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Fraz S, Lee AH, Wilson JY. Gemfibrozil and carbamazepine decrease steroid production in zebrafish testes (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:1-9. [PMID: 29494825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil (GEM) and carbamazepine (CBZ) are two environmentally relevant pharmaceuticals and chronic exposure of fish to these compounds has decreased androgen levels and fish reproduction in laboratory studies. The main focus of this study was to examine the effects of GEM and CBZ on testicular steroid production, using zebrafish as a model species. Chronic water borne exposures of adult zebrafish to 10 μg/L of GEM and CBZ were conducted and the dosing was confirmed by chemical analysis of water as 17.5 ± 1.78 and 11.2 ± 1.08 μg/L respectively. A 67 day exposure led to reduced reproductive output and lowered whole body, plasma, and testicular 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). Testicular production of 11-KT was examined post exposure (42 days) using ex vivo cultures to determine basal and stimulated steroid production. The goal was to ascertain the step impaired in the steroidogenic pathway by each compound. Ex vivo 11-KT production in testes from males chronically exposed to GEM and CBZ was lower than that from unexposed males. Although hCG, 25-OH cholesterol, and pregnenolone stimulation increased 11-KT production in all treatment groups over basal levels, hCG stimulated 11-KT production remained significantly less in testes from exposed males compared to controls. 25-OH cholesterol and pregnenolone stimulated 11-KT production was similar between GEM and control groups but the CBZ group had lower 11-KT production than controls with both stimulants. We therefore propose that chronic GEM and CBZ exposure can reduce production of 11-KT in testes through direct effects independent of mediation through HPG axis. The biochemical processes for steroid production appear un-impacted by GEM exposure; while CBZ exposure may influence steroidogenic enzyme expression or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Fraz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada; Current affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
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Gold PW, Pavlatou MG, Michelson D, Mouro CM, Kling MA, Wong ML, Licinio J, Goldstein SA. Chronic administration of anticonvulsants but not antidepressants impairs bone strength: clinical implications. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e576. [PMID: 26035060 PMCID: PMC4490276 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Antidepressants such as imipramine (IMIP) and specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been implicated in reduced BMD and/or fracture in older depressed patients. Moreover, anticonvulsants such as valproate (VAL) and carbamazepine (CBZ) are also known to increase fracture rates. Although BMD is a predictor of susceptibility to fracture, bone strength is a more sensitive predictor. We measured mechanical and geometrical properties of bone in 68 male Sprague Dawley rats on IMIP, fluoxetine (FLX), VAL, CBZ, CBZ vehicle and saline (SAL), given intraperitoneally daily for 8 weeks. Distinct regions were tested to failure by four-point bending, whereas load displacement was used to determine stiffness. The left femurs were scanned in a MicroCT system to calculate mid-diaphyseal moments of inertia. None of these parameters were affected by antidepressants. However, VAL resulted in a significant decrease in stiffness and a reduction in yield, and CBZ induced a decrease in stiffness. Only CBZ induced alterations in mechanical properties that were accompanied by significant geometrical changes. These data reveal that chronic antidepressant treatment does not reduce bone strength, in contrast to chronic anticonvulsant treatment. Thus, decreased BMD and increased fracture rates in older patients on antidepressants are more likely to represent factors intrinsic to depression that weaken bone rather than antidepressants per se. Patients with affective illness on anticonvulsants may be at particularly high risk for fracture, especially as they grow older, as bone strength falls progressively with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Gold
- Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 2D46, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. E-mail:
| | - M G Pavlatou
- Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - C M Mouro
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M A Kling
- Behavioral Health Service, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M-L Wong
- Department of Translational Medicine, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J Licinio
- Department of Translational Medicine, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - S A Goldstein
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Andretta RR, Okada FK, Paccola CC, Stumpp T, de Oliva SU, Miraglia SM. Carbamazepine-exposure during gestation and lactation affects pubertal onset and spermatic parameters in male pubertal offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 44:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Von Krogh K, Harjen H, Almås C, Zimmer KE, Dahl E, Olsaker I, Taubøll E, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. The effect of valproate and levetiracetam on steroidogenesis in forskolin-stimulated H295R cells. Epilepsia 2010; 51:2280-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nishizato Y, Imai S, Yabuki M, Kido H, Komuro S. Development of relevant assay system to identify steroidogenic enzyme inhibitors. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:677-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gustavsen MW, von Krogh K, Taubøll E, Zimmer KE, Dahl E, Olsaker I, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on steroidogenesis in a human in vitro cell model. Acta Neurol Scand 2009:14-21. [PMID: 19566492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand the interaction of antiepileptic drugs and production of sex hormones, possible effects of valproate (VPA), levetiracetam (LEV) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on steroidogenesis were investigated in the human adrenal carcinoma cell line H295R. MATERIALS AND METHODS H295R cells were exposed to different concentrations of VPA, LEV or CBZ for 48 h. Sex hormone concentrations and mRNA expression levels were analyzed via radioimmunoassay and quantitative real time (RT)-PCR, respectively. RESULTS In VPA-exposed cells estradiol levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, while testosterone and progesterone levels were unaffected. Expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), CYP11a, CYP17, CYP21, 3betaHSD2, 17betaHSD1 was downregulated and expression of CYP11beta2 was upregulated. No effect on sex hormone production was observed under influence of LEV or CBZ. Expression of StAR, CYP17, CYP19 and 3betaHSD2 was downregulated in LEV-exposed cells, and expression of HMGR, CYP11beta2 and CYP17 was downregulated in CBZ-exposed cells. CONCLUSIONS VPA exposure resulted in a decrease in estradiol levels and a general downregulation of expression of genes encoding for enzymes early in steroidogenesis. No consistent changes were seen with LEV or CBZ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Gustavsen
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Inhibition of human aromatase complex (CYP19) by antiepileptic drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beyenburg S, Watzka M, Clusmann H, Blümcke I, Bidlingmaier F, Elger CE, Stoffel-Wagner B. Messenger RNA of steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) is expressed in the human hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2001; 308:111-4. [PMID: 11457572 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
21-hydroxylase converts progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol, the substrates which are required for the production of the main adrenal steroids, corticosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol. As 21-hydroxylase activity has been detected in rodent and fetal human brain, we studied whether and to what extent 21-hydroxylase mRNA is expressed in hippocampal tissue specimens from patients undergoing epilepsy surgery (n=42). 21-hydroxylase mRNA was detected in the hippocampus with an expression 10 000 times lower than in adrenal gland tissue. There was no significant difference in expression levels between women (9.5+/-2.7 arbitrary units (aU); mean+/-SEM) and men (8.0+/-2.2 aU); however, mRNA concentrations in the hippocampus of children (n=4, 1.8+/-0.5 aU) were considerably lower than in adults (n=38, 8.6+/-1.7 aU). The expression of 21-hydroxylase mRNA in the hippocampus suggests that this human brain area has the enzymatic capability to convert progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beyenburg
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Waring JF, Ciurlionis R, Jolly RA, Heindel M, Ulrich RG. Microarray analysis of hepatotoxins in vitro reveals a correlation between gene expression profiles and mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2001; 120:359-68. [PMID: 11323195 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A rate-limiting step that occurs in the drug discovery process is toxicological evaluation of new compounds. New techniques that use small amounts of the experimental compound and provide a high degree of predictivity would greatly improve this process. The field of microarray technology, which allows one to monitor thousands of gene expression changes simultaneously, is rapidly advancing and is already being applied to numerous areas in toxicology. However, it remains to be determined if compounds with similar toxic mechanisms produce similar changes in transcriptional expression. In addition, it must be determined if gene expression changes caused by an agent in vitro would reflect those produced in vivo. In order to address these questions, we treated rat hepatocytes with 15 known hepatoxins (carbon tetrachloride, allyl alcohol, aroclor 1254, methotrexate, diquat, carbamazepine, methapyrilene, arsenic, diethylnitrosamine, monocrotaline, dimethyl-formamide, amiodarone, indomethacin, etoposide, and 3-methylcholanthrene) and used microarray technology to characterize the compounds based on gene expression changes. Our results showed that gene expressional profiles for compounds with similar toxic mechanisms indeed formed clusters, suggesting a similar effect on transcription. There was not complete identity, however, indicating that each compound produced a unique signature. These results show that large-scale analysis of gene expression using microarray technology has promise as a diagnostic tool for toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Waring
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, D468 AP13A, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6104, USA
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Beyenburg S, Watzka M, Blümcke I, Schramm J, Bidlingmaier F, Elger CE, Stoffel-Wagner B. Expression of mRNAs encoding for 17beta-hydroxisteroid dehydrogenase isozymes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in epileptic human hippocampus. Epilepsy Res 2000; 41:83-91. [PMID: 10924871 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(00)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones exert important influences on neuroendocrine and behavioural brain function. As neuroactive steroids they are able to modify neuronal excitability. Unbalanced synthesis may thus be implicated in pathophysiological conditions, such as epilepsy, migraine, depression and anxiety. In sex steroid metabolism, 17beta-hydroxisteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) play a crucial role in catalyzing the final steps of androgen and estrogen biosynthesis. The hippocampus appears to be a major target area of neurosteroidal action. The expression of 17beta-HSD isozymes has not yet been studied in human hippocampus. Therefore, we investigated the expression of 17beta-HSD 1, 2, 3 and 4 mRNAs in hippocampal tissue specimens obtained at neurosurgery from 42 patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. A competitive RT-PCR assay was used to quantify the mRNA transcript level. 17beta-HSD 1 mRNA concentrations were 10000 fold lower in the hippocampus compared to placental tissue, whereas 17beta-HSD 3 mRNA concentrations were 50 fold lower than in testis and 17beta-HSD 4 concentrations were in the same order of magnitude as in liver. 17beta-HSD 2 mRNA was not expressed. 17beta-HSD 1, 3 and 4 mRNA concentrations in the hippocampus showed no significant differences between men and women and there were no significant differences in expression levels of these enzymes between patients with Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS) and those with histopathologically normal hippocampus associated with extrahippocampal lesions. No significant correlation could be detected between duration of epilepsy, individual seizure frequency and expression levels of 17beta-HSDs. In conclusion, the present study is the first to demonstrate mRNA expression of 17beta-HSD 1, 3 and 4 in the epileptic human hippocampus. Together with data on 5alpha-reductase 1, 3alpha-hydroxisteroid oxidoreductase 2 and cytochrome P450scc, previously shown to be expressed in the human hippocampus also, our data provide further evidence for the existence of sex steroid formation and metabolism in this specific brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beyenburg
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Germany
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Stoffel-Wagner B, Beyenburg S, Watzka M, Blümcke I, Bauer J, Schramm J, Bidlingmaier F, Elger CE. Expression of 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxisteroid oxidoreductase in the hippocampus of patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000; 41:140-7. [PMID: 10691110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hippocampus is one of the principal target areas for neurosteroidal action, and the major neuroendocrine conversion of progesterone appears to be 5alpha-reduction and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreduction, leading to the potent neurosteroid 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroxyprogesterone. To investigate whether the human hippocampus is equipped with the enzymes 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3alpha-HSOR), we studied the expression of 5alpha-reductase types 1 and 2 and 3alpha-HSOR types 1 and 2 in the resected hippocampi of patients with medically intractable chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS We studied tissue specimens from the hippocampi of 13 women, 25 men, and four children. Quantification of different mRNAs was achieved by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS 5Alpha-reductase 1 mRNA and 3alpha-HSOR 2 mRNA were expressed in hippocampi of children and adults, whereas 5alpha-reductase 2 mRNA and 3alpha-HSOR 1 mRNA were not expressed. Neither 5alpha-reductase 1 mRNA nor 3alpha-HSOR 2 mRNA concentrations in hippocampal tissue showed any statistically significant differences between women and men or between children and adults. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time mRNA expression of the type 1 isozyme of 5alpha-reductase and the type 2 isozyme of 3alpha-HSOR in the human hippocampus. The finding that both 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-HSOR are present in the hippocampus leads us to assume the synthesis of neuroactive steroids in this human brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stoffel-Wagner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
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Beyenburg S, Stoffel-Wagner B, Watzka M, Blümcke I, Bauer J, Schramm J, Bidlingmaier F, Elger CE. Expression of cytochrome P450scc mRNA in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroreport 1999; 10:3067-70. [PMID: 10549824 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199909290-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the target areas of neurosteroidal action. Expression of cytochrome P450scc (P450scc, CYP11A1), one of the key enzymes in steroid metabolism, results in de novo synthesis of the neurosteroid pregnenolone. We used a competitive RT-PCR assay to quantify the amount of P450scc mRNA in hippocampal tissue specimens obtained at neurosurgery from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). P450scc mRNA is expressed approximately 200 times lower in the hippocampus than in adrenal tissue known for high P450scc expression. P450scc mRNA concentrations were significantly higher in the hippocampus of women (1.72 +/- 0.36 aU, arbitrary units; mean +/- s.e.m.) than of men (0.92 +/- 0.15 aU, p < 0.004). Our data show for the first time the sex-dependent expression of P450scc mRNA in the hippocampus of patients with TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beyenburg
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Germany
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