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Smith WK, Ma Y, Yu J, Cheng YY, Zhang P, Han TT, Lu QY. Characterization of a strong constitutive promoter from paper mulberry vein banding virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:163-170. [PMID: 34826001 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Paper mulberry vein banding virus (PMVBV), a member of the genus Badnavirus in the family Caulimoviridae, infects paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), a dicotyledonous plant. Putative promoter regions in the PMVBV genome were tested using recombinant plant expression vectors, revealing that the promoter activity of three genome fragments was about 1.5-fold higher than that of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. In transformed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, these promoter constructs showed constitutive expression. Based on the activity and gene expression patterns of these three promoter constructs, a fragment of 384 bp (named PmVP) was deduced to contain the full-length promoter of the PMVBV genome. The results suggest that the PMVBV-derived promoter can be used for the constitutive expression of transgenes in dicotyledonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Smith
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao-Tao Han
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan-You Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.
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George B, Gnanasekaran P, Jain SK, Chakraborty S. Genome wide survey and analysis of small repetitive sequences in caulimoviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:15-24. [PMID: 24999243 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellites are known to exhibit ubiquitous presence across all kingdoms of life including viruses. Members of the Caulimoviridae family severely affect growth of vegetable and fruit plants and reduce economic yield in diverse cropping systems worldwide. Here, we analyzed the nature and distribution of both simple and complex microsatellites present in complete genome of 44 species of Caulimoviridae. Our results showed, in all analyzed genomes, genome size and GC content had a weak influence on number, relative abundance and relative density of microsatellites, respectively. For each genome, mono- and dinucleotide repeats were found to be highly predominant and are overrepresented in genome of majority of caulimoviruses. AT/TA and GAA/AAG/AGA was the most abundant di- and trinucleotide repeat motif, respectively. Repeats larger than trinucleotide were rarely found in these genomes. Comparative study of occurrence, abundance and density of microsatellite among available RNA and DNA viral genomes indicated that simple repeats were least abundant in genomes of caulimoviruses. Polymorphic repeats even though rare were observed in the large intergenic region of the genome, indicating strand slippage and/or unequal recombination processes do occur in caulimoviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of microsatellites occurring in any dsDNA viral genome. Characterization of such variations in repeat sequences would be important in deciphering the origin, mutational processes, and role of repeat sequences in viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju George
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - S K Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Roy B, von Arnim AG. Translational Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNAs. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0165. [PMID: 23908601 PMCID: PMC3727577 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Translation of the coding potential of a messenger RNA into a protein molecule is a fundamental process in all living cells and consumes a large fraction of metabolites and energy resources in growing cells. Moreover, translation has emerged as an important control point in the regulation of gene expression. At the level of gene regulation, translational control is utilized to support the specific life histories of plants, in particular their responses to the abiotic environment and to metabolites. This review summarizes the diversity of translational control mechanisms in the plant cytoplasm, focusing on specific cases where mechanisms of translational control have evolved to complement or eclipse other levels of gene regulation. We begin by introducing essential features of the translation apparatus. We summarize early evidence for translational control from the pre-Arabidopsis era. Next, we review evidence for translation control in response to stress, to metabolites, and in development. The following section emphasizes RNA sequence elements and biochemical processes that regulate translation. We close with a chapter on the role of signaling pathways that impinge on translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoyita Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840
- Current address: University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655-0122, USA
| | - Albrecht G. von Arnim
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840
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Ho MW, Ryan A, Cummins J. Cauliflower Mosaic Viral Promoter - A Recipe for Disaster? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910609908540827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mae-Wan Ho
- From the Biology Department, Open University,Walton Hall Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Angela Ryan
- From the Biology Department, Open University,Walton Hall Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Joe Cummins
- Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario,Ontario, Canada
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Stavolone L, Ragozzino A, Hohn T. Characterization of Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus: a new member of the family Caulimoviridae. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3459-3464. [PMID: 14645927 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus (CmYLCV) has been characterized as the aetiological agent of the Cestrum parqui mosaic disease. The virus genome was cloned and the clone was proven to be infectious to C. parqui. The presence of typical viroplasms in virus-infected plant tissue and the information obtained from the complete genomic sequence confirmed CmYLCV as a member of the Caulimoviridae family. All characteristic domains conserved in plant pararetroviruses were found in CmYLCV. Its genome is 8253 bp long and contains seven open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic analysis of the relationships with other members of the Caulimoviridae revealed that CmYLCV is closely related to the Soybean chlorotic mottle virus (SbCMV)-like genus and particularly to SbCMV. However, in contrast to the other members of this genus, the primer-binding site is located in the intercistronic region following ORF Ib rather than within this ORF, and an ORF corresponding to ORF VII is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Hohn
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Ho, MW, Ryan, A, Cummins J. Cauliflower Mosaic Viral Promoter - A Recipe for Disaster? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/089106099435628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mae-Wan Ho,
- Biology Department Open University, Walton Hall Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
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Kobayashi K, Tsuge S, Nakayashiki H, Mise K, Furusawa I. Evidence for a dual strategy in the expression of cauliflower mosaic virus open reading frames I and IV. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 42:329-34. [PMID: 9623922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene expression is mediated by the translation of polycistronic 35S pregenomic RNA, but the involvement of some minor subgenomic RNA species is also suspected. We examined the involvement of the 35S promoter in the expression of CaMV open reading frames (ORFs) I and IV using both 35S RNA-driven and promoter-less ORF I- and ORF IV-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion constructs. In addition to the 35S promoter-dependent expression of both ORF I- and IV-GUS fusions, we detected the 35S promoter-independent expression of both fusion genes via subgenomic mRNAs, which were detected by Northern blotting in the protoplasts transfected with the 35S promoter-driven constructs as well as in those transfected with the promoter-less constructs. These results suggest the involvement of subgenomic RNAs in the expression of CaMV ORFs I and IV, and the operation of a dual strategy in the expression of two viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Abstract
DNA sequences present in multiple copies in plant genomes are often methylated. However, it was not known if methylation occurs on multiple copy DNA molecules that are not integrated into the plant genome. To investigate this possibility, the methylation state of cauliflower mosaic virus [CaMV] DNA was studied in inoculated turnip leaves at different days post-inoculation [DPI]. Unencapsidated CaMV DNA was found in an unmethylated state up to 7 DPI. By 9 DPI, viral DNA was methylated at almost all HpaII/MspI sites within the CaMV genome. DNA methylation did not appear to be preferential but occurred at almost all HpaII/MspI sites at approximately the same time. Methylation appeared to occur in an all or none manner, suggestive of a switch mechanism. These data strongly suggest that copy number-dependent methylation occurs on DNA molecules that are not integrated into the genome of a host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tang
- Biology Department, University of Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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Chen G, Rothnie HM, He X, Hohn T, Fütterer J. Efficient transcription from the rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter requires elements downstream of the transcription start site. J Virol 1996; 70:8411-21. [PMID: 8970962 PMCID: PMC190930 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.12.8411-8421.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elements downstream of the transcription start site enhance the activity of the rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) promoter in protoplasts derived from cultured rice cells. This enhancer region was located to the first 90 nucleotides of the RTBV leader sequence. Within this region, at least two components which act together to enhance expression from the RTBV promoter could be identified. One is a position- and orientation-independent DNA element within a CT-rich region, and the other is a position-dependent element. Either element was found to be capable of acting independently on a heterologous promoter. The enhancer activity of the DNA element correlates with specific binding of nuclear proteins. Nuclear proteins also recognize an RNA transcript covering the first 90 nucleotides of the RTBV leader.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chen
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Translation processes in plants are very similar to those in other eukaryotic organisms and can in general be explained with the scanning model. Particularly among plant viruses, unconventional mRNAs are frequent, which use modulated translation processes for their expression: leaky scanning, translational stop codon readthrough or frameshifting, and transactivation by virus-encoded proteins are used to translate polycistronic mRNAs; leader and trailer sequences confer (cap-independent) efficient ribosome binding, usually in an end-dependent mechanism, but true internal ribosome entry may occur as well; in a ribosome shunt, sequences within an RNA can be bypassed by scanning ribosomes. Translation in plant cells is regulated under conditions of stress and during development, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been determined. Only a small number of plant mRNAs, whose structure suggests that they might require some unusual translation mechanisms, have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fütterer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland
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Fütterer J, Potrykus I, Bao Y, Li L, Burns TM, Hull R, Hohn T. Position-dependent ATT initiation during plant pararetrovirus rice tungro bacilliform virus translation. J Virol 1996; 70:2999-3010. [PMID: 8627776 PMCID: PMC190159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.5.2999-3010.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the rice tungro bacilliform virus open reading frame I was studied in transiently transfected protoplasts. Expression occurs despite the presence of a long leader sequence and the absence of a proper ATG initiation codon. Translation is initiated at an ATT codon. The efficiency of initiation in rice protoplasts depends strongly on the mechanism by which ribosomes reach this codon. From the effects of scanning-inhibiting structures inserted into different leader regions, it can be deduced that this mechanism is related to the ribosome shunt described for cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA. The process delivers initiation-competent ribosomes to the region downstream of the leader and is so precise that only the second of two potential start codons only 12 nucleotides apart is recognized. The ATT codon that is used when it is present downstream of the leader is hardly recognized as a start codon by ribosomes that reach it by scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fütterer
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland
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Pirone TP, Blanc S. Helper-dependent vector transmission of plant viruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1996; 34:227-47. [PMID: 15012542 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A variety of noncirculatively transmitted viruses have evolved a vector transmission strategy that involves, in addition to virions, virus-encoded proteins that are not constituents of virions. These "helpers" and the genes encoding them have been characterized for viruses in the genera Potyvirus and Caulimovirus. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that these helpers act by mediating retention of virions in regions of the vector's alimentary tract from which they subsequently can be egested to initiate an infection. The possible advantage this convergently evolved strategy could confer to noncirculatively transmitted virus quasispecies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Pirone
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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Abstract
Viruses have developed successful strategies for propagation at the expense of their host cells. Efficient gene expression, genome multiplication, and invasion of the host are enabled by virus-encoded genetic elements, many of which are well characterized. Sequences derived from plant DNA and RNA viruses can be used to control expression of other genes in vivo. The main groups of plant virus genetic elements useful in genetic engineering are reviewed, including the signals for DNA-dependent and RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, sequences on the virus mRNAs that enable translational control, and sequences that control processing and intracellular sorting of virus proteins. Use of plant viruses as extrachromosomal expression vectors is also discussed, along with the issue of their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Mushegian
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0091, USA
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Rothnie HM, Chapdelaine Y, Hohn T. Pararetroviruses and retroviruses: a comparative review of viral structure and gene expression strategies. Adv Virus Res 1994; 44:1-67. [PMID: 7817872 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Rothnie
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the causative agent of B-type hepatitis in humans and the prototypic member of the hepadnaviruses. It is a small enveloped DNA virus that replicates via reverse transcription. Although hepadnaviruses are similar to retroviruses in basic life cycle and genome organization, recent studies have revealed several unique hepadnaviral strategies that optimize exploitation of their extremely small circular DNA genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nassal
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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