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Liu W, Luo J, Zhuang X, Shen W, Zhang Y, Li S, Hu Y, Huang H. Efficient preparation of enantiopure l-tert-leucine through immobilized penicillin G acylase catalyzed kinetic resolution in aqueous medium. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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2
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Resolution of racemic 4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone with immobilized penicillin G acylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Zhu L, Chen H, Meng Q, Fan W, Xie X, Zhang Z. Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of 2-oxo-4-arybutanoic acids to 2-hydroxy-4-arylbutanoic acids. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Temporini C, Bonomi P, Serra I, Tagliani A, Bavaro T, Ubiali D, Massolini G, Terreni M. Characterization and Study of the Orientation of Immobilized Enzymes by Tryptic Digestion and HPLC-MS: Design of an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Cephalosporins. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1623-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Temporini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonomi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Auro Tagliani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
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Grundmann P, Fessner WD. One-Pot, Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Arylglycines for Kinetic Resolution by Penicillin G Acylase. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sauerbrei B, Kappes T, Waldmann H. Enzymatic synthesis of peptide conjugates — Tools for the study of biological signal transduction. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0119220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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8
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Estruch I, Tagliani AR, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R, Alcántara AR, Toma L, Terreni M. Immobilization of the acylase from Escherichia coli on glyoxyl-agarose gives efficient catalyst for the synthesis of cephalosporins. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008; 42:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Montes T, Grazú V, Manso I, Galán B, López-Gallego F, González R, Hermoso J, García J, Guisán J, Fernández-Lafuente R. Improved Stabilization of Genetically Modified Penicillin G Acylase in the Presence of Organic Cosolvents by Co- Immobilization of the Enzyme with Polyethyleneimine. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Guranda DT, Volovik TS, Svedas VK. pH stability of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2004; 69:1386-90. [PMID: 15627395 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation kinetics of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli have been investigated over a wide pH range at 25 and 50 degrees C. The enzyme was very stable in neutral solutions and quickly lost its catalytic activity in acidic and alkaline solutions. In all cases, the inactivation proceeded according to first order reaction kinetics. Analysis of the pH dependence of enzyme stability provides evidence that stable penicillin acylase conformation is maintained by salt bridges. Destruction of the salt bridges due to protonation/deprotonation of the amino acid residues forming these ion pairs causes inactivation by formation of the unstable "acidic" EH(4)(3+), EH(3)(2+), EH(2)(+) and "alkaline" E(-) enzyme forms. At temperatures above 35 degrees C penicillin acylase apparently undergoes a conformational change that is accompanied by destruction of one of these salt bridges and change in the catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Guranda
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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11
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Guranda DT, Khimiuk AI, van Langen LM, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA, Švedas VK. An ‘easy-on, easy-off’ protecting group for the enzymatic resolution of (±)-1-phenylethylamine in an aqueous medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Palomo JM, Fernández-Lorente G, Rúa ML, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R. Evaluation of the lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus as an enantioselective biocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Massolini G, Calleri E, Lavecchia A, Loiodice F, Lubda D, Temporini C, Fracchiolla G, Tortorella P, Novellino E, Caccialanza G. Enantioselective hydrolysis of some 2-aryloxyalkanoic acid methyl esters and isosteric analogues using a penicillin G acylase-based HPLC monolithic silica column. Anal Chem 2003; 75:535-42. [PMID: 12585481 DOI: 10.1021/ac0204193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A technique based on liquid chromatography has been developed to facilitate studies of enantioselectivity in penicillin G acylase (PGA)-catalyzed hydrolysis of some 2-aryloxyalkanoic acid methyl esters and isosteric analogues. PGA was covalently immobilized on an aminopropyl monolithic silica support to create an immobilized HPLC-enzyme reactor. Two sets of experimental data were drawn to calculate the enantioselectivity (E) of the kinetically controlled enantiomer-differentiating reaction, the degree of substrate conversion and the enantiomeric excess of the product. The developed enzymatic reactor was coupled through a switching valve to an achiral analytical column for separation and quantitation of the hydrolysis products. The enantiomeric excess was determined off-line on a PGA-chiral stationary phase. In this way, highly precise E values were determined. A computational study related to the hydrolysis of the considered racemic esters was also carried out in order to unambiguously clarify both the substrate specificity and the enantioselectivity displayed by PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Massolini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, Universita' di Pavia, Via Taramani 12, 1-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Rocchietti S, Urrutia ASV, Pregnolato M, Tagliani A, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R, Terreni M. Influence of the enzyme derivative preparation and substrate structure on the enantioselectivity of penicillin G acylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Calleri E, Massolini G, Loiodice F, Fracchiolla G, Temporini C, Félix G, Tortorella P, Caccialanza G. Evaluation of a penicillin G acylase-based chiral stationary phase towards a series of 2-aryloxyalkanoic acids, isosteric analogs and 2-arylpropionic acids. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:131-40. [PMID: 12134810 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chiral recognition properties of a new chiral stationary phase based on immobilized penicillin G acylase were investigated using 35 acidic racemates. Twenty-seven compounds were resolved with high separation factors. The influences of mobile phase pH, type of organic modifier and ionic strength on enantioselective retention were studied. The most important tool for affecting the enantioselectivity was the mobile phase pH and interestingly the retention order of the enantiomers of some analytes could be controlled by this parameter. The analysis time for resolving enantiomers could be adjusted with a minor decrease in enantioselectivity using a high ionic strength mobile phase buffer while both retention and enantioselectivity decreased by adding organic modifier to the mobile phase. Displacement studies have demonstrated that the enzymatically active site and the chiral adsorption site overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, University of Pavia, Italy
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16
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Kaluzna I, Andrew AA, Bonilla M, Martzen MR, Stewart JD. Enantioselective reductions of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae dehydrogenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Boller T, Meier C, Menzler S. EUPERGIT Oxirane Acrylic Beads: How to Make Enzymes Fit for Biocatalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op015506w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boller
- Degussa Specialty Polymers, Röhm GmbH and Co. KG, Kirschenallee, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meier
- Degussa Specialty Polymers, Röhm GmbH and Co. KG, Kirschenallee, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Menzler
- Degussa Specialty Polymers, Röhm GmbH and Co. KG, Kirschenallee, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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18
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Selectivity of penicillin G acylase towards phenylacetic acid derivatives in amide bond synthesis in toluene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(01)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Massolini G, Calleri E, De Lorenzi E, Pregnolato M, Terreni M, Félix G, Gandini C. Immobilized penicillin G acylase as reactor and chiral selector in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 921:147-60. [PMID: 11471798 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the use of penicillin G acylase (PGA) as a biocatalyst and as a chiral selector is described. Penicillin G-acylase is an interesting enzyme used in the manufacture of semisynthetic antibiotics and, in particular, in the production of 6-APA by hydrolysis of penicillin G. Five PGA-based HPLC columns have been prepared by using two different silica supports by employing two immobilization methods, namely "in situ" and "in batch". The effects of the immobilization techniques and of different silica pore size on the catalytic properties of the enzyme as well as the applicability of the PGA-bonded stationary phases as chiral selectors for a number of chiral drugs have been investigated. The HPLC columns based on immobilized PGA combine the hydrolytic activity and the chiral recognition properties of PGA, therefore they have been used for the development of a combined reaction-separation system for chiral and achiral substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Massolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Italy.
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21
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Lin WQ, He Z, Jing Y, Cui X, Liu H, Mi AQ. A practical synthesis of ethyl (R)- and (S)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate and d-homophenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride from l-malic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Basso A, Braiuca P, De Martin L, Ebert C, Gardossi L, Linda P. d-Phenylglycine and d-4-hydroxyphenylglycine methyl esters via penicillin G acylase catalysed resolution in organic solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Basso A, De Martin L, Ebert C, Gardossi L, Linda P. Controlling the hydration of covalently immobilised penicillin G amidase in low-water medium: properties and use of Celite R-640. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Topgi RS, Ng JS, Landis B, Wang P, Behling JR. Use of enzyme penicillin acylase in selective amidation/amide hydrolysis to resolve ethyl 3-amino-4-pentynoate isomers. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2221-9. [PMID: 10579530 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The beta-amino acid, (S)-ethyl-3-amino-4-pentynoate, is a chiral synthon used in the synthesis of xemilofiban hydrochloride, an anti-platelet agent. A biocatalytic approach was developed to resolve (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of ethyl 3-amino-4-pentynoate in enantiomerically pure form employing the enzyme Penicillin acylase. In the acylation, phenylacetic acid was used as an acylating agent. We have shown that both the acylation and deacylation can be employed and that the activity of the enzyme Penicillin acylase can be controlled by maintaining an appropriate pH of the reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Topgi
- R&D, Chemical Sciences, SEARLE, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
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De Martin L, Ebert C, Garau G, Gardossi L, Linda P. Penicillin G amidase in low-water media: immobilisation and control of water activity by means of celite rods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Done SH, Brannigan JA, Moody PC, Hubbard RE. Ligand-induced conformational change in penicillin acylase. J Mol Biol 1998; 284:463-75. [PMID: 9813130 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme penicillin acylase (penicillin amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1. 11) catalyses the cleavage of the amide bond in the benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) side-chain to produce phenylacetic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The enzyme is of great pharmaceutical importance, as the product 6-APA is the starting point for the synthesis of many semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotics. Studies have shown that the enzyme is specific for hydrolysis of phenylacetamide derivatives, but is more tolerant of features in the rest of the substrate. It is this property that has led to many other applications for the enzyme, and greater knowledge of the enzyme's structure and specificity could facilitate engineering of the enzyme, enhancing its potential for chemical and industrial applications. An extensive study of the binding of a series of phenylacetic acid derivatives has been carried out. A measure of the relative degree of inhibition of the enzyme by each of the compounds has been obtained using a competitive inhibition assay, and the structures of a number of these complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The structures reveal a clear rationale for the observed kinetic results, but show also that some of the ligands cause a conformational change within the binding pocket. This change can generally be understood in terms of the size and orientation of the ligand within the active site.The results reveal that ligand binding in penicillin acylase is facilitated by certain amino acid residues that can adopt two distinct, energetically favourable positions in order to accommodate a variety of compounds within the active site. The structures of these complexes provide evidence for conformational changes in the substrate-binding region that may act as a switch in the mechanism of autocatalytic processing of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Done
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO1 5DD, UK.
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27
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Ebert C, Gardossi L, Linda P. Activity of immobilised penicillin amidase in toluene at controlled water activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(98)00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Svedas V, Guranda D, van Langen L, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon R. Kinetic study of penicillin acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. FEBS Lett 1997; 417:414-8. [PMID: 9409763 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis has a very high affinity for both natural (benzylpenicillin, Km = 0.0042 mM) and colorimetric (6-nitro-3-phenylacetamidobenzoic acid, Km = 0.0045 mM) substrates as well as the product of their hydrolysis, phenylacetic acid (Ki = 0.016 mM). The enzyme is partially inhibited at high benzylpenicillin concentrations but the triple SES complex formed still retains 43% of the maximal catalytic activity; the affinity of benzylpenicillin for the second substrate molecule binding site is much lower (K(S)' = 54 mM) than for the first one. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was shown to be a very effective irreversible inhibitor, completely inactivating the penicillin acylase from A. faecalis in a few minutes at micromolar concentrations; this compound was used for enzyme active site titration. The absolute values of the determined kinetic parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of 6-nitro-3-phenylacetamidobenzoic acid (k(cat) = 95 s(-1) and k(cat)/Km = 2.1 x 10(-7) M(-1) s(-1)) and benzylpenicillin (k(cat) = 54 s(-1) and k(cat)/Km = 1.3 x 10(-7) M(-1) s(-1)) by penicillin acylase from A. faecalis were shown to be highest of all the enzymes of this family that have so far been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Svedas
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia.
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Svedas VK, Savchenko MV, Beltser AI, Guranda DF. Enantioselective penicillin acylase-catalyzed reactions. Factors governing substrate and stereospecificity of the enzyme. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 799:659-69. [PMID: 8958120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V K Svedas
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
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31
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Bianchi D, Golini P, Bortolo R, Cesti P. Immobilization of penicillin G acylase on aminoalkylated polyacrylic supports. Enzyme Microb Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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33
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Pohl T, Waldmann H. Enhancement of the enantioselectivity of penicillin G acylase from E. coli by “substrate tuning”. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00440-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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35
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Bornscheuer UT, Yamane T. Activity and stability of lipase in the solid-phase glycerolysis of triolein. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Selective transformations of penicillins and cephalosporins with pen G acylase. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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