFE was determined with previously established methods. Both drugs inhibited the growth of all fungi tested at concentrations of 16 to 64 microg ml(-1). For Aspergillus species the mean PAFE was 3.7 and 4.7 h; for zygomycetes, 3.1 and 3.4 h; for Scedosporium, 4.3 and 5.3 h for chlorpromazine and trifluoroperazine respectively. These are the first drugs shown to induce PAFE against Scedosporium. We show that phenothiazine compounds have in vitro antifungal activity and exhibit PAFE against a broad range of filamentous fungal pathogens. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, further studies are needed to explore the clinical usefulness of phenothiazine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G Vitale
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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40
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Dutta NK, Annadurai S, Mazumdar K, Dastidar SG, Kristiansen JE, Molnar J, Martins M, Amaral L. Potential management of resistant microbial infections with a novel non-antibiotic: the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:242-9. [PMID: 17644318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium (Dc), an anti-inflammatory agent, has remarkable inhibitory action both against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant clinical isolates of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of Dc to protect mice from a virulent Salmonella infection. Dc injected at 1.5 microg/g and 3.0 microg/g mouse body weight significantly protected animals from the lethality of Salmonella infection. As was the case for the in vitro interaction, Dc in combination with streptomycin was even more effective. The non-antibiotic drug Dc has potential for the management of problematic antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noton Kumar Dutta
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 85-Dong, 733-Ho, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim 9 Dong, Gwanakgu, Seoul, South Korea
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41
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Amaral L, Martins M, Viveiros M. Enhanced killing of intracellular multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by compounds that affect the activity of efflux pumps. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59:1237-46. [PMID: 17218448 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas human neutrophils are effective and efficient killers of bacteria, macrophages such as those derived from monocytes are almost devoid of killing activity. Nevertheless, monocytes can be transformed into effective killers of mycobacteria or staphylococci when exposed to clinical concentrations of a phenothiazine or to inhibitors of efflux pumps (reserpine and verapamil), or to ouabain, an inhibitor of K(+) transport. Because the rates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) continue to escalate globally, and because no new effective drug has been made available for almost 40 years, compounds that enhance the killing activity of monocytes against MDR-TB are obviously needed. This review covers the specific characteristics of MDR-TB, identifies a variety of agents that address these characteristics and therefore have potential for managing MDR-TB. Because the mechanism by which these agents enhance the killing of intracellular bacteria is important for the intelligent design of new anti-tubercular agents, the review correlates the mechanisms by which these agents manifest their effects. Lastly, a model is presented which describes the mechanisms by which distinct efflux pumps of the phagosome-lysosome complex are inhibited by agents that are known to inhibit K(+) flux. The model also predicts the existence of a K(+) activated exchange (pump) that is probably located in the membrane that delineates the lysosome. This putative pump, which is immune to inhibitors of K+ flux, is identified as being the cause for the acidification of the lysosome thereby activating its hydrolytic enzymes. Because the non-killer macrophage can be transformed into an effective killer by a variety of compounds that inhibit K(+) transport, perhaps it would be wise to develop drugs that enhance the killing activity of these cells inasmuch as this approach would not be subject to any resistance, as is the eventual case for conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Amaral
- Unidade de Micobacterias, UPMM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, Lisboa, Portugal.
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42
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Jeyaseeli L, Gupta AD, Asok Kumar K, Mazumdar K, Dutta NK, Dastidar SG. Antimicrobial potentiality of the thioxanthene flupenthixol through extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27:58-62. [PMID: 16316745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antipsychotic thioxanthene flupenthixol, possessing a trifluoromethyl substituent at position 2, exhibited a distinct antibacterial property against 352 strains of bacteria from 3 Gram-positive and 13 Gram-negative genera. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of flupenthixol was determined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards agar dilution method. MICs ranged from 10-100 microg/mL in most of the strains, whilst some strains were inhibited at even lower concentrations. The mode of action of this drug was found to be bacteriostatic against Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae. In the in vivo experiments, this drug was capable of contributing significant protection (P < 0.001) to a Swiss strain of white mice challenged with 50 median lethal dose of a mouse-virulent strain at a drug concentration of 15 microg/mouse. In addition, flupenthixol remarkably reduced the number of viable bacteria in organ homogenates and blood of mice treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jeyaseeli
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India
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43
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Di Perri G, Bonora S. Which agents should we use for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis? J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54:593-602. [PMID: 15282233 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis can lead to the selection and transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), indicating resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. In the treatment of MDR-TB, residual first-line drugs, such as ethambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin must be appropriately combined with additional second-line drugs, guided by individual susceptibility patterns. The clinical pharmacology of these second-line antituberculous drugs is reviewed. Fluoroquinolones represent the only substantial therapeutic advance in the last 20 years. Many factors potentially affect the outcome of MDR-TB. Treatment adherence, prior exposure to antituberculous drugs, the number of drugs to which the infection is still susceptible and the time since the first diagnosis of tuberculosis are the most relevant. The management of MDR-TB requires considerable expertise. When initiating or revising therapy for MDR-TB, the process of selecting drugs should rely on prior treatment history, results of susceptibility testing and an evaluation of the patient's adherence. In making drug selection, we propose to follow a hierarchy based on the intrinsic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the clinical evidence of efficacy of the available active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Perri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera 164, 10149 Turin, Italy.
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44
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Ordway D, Viveiros M, Leandro C, Bettencourt R, Almeida J, Martins M, Kristiansen JE, Molnar J, Amaral L. Clinical concentrations of thioridazine kill intracellular multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:917-22. [PMID: 12604522 PMCID: PMC149316 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.3.917-922.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenothiazines chlorpromazine (CPZ) and thioridazine (TZ) have equal in vitro activities against antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These compounds have not been used as anti-M. tuberculosis agents because their in vitro activities take place at concentrations which are beyond those that are clinically achievable. In addition, chronic administration of CPZ produces frequent severe side effects. Because CPZ has been shown to enhance the killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis at concentrations in the medium that are clinically relevant, we have investigated whether TZ, a phenothiazine whose negative side effects are less frequent and serious than those associated with CPZ, kills M. tuberculosis organisms that have been phagocytosed by human macrophages, which have nominal killing activities against these bacteria. Both CPZ and TZ killed intracellular antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant M. tuberculosis organisms when they were used at concentrations in the medium well below those present in the plasma of patients treated with these agents. These concentrations in vitro were not toxic to the macrophage, nor did they affect in vitro cellular immune processes. TZ thus appears to be a serious candidate for the management of a freshly diagnosed infection of pulmonary tuberculosis or as an adjunct to conventional antituberculosis therapy if the patient originates from an area known to have a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. Nevertheless, we must await the outcomes of clinical trials to determine whether TZ itself may be safely and effectively used as an antituberculosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ordway
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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45
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Ordway D, Viveiros M, Leandro C, Arroz MJ, Amaral L. Intracellular activity of clinical concentrations of phenothiazines including thioridiazine against phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:34-43. [PMID: 12127709 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of thioridazine (TZ) was studied on the killing activity of human peripheral blood monocyte derived macrophages (HPBMDM) and of human macrophage cell line THP-1 at extracellular concentrations below those achievable clinically. These macrophages have nominal killing activity against bacteria and therefore, would not influence any activity that the compounds may have against intracellular localised Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicated that whereas TZ has an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the strains of S. aureus of 18, 0.1 mg/l of TZ in the medium completely inhibits the growth of S. aureus that has been phagocytosed by macrophages. The latter concentration was non-toxic to macrophages, did not cause cellular expression of activation marker CD69 nor induction of CD3+ T cell production of IFN-gamma, but blocked cellular proliferation and down-regulated the production of T cell-derived cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-5). These results suggest that TZ induces intracellular bactericidal activities independent of the capacity to generate Type 1 responses against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ordway
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Department of Mycobacteriology, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
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46
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Chen M, Jensen B, Zhai L, Colding H, Kharazmi A, Kristiansen JE, Andersen LP. Nizatidine and omeprazole enhance the effect of metronidazole on Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19:195-200. [PMID: 11932141 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment failures are common in patients infected with metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa when triple therapy including metronidazole is used. In patients with treatment failure and metronidazole-resistant H. pylori, a higher eradication rate for H. pylori was found after secondary treatment with bismuth/ranitidine in combination with antibiotics including metronidazole, compared with the same antibiotics combined with a standard dose of omeprazole. This agrees with our previous finding that bismuth was able to reduce the susceptibility of H. pylori to metronidazole. In this study, we have found that nizatidine, an H(2)-receptor antagonist, is also able to reduce the susceptibility of H. pylori to metronidazole in vitro, despite having no direct inhibitory effect on the growth of H. pylori. This agrees with earlier findings that compounds having the ability to reverse antibiotic resistance do not necessarily have an antibiotic or chemotherapeutic effect in the sense of growth inhibition. Therefore, it was decided to investigate the effect of nizatidine and omeprazole on the oxidative respiratory chain, as it is known that metronidazole is able to inhibit the activity of fumarate reductase of H. pylori. This enzyme is a key enzyme in the alternative respiratory chain under anaerobic conditions. Nizatidine was, in these preliminary experiments, found to inhibit fumarate reductase in a dose-dependent way, like metronidazole, whereas omeprazole had almost no effect on fumarate reductase. No other significant effects on the enzymes of the respiratory chain were found. The synergistic effect of nizatidine on metronidazole resistant H. pylori strains could be explained by the effect on fumarate reductase, whereas the effect of omeprazole is different and could be an inhibition of a proton pump in H. pylori. Reversal of antimicrobial resistance with the help of different non-antibiotics seems to be possible by using quite different compounds, and is therefore to be explained by different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Helicobacter Laboratory, Building 9301, National University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Tagensvej 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Amaral L, Viveiros M, Kristiansen JE. Phenothiazines: potential alternatives for the management of antibiotic resistant infections of tuberculosis and malaria in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6:1016-22. [PMID: 11737839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo activity of phenothiazines against antibiotic susceptible and antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and malaria-causing Plasmodia is reviewed. Given the facts that pulmonary tuberculosis and malaria are the major causes of death in developing countries, that both of these infections continue to escalate in their resistance to antibiotics, that the cost for the management of these infections is beyond that afforded by most developing nations, and lastly, that new and effective agents are not forthcoming from the pharmaceutical industry, the scientific rationale for the potential use of select phenothiazines for the management of these infections is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amaral
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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48
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Amaral L, Kristiansen JE. Phenothiazines: potential management of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and its variants. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:411-7. [PMID: 11711254 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease acquired from bovines (nvCJD) has been responsible for nearly 100 deaths in the UK and thousands more may die in the years to come. New variant CJD (nvCJD) is incurable and although clinical diagnosis is becoming more precise, the diagnosis is only certain at autopsy. Phenothiazine derivatives inhibit production of prions, the disease causing agent, in cultured neuroblastoma cells, and an advanced case of nvCJD was recently brought to remission by the use of these agents in combination with an antimalarial. In this review we present direct and circumstantial evidence in support of a model describing the manner by which the intracellular antimicrobial activity of phenothiazines might cause the destruction of intracellular prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amaral
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Junqueira 96, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Amaral L, Kristiansen JE, Viveiros M, Atouguia J. Activity of phenothiazines against antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review supporting further studies that may elucidate the potential use of thioridazine as anti-tuberculosis therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47:505-11. [PMID: 11328759 DOI: 10.1093/jac/47.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo anti-mycobacterial activities of a number of phenothiazine compounds are reviewed. These compounds, normally employed for the management of psychosis, inhibit the growth in vitro of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at concentrations that are significantly greater than those that can safely be achieved in a patient harbouring these infections. Nevertheless, one of these phenothiazines, chlorpromazine, is concentrated by human macrophages to 10-100 times its concentration in plasma, and has activity against mycobacteria that have been phagocytosed by these cells. Phenothiazines have significant in vitro activity against susceptible, polydrug- and multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, as well as enhancing the activity of some agents employed for first-line treatment. Because thioridazine, the very mild anti-psychotic agent whose most common side effect is drowsiness, has equal anti-tuberculosis properties in vitro to chlorpromazine, we recommend that thioridazine be studied as an adjuvant to the four- or five-drug regimens employed for the management of a freshly diagnosed tuberculosis infection of unknown antibiotic susceptibility, at least during the period required for the assessment of antibiotic susceptibility. Because it also enhances the activity of rifampicin and streptomycin, antibiotics that frequently have adverse effects, additional studies evaluating the use of thioridazine as an adjuvant may eventually allow a reduction in the dosages of these antibiotics and result in a decreased frequency of adverse effects. It is important to note that whereas the management of patients with thioridazine for periods in excess of many months will result in the appearance of some undesirable side effects, its use for a limited period of 2-3 months should not produce side effects that are more severe than simple drowsiness. Nevertheless, further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential before thioridazine may be recommended for the management of select cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amaral
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Viveiros M, Amaral L. Enhancement of antibiotic activity against poly-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by phenothiazines. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17:225-8. [PMID: 11282269 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazines have been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of multi-drug resistant (resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDRTB). They have been considered as potential adjuvants to regimens employing four or more antibiotics for the management of freshly diagnosed infections of M. tuberculosis in patients from areas known to have a high prevalence of MDRTB. Chlorpromazine has been shown to enhance the activity of antibiotics (except ethambutol) to which M. tuberculosis is susceptible. This might result in a reduction in the dose of some or all of the antibiotics employed without sacrificing the integrity of treatment. Chlorpromazine, thioridazine and promethazine were shown to enhance the activity of rifampicin and streptomycin when used in combinations at concentrations that are minimally effective when employed separately against clinical strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to two or more antibiotics (poly-drug resistant MTB). The phenothiazines had no effect on the activity of isoniazid against poly-drug resistant MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viveiros
- Mycobacteriology Unit, The Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Junqueira 96, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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