Synthesis of new chiral auxiliaries derived from isosorbide

Sustainable Sorbitol Dehydration to Isosorbide using Solid Acid Catalysts: Transition from Batch Reactor to Continuous-Flow System

Isosorbide is one of the most interesting cellulosic-derived molecules with great potential to be implemented in wide range of products that shaping our daily life. This Review describes the recent developments in the production of isosorbide from sorbitol in batch and continuous-flow systems under hydrothermal conditions using solid acid catalysts. Moreover, the current hurdles and challenges regarding the synthesis of isosorbide from cellulosic biomass in continuous-flow process using solid acid catalysts are summarized, as well as the scaling-up of this process into pilot level, which will lead to an established industrial process with high sustainability metrics.

Synthesis and anionic polymerization of isosorbide mono-epoxides for linear biobased polyethers

Different regioisomeric and diastereomeric isosorbide mono-epoxides are prepared and polymerized to thermally stable and relatively rigid biobased linear polyethers.

Practical and Scalable Synthesis of Isosorbide Derivatives Containing an Active Amine Group

The synthesis of two derivatives of isosorbide containing an amine group, 6-amino-6-deoxy- O-3-methyl-isosorbide and 6-amino- O-3-benzoyl-6-deoxy-isosorbide, has been achieved. These compounds provide scope for the introduction of additional groups via their amino functions and thereby can provide access to novel isosorbide derivatives that can be screened for biological activity.

Synthesis of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols diesters from the palladium-catalyzed hydroesterification reaction

The hydroesterification of alpha olefins has been used to synthesize diesters from bio-based secondary diols: isosorbide, isomannide, and isoidide. The reaction was promoted by 0.2% palladium catalyst generated in situ from palladium acetate/triphenylphosphine/para-toluene sulfonic acid. Optimized reaction conditions allowed the selective synthesis of the diesters with high yields and the reaction conditions could be scaled up to the synthesis of hundred grams of diesters from isosorbide and 1-octene with solvent-free conditions.

Isosorbide as a renewable platform chemical for versatile applications--quo vadis?

Isosorbide is a platform chemical of considerable importance for the future replacement of fossil resource-based products. Applications as monomers and building blocks for new polymers and functional materials, new organic solvents, for medical and pharmaceutical applications, and even as fuels or fuel additives are conceivable. The conversion of isosorbide to valuable derivatives by functionalization or substitution of the hydroxyl groups is difficult because of the different configurations of the 2- and 5-positions and the resulting different reactivity and steric hindrance of the two hydroxyl groups. Although a substantial amount of work has been published using exclusively the endo or exo derivatives isomannide and isoidide, respectively, as starting material, a considerable effort is still necessary to transfer and adapt these methods for the efficient conversion of isosorbide. This Minireview deals with all aspects of isosorbide chemistry, which includes its production by catalytic processes, special properties, and chemical transformations for its utilization in biogenic polymers and other applications of interest.

Telomerisation of 1,3-butadiene with 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols: an atom-economic and selective synthesis of amphiphilic monoethers from agro-based diols

The telomerisation of 1,3-butadiene with a Pd/TPPTS catalytic system in water or an organic solvent was used for the synthesis of C8 ethers from isosorbide, an agro-based diol. The use of water/oil biphasic reaction conditions allowed the selective synthesis of monoethers with improved rates upon using inorganic bases as promotors. As isosorbide is a non-symmetric diol, the two hydroxyl groups display different reactivities. 2-O-substituted-monoethers were preferentially obtained if water was used as the solvent, whereas in DMSO 5-O-substituted monoethers were the major products. Complete conversions of isosorbide with up to 94% monoether selectivities were obtained. The optimized reaction conditions were successfully applied to isomannide and isoidide for the selective synthesis of the derived ethers. An improved reactivity of the endo-hydroxy groups of isosorbide and isomannide versus the exo-hydroxy groups of isosorbide and isoidide was observed if the reaction was performed in DMSO instead of water.

Amphiphilic properties of hydrotropes derived from isosorbide: endo/exo isomeric effects and temperature dependence

The hydrotropic properties of short-chain monoalkyl ethers of isosorbide have been studied with emphasis on the difference between the two regioisomers (2-O- and 5-O-monoalkylisosorbide, C(i)Iso-exo and C(i)Iso-endo, respectively). On the one hand, the partitioning in a water/cyclohexane system has been measured, and on the other hand, the "optimal formulation" of C(i)Iso/oil/water systems has been determined by changing the oil polarity. In both cases, whatever the alkyl chain length (four or five carbons), C(i)Iso-exo appears to be less hydrophilic due to an intramolecular hydrogen bond that makes the free hydroxyl group less available. With one substituted position, the hydrophilicity contribution of isosorbide is slightly higher than the one of two ethylene glycols when the exo hydroxyl remains free, whereas it is closer to one ethylene glycol when this hydroxyl is substituted. With regard to the sensitivity to temperature, the hydrophilicity loss on heating seems to be similar for both isomers and close to what is obtained for poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives if we consider the evolution of the partition coefficients. In C(i)Iso-endo/oil/water systems, however, the variation of the optimal oil with temperature tends to show that the isosorbide derivatives are approximately 2 times less sensitive than their poly(ethylene glycol) counterparts to temperature changes.